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PubMed1997

Incidence and clinical symptoms of Aeromonas-associated travellers' diarrhoea in Tokyo.

In a survey examining the causes of travellers' diarrhoea treated in Tokyo between July 1986 and December 1995, Aeromonas species were isolated from 1265 (5.5%) of 23,215 travellers returning from developing countries. Aeromonas species were the fourth most frequent enteropathogen isolated, following enterotoxigenic E. coli (8.5%), Salmonella spp. (7.6%) and Plesiomonas shigelloides (5.6%). Aeromonas species were found in 1191 (5.6%) of 21,257 patients with diarrhoea and in 74 (3.8%) of 1958 healthy individuals without diarrhoea. Mixed infection was observed in 512 (40.5%) cases. No significant difference in the prevalence of Aeromonas by year, season, age distributions, or sex was observed, but a slight difference was noted depending on the country where the travellers visited. Of the 1265 Aeromonas isolates, 893 strains (70.6%) were A. veronii biovar sobria, 330 (26.1%) were A. hydrophila, and 42 (3.3%) were A. caviae. The clinical symptoms of patients from whom Aeromonas species was isolated as the only potential enteric pathogen were almost similar, which were watery diarrhoea (about 60%), abdominal cramps (43%), fever (around 15%), and nausea or vomiting (13%). Although the severity of illness was milder than that of enterotoxigenic E. coli alone, these data suggest that Aeromonas species are important enteric pathogens in travellers' diarrhoea.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1999

Aeromonas-associated diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children: clinical and epidemiological characteristics.

We studied the clinical and epidemiological features associated with Aeromonas diarrhoea by a hospital survey of 7,398 children under 5 years of age presenting with diarrhoea. The data were actually based upon two cohorts from this survey, the majority of the data being identified from 405 (5.5%) in whom Aeromonas was the sole enteric pathogen. Aeromonas caviae was the most prevalent species, accounting for 32% (129/405) of all isolates. Eighty-three per cent of children with Aeromonas-associated diarrhoea were younger than 3 years. The majority of the children had acute onset of vomiting and watery diarrhoea resulting in mild to moderate dehydration. Fever, non-watery diarrhoea, age less than 3 years, and diarrhoea of 7-14 days duration were found to be significantly associated with Aeromonas diarrhoea compared with Vibrio cholerae O1 infection after adjusting for confounders. Aeromonas-associated diarrhoea was most common from March to May (during the peak of the hot and humid season), and September to October, similar to Vibrio cholerae O1. Our results indicate that Aeromonas infection is common in young children presenting with diarrhoea in Bangladesh.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of Aeromonas infections in California.

In May 1988, California became the first state to make aeromonas infection a reportable condition, thereby permitting the first population-based study of the epidemiology of infection caused by Aeromonas organisms. Case investigations were carried out on 219 of the 280 patients whose infections were reported during the first year of notification. The overall incidence rate for Aeromonas isolation was 10.6 cases per 1 million population. The gastrointestinal tract was the most commonly reported site from which Aeromonas was isolated (81%), with wounds being the next most common source (9%). Five (2%) of the 219 patients died; all five had serious underlying medical conditions apart from aeromonas infection. No common-source enteric outbreaks were reported. The high rate of gastrointestinal symptoms and isolation of organisms from medically vulnerable patients and the fact that other bacterial enteric pathogens were rarely isolated from symptomatic patients support evidence from previous studies that Aeromonas is an enteric pathogen. The evidence from these case reports in California suggests that aeromonas infections are not an important public health problem and are largely nonpreventable. Thus, public health surveillance is not necessary and mandatory reporting has been discontinued.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Meningitis due to Aeromonas species: case report and review.

In recent years, Aeromonas species has been reported to cause extraintestinal infections with a growing frequency. Meningitis due to Aeromonas species is, however, a rare entity. We report a case of aeromonas meningitis in a 54-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholic liver disease who, after an episode of gastroenteritis, developed an acute clinical picture characteristic of meningitis with septic shock and ecthyma gangrenosum. Aeromonas veronii (biogroup sobria) was isolated from cultures of blood as well as from cultures of stool, peritoneal fluid, skin lesion, and CSF specimens (obtained by lumbar puncture). Our review of seven additional cases of aeromonas meningitis in the world literature revealed that this condition is generally secondary to metastatic dissemination from primary bacteremia. Aeromonas meningitis, which may or may not be preceded by gastroenteritis, presents clinically as bacterial meningitis, although the presence of skin lesions may increase suspicion of the diagnosis. Third-generation cephalosporins are probably the therapy of choice for patients with aeromonas meningitis.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2003

Genetic linkage of the penicillinase gene, amp, and blrAB, encoding the regulator of beta-lactamase expression in Aeromonas spp.

Aeromonas hydrophila T429125, a human clinical isolate, possesses three coordinately inducible beta-lactamases encoded by ampH (class D beta-lactamase), cepH (class C beta-lactamase) and imiH (class B beta-lactamase). We report that upstream of ampH there are two genes, blrA and blrB, encoding a putative two-component regulatory system. PCR studies revealed the same blrAB-amp gene arrangement in all Aeromonas spp. isolates tested; namely, Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromonas mediae, Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas trota. A dominant mutation in the predicted BlrB kinase domain results in beta-lactamase overexpression in A. hydrophila T429125, but in other beta-lactamase-overexpressing mutants blrAB remains intact. Relative to the parent strain, A. hydrophila T429125, beta-lactamase- overexpressing mutants show a clear hierarchy of increased beta-lactamase expression: ImiH > CepH > AmpH. The same hierarchy is seen following beta-lactam challenge of A. hydrophila T429125, and correlates with the number of blr-tag sequences (TTCAC) found upstream of each beta-lactamase gene: ampH (one), cepH (two) and imiH (three).

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2004

Aeromonas simiae sp. nov., isolated from monkey faeces.

Two Aeromonas strains, IBS S6874(T) and IBS S6652, were isolated from the faeces of two healthy monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) from Mauritius that were kept in quarantine in the Centre for Primatology, Strasbourg, France. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two isolates formed an unknown genetic lineage within the genus Aeromonas. The two isolates had nearly identical sequences (0.1 % nucleotide substitution) that were related closely to those of recognized Aeromonas species (1.7-3.5 % nucleotide substitution). DNA-DNA hybridization showed that strains IBS S6874(T) and IBS S6652 had high DNA-DNA similarity (89 %) to each other and a low level of DNA-DNA similarity to closely related taxa (18 % relatedness to Aeromonas trota and 16 % relatedness to Aeromonas schubertii). Phenotypically, the two monkey isolates differed from most previously described mesophilic Aeromonas species by their lack of haemolysis on sheep-blood agar and inability to produce indole, gas from glucose or acid from mannitol. They differed from the most closely related species, A. schubertii, by their ability to produce acid from D-cellobiose and D-sucrose and by their pyrazinamidase activity. The name Aeromonas simiae sp. nov. is proposed for these isolates; strain IBS S6874(T) (=CIP 107798(T)=CCUG 47378(T)) is the type strain.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2006

Aeromonas sharmana sp. nov., isolated from a warm spring.

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain designated GPTSA-6(T) was isolated from a water sample collected from a warm spring in Assam, India. Preliminary analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this isolate revealed its affiliation to the family Aeromonadaceae. Detailed characterization using a polyphasic approach indicated that strain GPTSA-6(T) is most closely related to Aeromonas sobria but differs significantly from existing members of the genus Aeromonas. Analysis of the almost-complete (1430 nt) 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain revealed that its closest relative (99.23 % similarity) is an uncultured bacterial clone, A-8, isolated from an algal bloom. Of the taxa with validly published names, Aeromonas sobria ATCC 43979(T) showed the highest level of sequence similarity (95.13 %) with respect to strain GPTSA-6(T), followed by Aeromonas molluscorum 848T(T) and Aeromonas popoffii LMG 17541(T) (95.04 % similarity in both cases). On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, it can be concluded that strain GPTSA-6(T) represents a novel species of the genus Aeromonas, for which the name Aeromonas sharmana sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GPTSA-6(T) (=MTCC 7090(T)=DSM 17445(T)).

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1991

SGAP-10C agar for the isolation and quantification of Aeromonas from water.

Glutamate starch penicillin (GSP) medium was used for the simultaneous isolation of Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Modifications to reduce the number of Pseudomonas and background flora and to improve the recovery of Aeromonas from water samples are described. The original medium was modified by adding glucose and ampicillin. The addition of 10 micrograms/l of C-glucose to the medium (SGAP-10C) permitted better recuperation of stressed cells of aeromonads and the ampicillin reduced the numbers of Pseudomonas. The best temperature for the recovery of aquatic aeromonads was 28 degrees C. The recovery of different species of Aeromonas on SGAP-10C was 93%. The selectivity of the medium was validated because 95.5% of 28 colonies tested with an Aeromonas-like morphology belonged to the genus Aeromonas. Moreover, when 45 strains of different genera were cultured on the medium, only Vibrio alginolyticus presented a confusing morphology. When the SGAP-10C was compared with GSP with 45 river samples, the new medium gave a significantly better recovery of Aeromonas spp., especially when large numbers of Pseudomonas spp. were present. SGAP-10C used at 28 degrees C and 48 h was an efficient selective medium for the isolation of Aeromonas from fresh waters.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2006

Biochemical and molecular characterization of tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas veronii isolates from catfish.

Eighty-one tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas sp. strains were isolated from farm-raised catfish. Morphological and biochemical characteristics indicated that 23 of the 81 aeromonads were Aeromonas hydrophila, 7 isolates were Aeromonas trota, 6 isolates were Aeromonas caviae, 42 isolates were Aeromonas veronii, and 3 isolates were Aeromonas jandaei. However, the AluI and MboI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the PCR-amplified 1.4-kb 16S rRNA gene from all 81 tetracycline-resistant aeromonads from catfish were identical to the RFLP banding patterns of A. veronii ATCC 35626, indicating that all 81 isolates were strains of A. veronii. A multiplex PCR assay successfully amplified the 5 tetracycline-resistant genes (tetA to E) from the genomic DNA of all 81 isolates. The assay determined that tetE was the dominant gene occurring in 73/81 (90.0%) of the aeromonads. Plasmids (2.0 to 20 kb) were isolated from 33 of the 81 isolates. Dendrogram analysis of the SpeI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified 15 distinct macrorestriction patterns among the isolates. Our results indicate the need for use of 16S rRNA in the identification of Aeromonas spp. and the prevalence of catfish as a reservoir of tet genes.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1992

Aeromonas spp as a potential cause of diarrhoea in children.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of Aeromonas spp in the faeces of children and the association with symptoms of gastroenteritis. METHODS: Faecal specimens (n = 1026) were cultured for Aeromonas spp using three selective media and an enrichment broth at both 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The isolation of Aeromonas spp was correlated with symptoms of gastroenteritis, previous antibiotic use, and environmental temperature. RESULTS: Aeromonas spp (n = 28) from 26 (2.5%) patients were recovered. Bile salt, Irgasan, and brilliant green agar was the most efficient selective culture medium. Eleven of the patients had symptoms of gastroenteritis, usually mild diarrhoea of two to three days' duration, in the absence of other recognised enteropathogens. A caviae was a particularly frequent isolate (nine out of 11 cases) in symptomatic individuals. Only one out of seven Aeromonas spp recovered by enrichment culture alone was possibly associated with symptoms of gastroenteritis. There was a close correlation between the environmental temperature and isolation of Aeromonas spp. CONCLUSIONS: Aeromonas spp and particularly A caviae may cause gastroenteritis in children, most often during warmer months of the year. Culture for these potential enteropathogens could be confined to summer and autumn months. Bile salt, Irgasan, and brilliant green selective agar, but not alkaline peptone water enrichment, is an efficient culture medium for recovering possibly clinically important isolates.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2004

Population patterns and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas in urban playa lakes.

Bacteria belonging to the genus Aeromonas are indigenous to aquatic environments. Once regarded as unimportant human pathogens, reports of opportunistic infections caused by these organisms have appeared increasingly in the medical literature. To estimate the potential for human infection by Aeromonas where limited water resources are being used intensively, we studied the spatial and temporal variation and incidence of antimicrobial resistance among environmental isolates of Aeromonas from two urban playa lakes in Lubbock, Texas. Aeromonas population densities varied seasonally, with the highest densities occurring from mid-April to late October. The greatest range of densities was 100-fold, from 2.50 to 255.17 colony-forming units per 0.1 mL of water sample. Densities also varied with water depth, although the variation did not display a consistent pattern. One hundred fifty-one Aeromonas isolates were divided into 10 species or subspecies groups by using the BIOLOG identification system. Nine isolates displayed resistance to co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, and cefuroxime, and none was resistant to more than one of these antimicrobial agents. In summary, the results of this study showed that the densities of Aeromonas peak in the late spring and again in late summer, times when human activity around the playa lakes is also high. Thus, we infer that human exposure to these potential pathogens varies seasonally. Compared to other published studies, the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Aeromonas is relatively low in urban playa lakes in Lubbock, Texas. Nevertheless, resistant organisms were detected.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Aeromonas strains isolated from drinking water samples in istanbul, Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the resistance patterns of Aeromonas spp. in drinking water in Istanbul, Turkey. We investigated a total of 1,680 drinking water samples (840 tap water and 840 domestic water tank samples) for Aeromonas strains between June 2002 and October 2005. A total of 147 Aeromonas strains were isolated from 49 (6%) of 840 tap water samples and from 98 (12%) of 840 domestic water tank samples. Antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas strains was determined by the disc diffusion method, according to the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) recommendation. Among the 147 Aeromonas strains, the prevalence was: A. hydrophila 68 (46%), A. sobria 50 (34%), A. caviae 11 (8%), A. salmonicida 9 (6%), A. veronii 5 (3%) and A. jandaei 4 (3%). Approximately 55% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 48% to erythromycin, 41% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 28% to ceftazidime, 27% to cefoxitin, 26% to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, 22% to piperacillin, 14% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 12% to tetracycline, 11% to aztreonam, 8% to meropenem, 6% to imipenem, 2% to nalidixic acid, 1% to ciprofloxacin, tobramycin and gentamicin. None of the strains were resistant to amikacin and netilmicin. In conclusion, Aeromonas spp. isolated from drinking water in Istanbul have a resistance potential and the antibiotic resistance rates of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae were usually higher than those of other Aeromonas strains. It should be kept in mind that these microorganisms in drinking water might be a potential risk for public health.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2002

Comparsion of selected growth media for culturing Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as pathogens of adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were orally infected with Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter), and Serratia marcescens Bizio that were cultured on egg-yolk media, nutrient broth, and fly egg media. Aeromonas and Serratia caused mortality when the bacteria were originally grown on egg-yolk medium. Pseudomonas was equally lethal regardless of the media on which it was cultured. A wild isolate of Aeromonas caused greater death than an isolate that had been passed through host flies and had been reisolated from killed flies. Mortality increased with bacterial dose for all species. Aeromonas and Serratia caused mortality within several days after ingestion, whereas Pseudomonas caused a gradual increase in mortality 3-7 d after ingestion. The pathologic activity of Aeromonas and Serratia required extracellular products produced when cells were grown in egg yolk medium. Aeromonas required both supernatant and cells from egg yolk medium, wereas Serratia required supernatant from egg yolk medium and cells from either nutrient broth or egg yolk medium. Mortality due to ingestion of Aeromonas was correlated with the presence of enzymes that cause alpha- and beta-hemolysis, while mortality following ingestion of Serratia was associated with alpha-hemolysins, elastases, and chitinases.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2001

Retrospective study of Aeromonas infection in a Malaysian urban area: a 10-year experience.

AIMS: To describe the patterns of isolation of Aeromonas spp. and the resulting spectrum of infection, intestinal and extra-intestinal,from infants and children in an urban area in a hot and humid country from SoutheastAsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all bacterial culture records from children below 16 years of age, from the Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, from January 1988 to December 1997. Review of all stool samples and rectal swabs obtained from children during the same period were carried out to ascertain the isolation rate of Aeromonas sp. from stools and rectal swabs. The case records of those with a positive Aeromonas culture were retrieved and reviewed. RESULTS: During the study period, 84 culture samples were positive of Aeromonas spp. (stools 48, rectal swabs 36). During the same period, 1,352 stool samples were positive for at least one enteropathogen. Aeromonas spp. constituted 0.62% of all stool samples. Of the 61 cases reviewed,four patterns of colonization were observed: (a) 17 cases of mostly asymptomatic nursery newborns with a positive rectal swab; (b) 9 children with no diarrhoea; (c) 23 cases, of who seven were immunocompromised, had acute, brief watery diarrhoea without severe dehydration or disturbances of serum electrolytes. No chronic diarrhoea or bacteraemia was noted. (d) 12 cases had a mixed infection with a second enteropathogen isolated from stool samples. Three had chronic diarrhoea No extra-intestinal infection attributed to Aeromonas spp. was identified in this study. CONCLUSION: Aeromonas was a rare cause of gastroenteritis in urban Malaysian children. It was isolated almost exclusively from gastro-intestinal tract, caused mostly by mild gastroenteritis with no serious complications. Asymptomatic stool carriage among newborns admitted to special care nursery and older children with no diarrhoea were observed.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1994

Identification of Aeromonas species isolated from freshwater fish with the microplate hybridization method.

Aeromonas isolates were obtained from the intestinal tracts of six species of cultured freshwater fish and identified on the basis of their genotypic and phenotypic characters. The microplate hybridization method could differentiate type strains of Aeromonas species and related bacteria. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed that 65 aeromonad isolates were 72 to 100% related with either Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromonas sobria, or Aeromonas veronii. As many as 48% of the genotypically identified A. caviae, A. hydrophila, and A. sobria isolates differed from the type strains of corresponding species in one to three phenotypic characters. These results strongly suggest that not all aeromonad isolates from freshwater fish could be identified correctly on the basis of only the phenotypic characters, indicating the usefulness of the microplate hybridization method for the identification of aeromonads.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of the synergistic haemolysis (CAMP-like) test in the identification of motile, mesophilic Aeromonas species.

Usefulness of the synergistic haemolysis (CAMP-like) test in the identification of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae was evaluated, using beta-toxin producing Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and alpha-toxin producing Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 as sphingomyelinase producing indicator strains. The tests were done on Columbia Blood Agar Base supplemented with 5% sheep blood (CBA; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA). When cultured aerobically, 77% of A. hydrophila isolates, 75% of A. sobria isolates, and 23% of A. caviae isolates elicited synergistic haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes with the beta-toxin producing strain of S. aureus. Anaerobically, using the same indicator strain, synergistic haemolysis was given by 91%, 51% and 82% of A. hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. caviae, respectively. When alpha-toxin producing C. perfringens was used in the test instead of beta-toxin producing S. aureus, 100%, 86%, and 93% of A. hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. caviae isolates, respectively, showed synergistic haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Due to the high number of the tested isolates of A. hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. caviae giving a positive synergistic haemolysis reaction in both atmospheric conditions of culture, this test cannot be used to identify any of the three Aeromonas spp. The use of alpha-toxin producing C. perfringens did not improve discriminatory power of the test. Because the nature of the product of Aeromonas spp. responsible for the lytic phenomenon is not known, the use of Aeromonas factor and synergistic haemolysis terms was proposed rather than CAMP (reaction, test) or CAMP (-like) factor.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1993

Spectrum of extraintestinal disease due to Aeromonas species in tropical Queensland, Australia.

During a 12-month period, the clinical spectrum of extraintestinal disease due to Aeromonas species was determined for 56 patients in tropical Queensland (Australia). Forty-six patients acquired their infection in the community, six patients were infected in the hospital, and four patients were colonized. Demographic risk factors included male gender (67%) and Aboriginal ethnic background (35%). The disease ranged from deep-seated infection (four cases) to soft-tissue infection of varying intensity (48 cases). Among patients whose infections were community acquired, 22 required hospitalization and 27 suffered trauma-associated infection. Seventeen patients (63%) in the latter group had lacerations to the hands and feet that were contaminated with surface water or soil. The appearance of the wounds was not pathognomonic, and diagnosis was made by laboratory evaluation. Aeromonas was the sole pathogen in nine patients. Polymicrobial infections were due to Aeromonas and mainly Staphylococcus aureus and/or mixed enteric bacteria. Aeromonas hydrophila was the most common species isolated (71%), followed by Aeromonas sobria (25%). In nine cases, the empirical antibiotic regimen prescribed did not adequately cover infection due to Aeromonas. Infection was seen regularly throughout the year, but a cluster of cases also occurred during the tropical Australian wet season.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas based on two housekeeping genes.

The phylogenetic relationships of all known species of the genus Aeromonas, and especially Aeromonas bestiarum and Aeromonas salmonicida, were investigated on 70 strains using the rpoD sequence, which encodes the sigma70 factor. This analysis was complemented with the sequence of gyrB, which has already proven useful for determining the phylogenetic relationships in the genus. Nucleotide sequences of rpoD and gyrB showed that both genes had similar substitution rates (< 2 %) and a similar number of variable positions (34 % for rpoD versus 32 % for gyrB). Strain groupings by analysis of rpoD, gyrB and a combination of both genes were consistent with the taxonomic organization of all Aeromonas species described to date. However, the simultaneous analysis of both clocks improved the reliability and the power to differentiate, in particular, closely related taxa. At the inter-species level, gyrB showed a better resolution for differentiating Aeromonas sp. HG11/Aeromonas encheleia and Aeromonas veronii/Aeromonas culicicola/Aeromonas allosaccharophila, while rpoD more clearly differentiated A. salmonicida from A. bestiarum. The analysis of rpoD provided initial evidence for clear phylogenetic divergence between the latter two species.

Aeromonas↗