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PubMed1979

Rapid and simple determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the low parts per 10(12) range.

A method for extracting aflatoxin M1 from milk is proposed in which the use of disposable Extrelut clean-up columns simplifies the analysis considerably in comparison with existing methods. The quantitative determination is based on one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence densitometric measurement. The detection limit is 5 ppt (parts per 10(12)) in milk and the recovery is 78 +/- 4% at a level of 50 ppt.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk powder using high-flow solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Animal feeds occasionally have some degree of contamination by Aspergillus spp. Even pasteurized milk at times contains the toxic liver carcinogen aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Confirmation of its presence is now done with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence, using a small enough sample that SPE time is reasonable. In this study 200 mL of milk was extracted using a C18 disk at a flow rate of approximately 100 mL/min and AFM1 quantified by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry with negative electrospray ionization. The effectiveness and cleanup efficacy of immunoaffinity columns (IAC) was compared with that of Mycosep multifunctional cleanup columns (MFC). Average recovery and detection limits of whole milk and low-fat milk cleaned up by IAC were significantly superior to those obtained with the MFC (78-87% and 0.59-0.66 ng/L, respectively). The new procedure improves extraction speed, sensitivity, and specificity.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed1998

Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Italy.

During 1995, 159 samples of milk, 97 samples of dry milk for infant formula, and 114 samples of yogurt were randomly collected in supermarkets and drug stores in four large Italian cities and checked for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by immunoaffinity column extraction and HPLC. AFM1 was detected in 136 (86%) of the milk samples (in amounts ranging from < 1 ng/liter to 108.5 ng/liter; mean level: 10.19 ng/liter), in 81 (84%) of the dry milk samples (in amounts ranging from < 1 ng/liter to 101.3 ng/kg; mean level: 21.77 ng/kg), and in 91 (80%) of the yogurt samples (in amounts ranging from < 1 ng/liter to 496.5 ng/liter; mean level: 18.08 ng/liter). Altogether, only two samples of milk, two samples of yogurt, and one sample of dry milk had levels of AFM1 exceeding the Swiss legal limits, which are the most restrictive in the world. AFM1 contamination levels in milk and yogurt samples collected in the period of November to April were ca. four times as high as those in samples collected in the period of May to October. It is concluded that during 1995, despite the widespread occurrence of AFM1, the mean contamination levels in dairy products sold in Italy were not a serious human health hazard.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed2001

Aflatoxin M1 contamination in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait.

As part of the programme on monitoring of environmental contaminants in food stuff in Kuwait, 54 samples of fresh full cream and skimmed milk, powdered milk, yoghurt, and infant formula were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by HPLC following sample clean up using immuno-affinity columns. Of samples, 28% were contaminated with AFM1 with 6% being above the maximum permissible limit of 0.2 microgl(-1). Three fresh cow milk samples collected from a private local producer showed the highest level of 0.21 microg l(-1) AFM1. There was no contamination with AFM1 in powdered milk and infant formulas. These results show the necessity of a survey involving a larger number of milk and its products and suggest that presently the contamination of milk and milk products with AFM1 does not appear to be a serious health problem in Kuwait. Nevertheless, a continuous surveillance programme may be warranted to monitor regularly the occurrence of aflatoxins in the animal feeds responsible for current limited contamination and to note rapidly and worsening in the situation that may depend on market changes or on unfavourable climatic developments.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed2001

Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Italy: second year of observation.

During 1996, 161 samples of milk, 92 samples of dry milk for infant formula and 120 samples of yoghurt, were randomly collected in supermarkets and drug stores in four big Italian cities, and checked for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by immunoaffinity column extraction and HPLC. AFM1 was detected in 125 (78%) of milk samples (ranging from < 1 ng/l to 23.5 ng/l; mean level: 6.28 ng/l), in 49 (53%) of dry milk samples (ranging from <1 ng/l to 79.6 ng/kg; mean level: 32.2 ng/kg) and in 73 (61%) of yoghurt samples (ranging from <1 ng/kg to 32.1 ng/kg; mean level: 9.06 ng/kg). Altogether, only four samples of dry milk were over the legal limits established by the EC in 1999. It is concluded that during 1996, despite the widespread occurrence of AFM1, mean contamination levels in dairy products sold in Italy were not a serious human health hazard.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed2004

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in randomly selected North African milk and cheese samples.

Forty-nine samples of raw cow's milk and 20 samples of fresh white soft cheese were collected directly from 20 local dairy factories in the north-west of Libya and analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The samples were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique for toxin detection and quantification. Thirty-five of the 49 milk samples (71.4%) showed AFM1 levels between 0.03 and 3.13 ng ml(-1) milk. Multiple analyses of five milk samples free of AFM1 artificially contaminated with concentrations of AFM1 at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 ng ml(-1) showed average recoveries of 66.85, 72.41, 83.29, 97.94 and 98.25%, with coefficients of variations of 3.77, 4.11, 1.57, 1.29 and 0.54%, respectively. Fifteen of 20 white soft cheese samples (75.0%) showed the presence of AFM1 in concentrations between 0. 11 and 0.52 ng g(-1) of cheese. Multiple assays of five cheese samples free of AFM1 spiked with different concentration of AFM1 (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 ng g(-1)) showed average recoveries of 63.23, 78.14,83.29 and 88.68%, with coefficients of variation of 1.53, 9.90, 4.87 and 3.79%, respectively. The concentrations of AFM1 were lower in the cheese products than in the raw milk samples.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed2000

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and ultra high temperature-treated milk commercialized in Portugal.

During June to September 1999, 31 samples of raw milk were obtained from individual farms and 70 samples of ultrahigh-temperature-treated (UHT) milk (18 samples of whole milk, 22 of semi-skimmed and 30 samples of skimmed milk) were collected in supermarkets in Lisbon, Portugal. The total number of samples analysed was 101. The incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in the milk samples analysed was very high (83.2%). AFM1 was detected in 80.6% of raw milk and 84.2% of UHT milk. Concerning raw milk, 17 samples (54.8%) contained low levels (0.005-0.010 microgram/l), two samples (6.5%) had levels ranging from 0.011 to 0.020 microgram/l and six samples (19.3%) had levels between 0.021 and 0.050 microgram/l. Of 70 samples of UHT milk analysed, 10 samples had levels below 0.005 microgram/l (one whole milk, two semi-skimmed milk and seven skimmed milk). Nine samples--two whole milk (11.1%) and seven skimmed milk (23.3%)--were contaminated with levels between 0.005 and 0.010 microgram/l. Twenty-five samples (eight whole milk, 44.4%; one semi-skimmed milk, 4.5%; and 16 skimmed milk, 53.4%) had AFM1 contamination levels of 0.011-0.020 microgram/l. Six samples of whole milk (33.3%) and 18 samples of semi-skimmed milk (81.9%) had levels of 0.021-0.050 microgram/l. Only two samples were contaminated at levels above the legal limit for AFM1 (one whole milk and one semi-skimmed milk, 0.059 and 0.061 microgram/l, respectively). At the moment, the contamination of milk with AFM1 does not appear to be a risk to public health, although the presence of this toxin was detected in 83.2% of the samples analysed.

Aflatoxin M1↗