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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

School food-service directors' perceptions of childhood obesity.

A random sample of 300 school food-service directors from Ohio were sent a questionnaire concerning childhood obesity and 210 (70%) responded. 79% believed normal weight was important to children's health and 88% believed it was their duty to prepare nutritionally balanced lunches. 79% also believed that most school lunches are designed to provide nutritionally balanced meals and that preparing nutritious lunches for school children was professionally gratifying (87%). 48% of the respondents believed school food-service personnel should play a major role in controlling obesity in childhood. There were numerous significant differences in perceptions of childhood obesity based on the length of time as a food-service director. The leading sources of information on meal planning were workshops (79%), on-the-job training (78%), in-service programs (66%), and past experience (63%). These results may be due to the relatively limited or nonspecific academic training in nutrition by the majority of these respondents.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric physiatry in 2000: a survey of practitioners and training programs.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the current status and future prospects of the field of pediatric rehabilitation medicine (PRM) physiatry by detailing the demographics, training, research interests, and other characteristics of physicians currently practicing in that field and to determine the availability of training programs in PRM. DESIGN: A printed survey of members of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Pediatric Rehabilitation Special Interest Group (PRSIG) and a separate questionnaire directed to departments of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) concerning their PRM training programs. SETTING: Not applicable. PARTICIPANTS: PRSIG members and PM&R training programs listed by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. INTERVENTION: Between July 1998 and April 2000, a survey was sent to PRSIG members, with follow-up mailings to nonresponding members. Between April and July 2000, a survey on PRM training practices was sent to 82 PM&R departments with fax and telephone follow-up to nonresponders and to those departments that had discontinued their training program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Instrument measures of physicians practicing PRM, including demographics, geographic distribution, practice sites, training, academic participation, special interests, and research interests along with willingness to participate in collaborative research, association in other organizations, and communication preferences. Data on training requirements as well as availability of PRM fellowships and combined pediatric and PM&R residencies indicate that the number and scope of these training opportunities are declining. RESULTS: There is little uniformity in the amount of exposure to pediatric rehabilitation required by PM&R residency training programs. There are discrepancies in the reported numbers of PRM fellowships and/or combined pediatric and PRM training programs. Projecting the number of physicians who will be practicing in this subspecialty in the future is difficult because there are no reliable data about the number of graduates or trainees in the field. CONCLUSIONS: The rehabilitation needs of children are met by physiatrists with specialized pediatric training. Our survey provided a demographic overview of the PRSIG membership. Given the decline in PRM training programs, it is imperative that the remaining programs be strengthened through communication and organization among physiatrists who practice PRM. We believe that a national database and an interactive Web site are feasible means with which to facilitate this goal.

Child↗
PubMed1999

[Chiropractic in general and in low back pain].

The practice of chiropractic was for many years regulated by "The Quack Act" in Norway, and the numbers of chiropractors decreased year by year. They are now authorized health care practitioners with academic training; most Norwegian students attending courses in chiropractic or clinical biomechanics go to European universities. An international council ensures reciprocity and a quality assured academic programme in all recognized colleges of chiropractic. Recent research have broadened our understanding of the biomechanical interrelationship between the nervous system, the musculature and the skeletal articulations. In the early 1990s, several studies documented favourable effect of chiropractic treatment of low back disorders. These studies are now substantiated by new studies, especially concerning cost-effectiveness. Several reports also give evidence that chiropractic manipulation is beneficial especially in combination with light exercise. There are conflicting results concerning the efficacy of varying types of exercise programmes. Patients may benefit from increased cooperation between medical doctors and chiropractors. Most acute low back syndromes should be assessed by the chiropractor in order to prevent chronic illness.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1991

Current and future perspectives regarding the framework for nurse anesthesia education: military education of nurse anesthetists and the case for centralized academic programs with multiple clinical affiliates: U.S. Navy.

The evolution of the Navy Nurse Corps Nurse Anesthesia Program is examined. Started at George Washington University in 1962, the program consists of two unrelated phases of training--academic and clinical. The pros and cons of such a design are presented so that administrators can decide for themselves whether the Navy's approach has applicability to their own programs.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2004

The effect of emergency medicine residency format on pursuit of fellowship training and an academic career.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between emergency medicine (EM) program format (postgraduate year [PGY] 1-3, 2-4, or 1-4) and two dependent variables: fellowship training and academic career. METHODS: The authors conducted a mailed survey of 122 program directors (PDs) of U.S. EM residencies regarding the number of graduates from 1995 to 2000 who pursued fellowships, community practice, academics, or an advanced degree. The survey asked for initial postresidency position, as well as position three to five years later. RESULTS: Of those contacted, 67.2% of the programs responded regarding 3,521 graduates (70.4% of all graduates); 18.6% of 1-3-year program graduates chose academics versus 28.5% for 2-4 and 34.2% for 1-4. A greater proportion of four-year-format graduates pursued academics (PGY 2-4 vs. PGY 1-3, odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.44 to 2.11, PGY 1-4 vs. PGY 1-3, OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.81 to 2.85). The PGY 1-4 format was associated with academic practice versus the PGY 2-4 format (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.67). The aggregate of the PGY 2-4 and 1-4 formats was associated with initial academics versus PGY 1-3 programs (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.63 to 2.26). Of PGY 1-3 residents, 4.3% pursued fellowships versus 5.6% of 2-4 and 8.6% of 1-4. The PGY 1-4 format was associated with more common fellowship pursuit versus both 2-4 (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.51) and 1-3 (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.10). For 1995-1997 graduates, 74.2% (271/365) who started out in academics remained there three to five years later. Of all graduates, 5.2% pursued fellowships and 23.1% pursued academics initially. Sixty-seven of 271 (24.7%) academic physicians from the 1995-1997 classes were fellowship-trained. CONCLUSIONS: Four-year formats, especially 1-4, were associated with more common pursuit of fellowships and academics than the 1-3 format. Fellowship pursuit was uncommon (4% to 9% of graduates), whereas 18% to 34% initially chose academics.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1998

[The living conditions of Jewish physicians in Frankfort on Main in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times].

During almost the entire period covered in this article (ca. 1345-1745), the living conditions of Jewish physicians in the Free Imperial City of Frankfort on Main depended to a large extent on the attitudes of the Town Council. The Council, with its increasingly absolutist conception of government, supervised Jewish doctors very closely; on the other hand, it also protected them against the recurrent attacks of Christian physicians, pharmacists and clergymen. The Council understood the importance of the Jewish community to the city's economy, and the contribution of Jewish physicians to the welfare of the city and the neighboring principalities. Until the late 15th century, Jewish medical students were not admitted to European universities; the unique exception was Padua. Hence, arguments against Jewish physicians revolved around their lack of academic qualifications. Such claims were weakened at the end of the 16th century, when the first Jewish graduates from Padua University arrived in Frankfort. The opening of Western European universities in the 17th and 18th centuries enabled increasing numbers of Jews to obtain academic training. The medical profession had become a tradition in many Jewish families, beginning in the Middle Ages; and this tradition was now reinforced and complemented by academic credentials.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1984

Computer skills enhance a hospital pharmacy residency training program.

Hospital pharmacy residents participated in a program designed to introduce them to computer systems useful in pharmacy practice and to provide them with access to a variety of computer resources that could be helpful in completing their residency projects. Using existing computer facilities, various short courses and individual tutorials were employed to train residents in a variety of computer skills. These courses provided a useful vehicle for recent pharmacist graduates to acquire necessary computer skills not obtained during their academic training. Because the program provided residents with the tools needed for the management and analysis of large data sets, a marked increase occurred in the number of residency projects acceptable for publication in peer-reviewed pharmacy journals. Thus, residency projects improved in quality and faculty preceptors were more motivated to get involved in such projects.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

[Problem-oriented learning at the Göttingen University. Report of a 1 week introductory conference ("sample course")].

In Germany, a reform of the medical academic training is hotly discussed. However, only a few teachers and students can base their arguments on practical experience with new learning methods. Therefore, a one-week-try-out course ("Schnupperkurs Reformstudiengang") was organised at the university of Göttingen to gain experience in the problem-based learning. Tutorials took place according to the principle of the "seven steps" as practised in Maastricht. The students developed their own learning goals guided by a tutor. The acquiring of the subject was achieved by private studies, accompanying seminars, and practical training. An evaluation of the student's opinions on problem based learning and their satisfaction with the course was carried out by a questionnaire and group discussions. Our experiences show an open-mindedness of the academic staff and real enthusiasm on the part of the 21 participating students. Substantial for this success are--according to the results of the survey--the following items: The problem-orientated practical and interdisciplinary approach and teaching in small groups, which enabled a very close relationship between academic staff and students. A try-out-course might be a welcome entry to new forms of learning, because it offers practical experiences in new learning and teaching methods to open-minded lecturers and students. Therefore, such courses can contribute to an evolution at universities as they slowly but smoothly generate the essential competence needed to reform the medical education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organization and function of academic psychiatric emergency services.

Psychiatric emergency services (PES) are evolving as freestanding, parallel components of emergency departments at many tertiary care medical centers in the U.S. While PES facilities provide an increasing percentage of first-line care for patients with psychiatric crises, the services they provide and their interactions with medical emergency services have not been systematically assessed. The purpose of this study was to examine PES structure, care processes, patient characteristics and relationship with medical emergency services by surveying PES directors with a 70-item questionnaire about PES facilities in 1998. This report presents information about staffing adequacy, medical evaluation and other procedures, length of stay, and aftercare. The response rate was 91% (n=51), and most sites (>90%) were academic training sites. A large percentage (92%) of PES sites were open 24 h a day, 7 days a week, and 94% had an attending psychiatrist present at least 8 h daily. PES psychiatrists performed initial medical evaluation at 55% of sites and were often responsible for medical clearance. Pharmacologic therapy was routinely initiated for patients being admitted in 92% of facilities and for patients being released in 70% of facilities. Mean (SD) length of stay in the PES was 9.0 (11.3) hours. The PES facilities were effective at referring patients to aftercare, and 51% of PES sites provided follow-up care. However, 69% of respondents reported inadequate referral options for patients with substance abuse. The mean recidivism rate was 18%, primarily attributed to substance abuse and medication noncompliance. The results of this survey show that PES facilities are organizationally complex units in which staff routinely perform medical clearance, initiate treatment, and coordinate aftercare. Our findings highlight the importance of adequate medical training for PES psychiatrists, the need for improved aftercare programming, and better access to substance abuse treatment for discharged patients.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2002

Predictors of short-term and long-term scholarly activity by academic faculty: a departmental case study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: What leads to individual success or failure in family medicine scholarly activity? We prospectively studied predictors of short-term (2 years) and long-term (5 years) scholarly productivity in the faculty of one university family medicine department. METHODS: All department faculty (n=37) between 1986 and 1998 completed an annual survey of their scholarly activities (238 person years). Using bivariate and multiple regression analyses, we examined the influence of faculty demographics, professional degrees and training, academic rank, and responsibilities in areas such as patient care, teaching, and administration on 2-year and 5-year output of presentations, publications, and grants. RESULTS: Productivity (defined as publications, external presentations, and funded grants) declined with time since medical school graduation. PhD and MD/MS faculty were more productive than MD faculty. Fellowship training was also associated with greater productivity, as was national service to journals and grant review panels. Administrative activity below the level of department chair or vice chair did not detract from scholarly activity. Clinical time demonstrated only a weak, nonsignificant negative correlation with most of our scholarly activity measures. CONCLUSIONS: As previously noted, research training through advanced degrees or fellowships enhances scholarly activity. The effect on scholarly productivity of time spent in clinical work or on administrative tasks requires further study across different departments.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1984

Postgraduate preventive medicine: where do we stand today.

It appears that the specialty of preventive medicine is declining as a viable specialty, with inadequate numbers of practitioners and with a declining number of physicians entering residency training programs. However, additional data are needed to make rough estimates of the level of need in the future. Even without that data, we must begin to address the potential shortage in trained manpower, because there is a trend that cannot be ignored pointing to a potential shortage. Several points must be pursued. All medical students must be exposed to the excitement we all feel about preventive care. Our teaching programs in medical schools must be strengthened to assure that there is rigor in these programs and that the potential of preventive medicine is conveyed. It is imperative to examine the field to discover why so many of our self-designated specialists in preventive medicine are not board-certified. Obviously one reason could be that a hungry job market is taking individuals who have not been trained in preventive medicine; another reason could be that for some reason specialists in the field of preventive medicine may feel that board-certification is not necessary for their career goals. This issue raises many questions about the importance of academic training in preventive medicine. It also points to the importance of addressing mid-career training needs on the part of those self-designated specialists. The question of financing must be addressed as well. Efforts must be developed to assure that the preventive field is reimbursed by major third-party payors, Medicare and Medicaid. Perhaps through these reimbursement mechanisms a way could be found to provide, at least in part, resident stipends. In addition, other mechanisms must be developed to provide support for residents in training in preventive medicine. If as a people we are to fulfill our potential of healthiness and achieve the Objective For Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, we must have trained personnel to do the job.

Certification↗
PubMed2002

The administration of residency training programs.

The position of training director is perhaps the most difficult job in a department of psychiatry. The training director must implement the values, culture, and philosophy of the department; nurture residents, faculty, and support staff; maintain collaborative ties with the hospital and medical school-allied specialties and administration; and monitor the integrity and quality of clinical and academic training. All this must be accomplished in a role that has considerable authority but no real power. The director needs to understand the context in which training occurs and take into account the limited resources of the health care delivery system and the constraints imposed by the current era of managed care. This article provides an overview of the requirements for successfully achieving these complex goals and objectives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salary survey of ambulatory care clinical pharmacists.

To determine salary and selected fringe benefits of members of the Ambulatory Care Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, we developed a self-administered questionnaire that surveyed demographic information, schooling and training, academic appointments, yearly salary (as of February 1, 1995), source of salary, outside income, annual raise, vacation time, financial support for continuing education, and board certification. Ninety-nine surveys were returned (return rate 46%). Respondents were mostly women (58%), their average age was 34 years (range 25-51 yrs), and they had a median of 5 years in the work force. Most respondents (67%) had residency training, whereas only 21% had fellowship experience. Board certification was reported by 46%. The median salary was $53,500 (average $55,861, range $35-90 k), with progression for academic rank. The last salary increase averaged 3.7%. Most (93%) respondents received an average of $1509 for travel. The survey represents a young work force. The salaries vary but show progression for accomplishment.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1992

A model for faculty practice teaching clinics developed at the Oregon Health Sciences University.

In 1988 the Oregon Health Sciences University established its first faculty practice teaching clinic wherein physicians in training were incorporated into a faculty private practice clinic; this pilot project proved very successful and has been subsequently adopted as the model for essentially all outpatient clinics (both medical and surgery) in the university system. The model encourages efficiency, overhead control, and appropriate staffing; it also compensates faculty members for their additional time spent teaching. The authors conclude this model may help other academic training centers adapt to the changing demands of medical education.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

South African Academic Health--the future challenge.

In South Africa, significant changes in Academic Health have taken place since the first democratic elections in 1994. Academic Health came from a separated academic hospital, departmental-based curriculum and research focussed on achievement, and an abundance of money, to a position of integrated service delivery with specific reference to primary health care, separation of service levels, a new integrated curriculum, research focussed according to the need and contract research, and financial constraints with limited budgets. The management of this change is a task challenging the manager in all fields of Academic Health. Leaders need to know their environment and organisation to be able to manage change. Academic Health centres are experiencing major changes as a result of the effects of managed care, reduced rate and growing expenditure on health services. In addition to restructuring of the clinical services, Academic Health centres are being challenged to sustain their academic mission and priorities in the face of resource constraints. In order to tackle these challenges, institutions need physicians in administrative positions at all levels who can provide leadership and thoughtful managerial initiatives. The future challenge for managers focuses on service delivery, research, health education and training, Academic Health management, professionalism and financial management.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2005

Between two worlds: Yamanouchi Shigeo and eugenics in early twentieth-century Japan.

This paper explores the eugenic through of Yamanouchi Shigeo (1876-1973), who was trained in plant cytology under the tutelage of botanist and eugenicist John Coulter (1851-1928) in the USA, and later become one of the early and important popularizers of eugenic ideas in Japan. His career demonstrates a direct link between Japanese and US eugenics. Despite his academic training and research at various internationally renowned institutions, numerous publications, and longevity, his life has received little scholarly attention. By the early twentieth century, most biologists in Japan, as in the USA, began accepting Mendelian evolutionary theory and rejecting the Lamarckian notion of inheritance of acquire characteristics. However, Yamanouchi Shigeo's eugenic view represents a paradox: he was a mendelian cytologist sympathetic to Lamarckism. Was his 'nurture'-oriented eugenic view unscientific? is that why he was largely ignored in the history of botany in Japan? This study attempts to answer these questions and to analyse the origins and distinct features of Yamanouchi's eugenic ideas by situating Yamanouchi's eugenic through historically and culturally. After examining his scientific papers, popular writings, and documents of various organizations to which he belonged, I argue that Yamanouchi's 'softer' (or less biologically deterministic) perspective may have reflected the Japanese desire to catch up with the dominant 'race' by using eugenics without accepting permanent inferior status.

Eugenics↗
PubMed2001

[A qualitative approach to the awareness of occupational risk in adolescents].

In terms of health promotion, the individual's awareness of risk is the first step towards the adoption of preventive behaviours. Our study intended to evaluate, through conducting semi-directed interviews, the awareness of occupational risk in adolescents completing their formal professional training. Students studying to become bakers or hairstylists as well as those working in wood craftsmanship did not identify their respective professions as being at risk of leading to a work-related accident or illness. This awareness is not strongly encouraged at the time of academic training and therefore the student has very little opportunity to be advised regarding the preventive measures that he/she should adopt; whereas, for this particular public, their health is already not a priority concern.

Accidents, Occupational↗