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PubMed2002

Actinomyces cardiffensis sp. nov. from human clinical sources.

Eight strains of a previously undescribed catalase-negative Actinomyces-like bacterium were recovered from human clinical specimens. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were consistent with their assignment to the genus Actinomyces, but they did not appear to correspond to any recognized species. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the organisms represent a hitherto unknown species within the genus Actinomyces related to, albeit distinct from, a group of species which includes Actinomyces turicensis and close relatives. Based on biochemical and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown isolates from human clinical sources be classified as a new species, Actinomyces cardiffensis sp. nov. The type strain of Actinomyces cardiffensis is CCUG 44997(T).

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of para-aminobenzoic acid on the growth of Actinomyces viscosus].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on the growth of Actinomyces viscosus. METHODS: Different concentrations of PABA (10(-10)-10(-3) g/L) were each transferred to modified Carlsson medium. Actinomyces viscosus ATCC19246 grew in them. And the cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C anaerobically in the atmosphere of 80%N2, 10%H2, 10%CO2 for 48 h. Actinomyces viscosus OD values (lambda = 540 nm) were obtained with UV-1601. Colony forming unit (CFU) was established by growth of Actinomyces viscosus in culture when different concentrations of PABA (10(-10)-10(-3) g/L) were present. RESULTS: Different concentrations of PABA (10(-10)-10(-4) g/L) had different stimulating effects on the growth of Actinomyces viscosus (P < 0.05). But this kind of stimulating effect declined when PABA concentration was 10(-5) g/L, and as PABA (10(-3) g/L) was present, this kind of effect was missing. CONCLUSION: The phenomena indicated that PABA has stimulating effect on the growth of Actinomyces viscosus, particularly when PABA is at the concentration of 10(-6) g/L.

Actinomyces viscosus↗
PubMed2002

[The in vitro study of the effects of 11 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of different natural medicines on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus, thus making preparations for screening an effective agent to mediate the balance of oral microflora. METHODS: Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 was chosen as the experimental bacteria. 11 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, such as Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Sargentodoxa Cuneata and Galla Chinensis were extracted by means of maceration, percolation and reflux extraction. First, the values of MIC of various extracts were measured. Second, the experimental medium containing various extracts was prepared. The concentration of the extracts was lower than the MIC of the medicine, and the initial pH of the medium was 7.4. Then Actinomyces viscosus was cultured in the medium for 48 h, and finally the rest pH was measured. RESULTS: When the concentration of the medicines was lower than or equal to 8.000 mg/ml, it was found that all kinds of medicine except Radix Notoginseng can inhibit the growth of Actinomyces viscosus effectively, especially Polistes mandarinus and Semen Arecae. Tea polyphenols, Radix Notoginseng, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Polistes mandarinus and Sargentodoxa cuneata can inhibit the acid production of Actinomyces viscosus effectively, but Radix Scutellariae, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Semen Arecae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Galla Chinensis and Catechu have no preliminary effect on it. CONCLUSION: Tea polyphenols, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Polistes mandarinus and Sargentodoxa cuneata can inhibit the growth and the acid production of Actinomyces viscosus effectively.

Acids↗
PubMed1993

Actinomyces species associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Swabs from 112 removed intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD), endocervical swabs from these women and from 65 women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were studied for actinomyces, using direct fluorescent antibody test and culture. Endocervical swabs from 50 control subjects were also studied. Actinomyces species could be detected in 23 (20.5 percent) of IUCD wearers and 8 (12.3 percent) of patients with PID. In control cases, no actinomyces were detected. The isolation rate using a selective medium (Actino Blood Agar) was 71.4 percent. Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus were isolated.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Occurrence of Actinomyces in infections of endodontic origin.

Species of Actinomyces have been associated with endodontic treatment that failed to heal. In this study polymerase chain reaction was used with a pair of universal primers for Actinomyces and species-specific primers to evaluate the contents of infected root canals and aspirates from abscesses or cellulitis for the presence of Actinomyces israelii, A. naeslundii, and A. viscosus. DNA was extracted from 131 clinical samples. DNA from 2 of the original 131 samples was not available for polymerase chain reaction with the universal primer for Actinomyces and A. naeslundii. DNA reacting with the universal primer for Actinomyces was detected in 72 of 129 (55.8%) clinical samples. Of those 41 of 51 (80.4%) were from infected root canals, 22 of 48 (45.8%) were from abscesses, and 9 of 30 (30%) were associated with cellulitis. A. viscosus was detected in 42 of 131 (32.1%) clinical samples. Of those 31 of 52 (59.6%) were from infected root canals, 6 of 43 (14%) were from abscesses, and 5 of 36 (13.9%) were associated with cellulitis. A. israelii was detected in 31 of 131 (23.7%) clinical samples. Of those 14 of 52 (26.9%) were from infected root canals, 11 of 43 (25.6%) were from abscesses, and 6 of 36 (16.7%) were associated with cellulitis. A. naeslundii was detected in 11 of 131 (8.5%) clinical samples. Of those 7 of 51 (13.7%) were from infected root canals, 2 of 48 (4.2%) were from abscesses, and 2 of 30 (6.7%) were associated with cellulitis.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2001

Different type 1 fimbrial genes and tropisms of commensal and potentially pathogenic Actinomyces spp. with different salivary acidic proline-rich protein and statherin ligand specificities.

Actinomyces spp. exhibit type 1 fimbria-mediated adhesion to salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and statherin ligands. Actinomyces spp. with different animal and tissue origins belong to three major adhesion types as relates to ligand specificity and type 1 fimbria genes. (i) In preferential acidic-PRP binding, strains of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 from human and monkey mouths displayed at least three ligand specificities characterized by preferential acidic-PRP binding. Slot blot DNA hybridization showed seven highly conserved type 1 fimbria genes (orf1- to -6 and fimP) in genospecies 1 and 2 strains, except that orf5 and orf3 were divergent in genospecies 1. (ii) In preferential statherin binding, oral Actinomyces viscosus strains of rat and hamster origin (and strain 19246 from a human case of actinomycosis) bound statherin preferentially. DNA hybridization and characterization of the type 1 fimbria genes from strain 19246 revealed a homologous gene cluster of four open reading frames (orfA to -C and fimP). Bioinformatics suggested sortase (orfB, orf4, and part of orf5), prepilin peptidase (orfC and orf6), fimbria subunit (fimP), and usher- and autotransporter-like (orfA and orf1 to -3) functions. Those gene regions corresponding to orf3 and orf5 were divergent, those corresponding to orf2, orf1, and fimP were moderately conserved, and those corresponding to orf4 and orf6 were highly conserved. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses using a fimP probe separated human and monkey and rat and hamster strains into phylogenetically different groups. (iii) In statherin-specific binding, strains of A. naeslundii genospecies 1 from septic and other human infections displayed a low-avidity binding to statherin. Only the orf4 and orf6 gene regions were highly conserved. Finally, rat saliva devoid of statherin bound bacterial strains avidly irrespective of ligand specificity, and specific antisera detected either type 1, type 2, or both types of fimbria on the investigated Actinomyces strains.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1963

Gel diffusion technique in antigen-antibody reactions of Actinomyces species and "anaerobic diphtheroids".

King, Sylvia (Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Ill.) and Esther Meyer. Gel diffusion technique in antigen-antibody reactions of Actinomyces species and "anaerobic diphtheroids." J. Bacteriol. 85:186-190. 1963.-The Ouchterlony agar gel diffusion test was used to establish antigenic patterns produced by Actinomyces israelii, A. bovis, and A. naeslundii, as compared with those of "anaerobic diphtheroids." The organisms studied included Actinomyces species isolated from cases of human and bovine actinomycosis, and from the normal oral cavity of human volunteers. The "anaerobic diphtheroids" were obtained from a variety of clinical conditions. A. israelii was serologically distinct from A. bovis, and A. naeslundii shared a minor component with the other two Actinomyces species. There were no cross reactions between the "anaerobic diphtheroids" and any of the Actinomyces species.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1982

Effect of diet on the colonization of the mouth by Actinomyces viscosus (T-6) in Osborne-Mendel rats.

Oral colonization by A. viscosus, strain T-6 was studied in Osborne-Mendel rats which were fed either sucrose, glucose, starch or casein alone ad libitum by mouth. Essential nutrients were given to the rats twice daily by stomach tube. All three carbohydrates supported implantation by Actinomyces to varying degrees. Implantation did not occur when the animals were fed casein. Casein did not have any antimicrobial effect on Actinomyces already established in the rat mouth; it was impossible to eliminate an established Actinomyces flora. Feeding the animals all the dietary components through the stomach tube did not result in eradication of Actinomyces from an established flora. The Actinomyces was considerably diminished when coprophagy was prevented.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1985

The comparative cariogenicity and plaque-forming ability in vivo of four species of the bacterium Actinomyces in gnotobiotic rats.

Gnotobiotic WAG/RIJ rats on a high sucrose diet were monoinfected with 12 strains of Actinomyces spp. Moderate levels of caries were induced by a single strain of Actinomyces naeslundii and low levels by two strains of Actinomyces viscosus, three strains of A. naeslundii and one strain of Actinomyces israelii. No caries was induced by single strains of A. viscosus and A. israelii or by three Actinomyces odontolyticus strains. Only fissure caries was observed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that all strains colonized the fissures and most colonized the lingual surface of the teeth, but to a limited extent. Production of abundant and dense plaque was not always accompanied by caries.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1981

Actinomyces of infected dental root canals.

The aim of the present study was to identity Actinomyces occurring in infected dental root canals. Out of twenty-five isolated Actinomyces strains, four were A. israelii, four were A. naeslundii, four were A. odontolyticus, and six were A. viscosus. Seven strains could be identified only as Actinomyces spp. The relative frequency of various species of Actinomyces isolated from root canals was similar to that of carious dentin. The Actinomyces strains were usually part of polymicrobial infections. These infections could usually be eliminated by one or two conventional endodontic treatments. In two cases, however, A. israelii was repeatedly isolated in pure culture from the root canals. These two infections had to be eliminated by means of periapical surgery.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Direct detection of Actinomyces spp. from infected root canals in a Chinese population: a study using PCR-based, oligonucleotide-DNA hybridization technique.

OBJECTIVES: The poor sensitivity of phenotypic identification techniques has hampered the taxonomic differentiation of Actinomyces. Hence we developed a sensitive and specific, PCR-based oligonucleotide-DNA hybridization technique to detect Actinomyces spp. and, used this method to detect these organisms in samples directly obtained from infected root canals. METHODS: A total of 32 samples from 28 Chinese patients, with primary root canal infections, aseptically exposed at the first patient visit, were studied. Whole bacterial genomic DNA was isolated directly from paper point samples. The variable regions of 16S ribosomal DNA of bacteria were amplified and labeled with digoxigenin for further hybridization and detection. A total of seven oligonucleotide probes specific for A. bovis, A. gerencseriae, A. israelii, A. meyeri, catalase-negative A. naeslundii (genospecies 1 and 2), catalase-positive A. naeslundii genospecies 2 and A. odontolyticus were used. RESULTS: 16 of the 32 teeth were infected with one or more Actinomyces species. The prevalence rates of the examined species were: A. odontolyticus 31.3%, A. meyeri 9.4%, A. naeslundii 9.4%, A. israelii 6.3% and A. gerencseriae 3.1%; no A. bovis was detected in any of the canals. Furthermore, A. odontolyticus was isolated more frequently from root canals with caries or a history of caries (Fisher's exact test: P=0.0496; Odds ratio=9.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.97-83.63), and A. naeslundii was significantly associated with traumatized teeth (Fisher's exact test: P=0.0121; Odds ratio=57.00, 95% confidence interval: 2.10-1546.90). However, no significant correlation was found between Actinomyces spp. and clinical symptoms and signs, such as pain, swelling, percussion to tenderness, sinus and periapical radiolucency. CONCLUSION: Actinomyces spp. may be important pathogens of root canal infections. A. naeslundii in particular may be related with traumatized teeth. A. odontolyticus appears to be involved in infections related to caries, exposure of dentinal tubules during cavity preparation and/or leaking restoration, but further clarification with large samples is necessary.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1998

Immunohistochemical detection for Actinomyces sp. in swine tonsillar abscess and granulomatous mastitis.

The tonsils of eleven pigs and the mammary glands of a sow were used to investigate actinomycotic lesions due to Actinomyces sp. infection. At necropsy, there was no abnormality on these tonsils, on the other hand, numerous abscesses containing sulfur granules were found in the mammary. Histopathologically, the Actinomyces sp. lesions were noted as crypt abscesses in the tonsils and as pus-forming granulomas in the mammary glands. The microorganisms in both lesions were composed of bead-like cocci, bacillary cells and short, branching filaments, those cells being positive by the Gram's and Grocott's methods. Clubs were formed around the microbial clumps in these lesions. Immunohistochemically, there were cross-reactions between antibodies of Actinomyces sp. Chiba 101 (101) and swine actinomycetes of 7 species: A. bovis, A. hyovaginalis, A. israeli, A. naeslundii, A. pyogenes, A. suis) formerly Eubacterium suits) and A. viscosus. However it was possible to differentiate Actinomyces sp. 101 from them by absorption and dilution of the antiserum, then the microorganisms in the tonsillar crypt abscesses and the granulomatous mastitis were labelled with an immunoperoxidase technique using the absorbed Actinomyces sp. 101 antiserum. Thus, these immunolabelling properties are suggestive of the presence of 'A. suis' (Grässer) Franke 1973.

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

Actinomyces coleocanis sp. nov., from the vagina of a dog.

A hitherto undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium was isolated from the vagina of a dog. Biochemical testing and PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins indicated that the isolate was phenotypically different from previously described Actinomyces species and related taxa. Sequencing of 165 rRNA showed that the unknown bacterium was distinct from all currently known Actinomyces species. Phylogenetically, the unidentified organism displayed a specific association with Actinomyces europaeus, but a sequence divergence of > 5% demonstrated that it represents a distinct species. Based on both phenotypic and 165 rRNA sequence considerations, it is proposed that the unknown strain from a dog be classified as a novel species, Actinomyces coleocanis sp. nov. The type strain is CCUG 41708T (= CIP 106873T).

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Actinomyces vaccimaxillae sp. nov., from the jaw of a cow.

A previously undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium was isolated from a lesion in the jaw of a cow. Based on its cellular morphology and the results of biochemical testing, the organism was tentatively identified as a member of the genus Actinomyces. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that the bacterium represents a hitherto unknown species within the genus Actinomyces, and is related to a group of species that includes Actinomyces turicensis and its close relatives. It is proposed that the unknown organism be classified as Actinomyces vaccimaxillae sp. nov. (the type strain is CCUG 46091T =CIP 107423T).

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1993

The incidence and role of actinomyces in recurrent acute tonsillitis.

Although actinomyces has been identified in between 1.77% and 37% of resected tonsils its possible role in recurrent acute tonsillitis has received little attention. A histological and bacteriological study of 129 pairs of tonsils from patients with recurrent acute tonsillitis showed actinomyces to be present in 29.5%. The organism, however, was also present in 40% of tonsils from 10 patients with no history of tonsillar disease. In neither of these groups was there any specific evidence of tissue reaction to actinomyces nor was there a male preponderance as in clinical actinomycosis. The presence of actinomyces in the tonsil was not favoured by the concurrence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria. These data indicate that actinomyces does not have a causal role in recurrent acute tonsillitis.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1984

Actinomyces denticolens Dent & Williams sp. nov: a new species from the dental plaque of cattle.

Six strains of actinomyces isolated from the dental plaque of cattle were assigned presumptively to the genus Actinomyces on the basis of Gram reaction, cellular and colony morphology and acid end-products of metabolism. This assignment was confirmed by the peptidoglycan composition which is shared with Actinomyces species from dental plaque. These cattle strains formed a homogeneous group on the basis of cell wall carbohydrate components, DNA base composition, polypeptide molecular weight distribution and physiological reactions but could not be classified with any recognised species of Actinomyces. A new taxon Actinomyces denticolens is proposed for these strains.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1991

Binding of Actinomyces viscosus to collagen: association with the type 1 fimbrial adhesin.

Treatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) with human type I or type III collagen strongly promoted adhesion of Actinomyces viscosus LY7 cells. Treatment with human type V collagen was somewhat less effective while treatment with human type IV or rat type I collagen was significantly less effective. Electron microscopic observations revealed that A. viscosus cells also attached to fibrils prepared from human type I collagen. The alpha 1 (1) polypeptide chain derived from type I collagen was ineffective in promoting binding and the alpha 2 (1) polypeptide chain exhibited moderate activity. Heat- or urea-denatured type I collagens were also ineffective in promoting binding. Mutants of A. viscosus that possess type 1 fimbriae, but not type 2 fimbriae or no fimbriae, also bound to collagen-treated HA; this suggests that the adhesin responsible was associated with type 1 fimbriae. Strains of Actinomyces israelii and Actinomyces odontolyticus also exhibited strong binding to collagen-treated HA, while Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 12104 did not. The avidity of Actinomyces species for collagen would seem to be at least partially responsible for the high proportions of these organisms found on cemental and root tooth surfaces.

Actinomyces viscosus↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to Actinomyces and Arachnia species.

Polyclonal (PoAbs) and monoclonal (MoAbs) antibodies were produced to Actinomyces israelii serotypes 1 and 2, to Actinomyces naeslundii, and to Arachnia propionica, and their specificities were studied by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All PoAbs except those to A. propionica reacted also with at least one other Actinomyces species. Only the MoAb to A. naeslundii proved to be more specific than the corresponding PoAbs. This MoAb did not crossreact with other Actinomyces or Arachnia species, nor with any other anaerobic or aerobic bacteria studied by inhibition EIA. Immunoblotting studies indicated that the antibody specific to A. naeslundii is directed against a large molecular weight antigen (greater than 150 kd), probably polysaccharide in nature. The produced PoAbs and MoAbs can be used for further analyses of the antigenic determinants of different Actinomyces and Arachnia species.

Actinomyces↗