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PubMed1993

The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part IV. Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease.

Reliable information on rate of progression of cognitive impairment in probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important for evaluating possible beneficial effects of therapeutic agents and in planning long-term care for patients with this chronic illness. However, wide variability exists in published rates of change for psychometric measures of the dementing process, and there is need for an accurate analysis of large numbers of persons with the disorder studied over long periods. Utilizing the large, well-characterized sample of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and employing a least squares regression method to adjust for different levels of impairment and periods of observation, we report rates of change on the Short Blessed Test, Mini-Mental State Examination, Blessed Dementia Scale, Clinical Dementia Rating, and other cognitive measures in 430 patients with probable AD (mean age at entry = 70.9 +/- 8.0 SD years) studied for up to 4 years. We found that rate-of-change determinations are less reliable when the observation period is 1 year or less, that dementia progression may be nonlinear when described by certain measures, and that simple change scores do not accurately characterize the rate of decline. We also found that rate of progression in AD is determined by the severity of cognitive impairment: the less severe the dementia, the slower the rate of decline.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Maximum expiratory flow changes induced by longitudinal tension on trachea in normal subjects.

Maximal expiratory flow (Vmax) was noticed to increase in some subjects during neck hypertension. Maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves were obtained in 15 normal young subjects at regular and hyperextended neck posture. Eleven of the subjects had consistently higher Vmax during neck hyperextension at high lung volumes, accompanied by MEFV configuration changes in the form of the obliteration of a concavity towards the volume axis that existed in the curve at regular neck posture. Effort independency was documented at lung volumes where the changes occurred. Radiographic studies indicate tracheal elongation with a relatively fixed carina during neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension. We propose that at high lung volumes in normal young subjects, the flow-limiting mechanism resides in the trachea and that the increased Vmax with neck hyperextension reflects the effect of tracheal elongation which stiffens the trachea under dynamic conditions and increases its tube-wave speed. This concept was confirmed by MEFV curves obtained from anesthetized tracheostomized dogs when increased tracheal longitudinal tension resulted in an increase of Vmax.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study of changes in the cochlear nucleus in the CBA mouse.

The cochleas and brain stems of normal-hearing CBA/CaJ and CaH mice ranging in age from 1 to 18 months were examined by light microscopy to document normal age-related changes. At all ages examined, the cochlear morphologic structure appeared normal with no obvious loss of hair cells or spiral ganglion cells. In the cochlear nucleus, qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in the total nuclear volume, in globular cell size, and in neuronal packing density.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

CSF changes in a longitudinal study of 124 neurologically normal HIV-1-infected U.S. Air Force personnel.

Over a 2 year period, 124 neurologically normal HIV-1-infected patients had three successive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations approximately 1 year apart. Immunological status as measured by absolute CD4 counts in the blood identified two groups of patients over time: (a) a group with progressive CD4 decline (66 patients), and (b) a group with stable CD4 counts (58 patients). These two study groups provided us the opportunity to compare CSF changes (cells, protein, albumin index, IgG, IgG index, and IgG synthesis rate) in neurologically normal individuals with respect to immunological status over time. We found significantly increased intrathecal cellular response and IgG production over time independent of CD4 group. We conclude that any clinical study comparing CSF findings in neurologically symptomatic HIV-infected individuals must recognize and control for these CSF changes in neurologically asymptomatic patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal dental arch changes in the mixed dentition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate dental arch changes that occurred during the mixed dentition in 30 normal occlusion children. Two analyses were done. The first one was at the age of early mixed dentition and the second at the age of late mixed dentition. Most width variables were greater in the males, and depth variables greater in the female subjects. A directionally larger left side of the maxilla and right side of the mandible were observed. Our findings indicate that most arch width dimensions are established in the early mixed dentition. We conclude that the period between the early and late mixed dentition is suitable for environmental factors to disrupt the ideal symmetrical developmental pattern because more growth and developmental changes occur after a relatively stabile period of deciduous dentition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Parents and partners in crime: a six-year longitudinal study on changes in supportive relationships and delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: This study sought the answer to three questions: 1. Is having an intimate partner associated with the level of delinquency? 2. Does the quality of the relationship with an intimate partner, operationalised as partner support, predict the level of delinquency? 3. Does a relationship with an intimate partner or age moderate the association between parental support and delinquency? METHOD: Data from a three-wave, six-year longitudinal study of 1302 adolescents and young adults, aged 12-23 at wave 1, were used. RESULTS: 1. Univariate latent growth curve analysis showed that, as predicted, having an intimate partner does not lead to less criminality among young adults over the age of 20. We found no support for the hypothesis among the group of 12- to 20-year-old adolescents, since the group of mid-adolescents who consistently have a partner is more criminal than the other groups. 2. Our findings show that partner support is negatively related to criminality in both 12- to 20-year-olds and 21- to 23-year-olds. The longitudinal effect of partner support is also uni-directional: partner support T1 certainly has an impact on criminality T3, but the reverse is not true. In both groups the influence of partner support is also greater than that of parental support. 3. Having an intimate partner moderates the association between parental support and delinquency, but in an age-specific manner. Parental support has no bearing on criminality when adolescents and young adults continuously have an intimate partner. Parental support does, however, cause a reduction in the level of criminality in adolescents and young adults who have never had a partner and adolescents who only have a partner at time 3. CONCLUSIONS: We interpret our results in terms of shifts in the relational system: if an adolescent finds a partner, that partner takes over the role of the parents in reducing criminality; if not, the parents remain important in doing so.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II division 1 subjects.

Longitudinal records from the Ohio State University Growth Study were used to compare the skeletal growth changes between Class II division 1 and Class I female subjects between ages 7 and 14. Tensor analysis was used to determine the yearly growth rate and direction. No significant difference was found in cranial base dimension between the Class I and Class II subjects. In Class II subjects, the maxilla (S-N-A) was found to be normally related to the cranial base. However, mandibular position (S-N-B and S-N-Pog) was found to be significantly more retrusive in Class II when compared with Class I subjects. Mandibular length (Ar-Gn) and corpus length (Go-Gn) were found to be shorter in Class II subjects. The ratio of PFH to AFH was found to be smaller in Class II subjects. This is particularly apparent during the pubertal growth period. The y-axis and mandibular plane angle were more open in Class II subjects which also contributed to the retrusive position of the mandible. Maxillo-mandibular difference (A-N-B) between Class I and II subjects was present at age 7 and persisted through puberty, maintaining a greater angle of convexity (A-N-Pg) in Class II subjects. These results suggest that Class II malocclusion can be detected early. The majority of the Class II cases showed mandibular skeletal retrusion or a combination of horizontal and vertical abnormalities of the mandible rather than maxillary protrusion. These skeletal differences remain through puberty without orthodontic intervention. Individual variations were found within each type of malocclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Blood pressure and late-life cognitive function change: a biracial longitudinal population study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of blood pressure (BP) to subsequent decline in cognitive function among persons age 65 or over. METHODS: All persons age 65 or over in a geographically defined community were invited to participate in a longitudinal study of problems of the elderly. Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes and included two BP measures and four tests of cognitive function. Follow-up interviews 3 and 6 years after baseline repeated the cognitive function tests. These analyses included 4,284 individuals who had baseline and at least one follow-up measure of cognitive function. The average of z scores of the individual cognitive function tests was used as a global measure of cognitive function. RESULTS: In random effects analyses controlling for age, sex, education, and race, there was no significant linear association of either systolic or diastolic BP with 6-year change in global cognitive function score. There was no significant curvilinear association with systolic BP. In tests for a curvilinear association with diastolic BP, there was a suggestion of increased decline among those with low or high diastolic BP (p = 0.03 for the quadratic diastolic term). At baseline, 50% of participants took some type of medication affecting BP. CONCLUSION: In this community population where BP treatment was common, there was no association of either high systolic or high diastolic BP at the beginning of the observation interval with 6-year cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Prognosis in glomerulonephritis. III. A longitudinal analysis of changes in serum creatinine and proteinuria during the course of disease: effect of immunosuppressive treatment. Report from Copenhagen Study Group of Renal Diseases.

A total of 395 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis were followed up for 14 years. At the time of entry to the study the patients were classified as having one of nine states of kidney disease according to serum creatinine levels and proteinuria. The transitions of the patients between the nine states were analysed. The influence of 14 independent variables including treatment with cytostatic drugs and prednisolone was estimated by the Cox proportional hazard model. Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs had an influence that emerged within the first month and continued for the next 2 months. Subsequent treatment with cytostatic drugs in combination with prednisolone delayed further improvement. Treatment with prednisolone or cytostatic drugs as single therapy for up to 6 months increased the risk of improvement of the disease, and had no significant effect on deterioration. The beneficial effect of the treatment persisted after withdrawal of the immunosuppressive drugs. The analysis revealed only a slight influence of the histological character of the glomerular changes. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis carried an increased tendency for improvement. Arterial hypertension affected the process in several states of kidney disease. Heavy proteinuria increased the risk of increasing serum creatinine levels.

Azathioprine↗
PubMed1997

A longitudinal study of changes in body mass index and total body composition after radioiodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis.

Patients treated for thyrotoxicosis often complain of increases in body weight after treatment of their thyroid disorder. The objective of this study was to define the extent of changes in body mass and composition following treatment of thyrotoxicosis with radioiodine 131I. We prospectively measured body mass index (BMI) in 75 patients (18 males, 57 females), ranging in age from 15-88 years treated for thyrotoxicosis with 131I (doses ranging from 5.2 to 25.7 mCi) between 1978 and 1994. BMI pre- and post-radioiodine treatment were recorded for up to 10 years after treatment. Body composition studies were performed on a subgroup of 9 patients (1 male, 8 females), aged 24 to 74 years treated with 6.0 to 12.2 mCi 131I. Bone mineral content, lean mass, and fat content were determined prior to and following 131I treatment through whole body scanning with a Hologic QDR-1000/W dual energy x-ray densitometer. Sustained increases in BMI averaging 2.33 kg/m2 above baseline (p < .01) were observed from the initial 6 months through the first 5 years after 131I therapy. BMI was no different from pretreatment levels over the remainder of the 10-year follow-up period. Lean mass increased significantly (p = .0004) by an average of 7.2 kg. Although both fat and mineral content appeared to increase, these changes were not statistically significant. Weight gain occurs within the first year after 131I treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis and is predominantly due to increased lean mass (20.2%, p < .0005) although bone mineral content increased only marginally (4.62%, p = .10).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

What gets dad involved? A longitudinal study of change in parental child caregiving involvement.

Predictors of change in fathers' and mothers' perceptions of child caregiving involvement were examined. Middle-class 2-parent families (131 mothers and 98 fathers) with a target school-age child participated. Fathers and mothers completed annual questionnaires for 3 consecutive years. Latent growth curve modeling suggested that fathers were likely to increase their relative contribution to child caregiving over the course of 3 years when they had a greater proportion of male children in the family and when life events-particularly changes in employment and financial status-were experienced by the family. Although mothers were responsible for more of the caregiving, their relative level of involvement tended to decrease when there were no young children in the family. Two-parent families may adapt to varying family contexts and life circumstances by shifting caregiving roles and responsibilities over the course of years.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Overall functioning and criteria of progress in rehabilitation of alcohol abusers: longitudinal analyses of changes.

The aim was to compare alcohol consumption and vocational adjustment as criteria of rehabilitation progress of alcoholics, with regard to links to concomitant changes in functioning in other life areas. Thirty-four advanced alcohol abusers in rehabilitation were examined twice with an interval of 2 years between each examination. Change scores in alcohol consumption and work capacity were correlated with change scores in social network, activities, life-satisfaction, psychological well-being, psychiatric symptoms, and biomedical functioning. Improved drinking habits were connected with some changes in overall functioning, however not solely in a favorable direction. Negative mood changes were especially noteworthy. Improvements in vocational adjustment, on the other hand, appeared to be somewhat more unequivocally and encompassingly associated with amelioration in the wider range of functioning. The results indicate that drinking measures alone are not sufficient indicators of progress in rehabilitation and underscores the need of more global criteria of general adjustment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal pulmonary function changes in pigeon breeders.

We studied 15 subjects (14 men and one woman; seven symptomatic and eight asymptomatic) at three- to four-year intervals from 1967 through 1985 (18 years) to determine if continued pigeon antigen exposure in these groups was associated with a decline in pulmonary function greater than expected in healthy individuals. We collected immunologic studies at the initial visit, performed sequential pulmonary function studies and obtained chest radiographs. After compensating for the normal changes expected with increasing age, we found the declines in FVC, FEV1, and Dsb in the symptomatic group were nearly four times greater than expected. There was no significant difference in the decline of pulmonary function between asymptomatic subjects and the normal predicted declines with increasing age. We conclude that, if an individual has episodes of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, long-term exposure to pigeon antigens will result in an accelerated decline in pulmonary function.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A longitudinal study of changes in erythrocyte zinc concentration in hyperemesis gravidarum.

Erythrocyte zinc concentration and plasma thyroid hormones were measured in 32 patients admitted to hospital because of hyperemesis gravidarum. At presentation, 8 patients had elevated total and free thyroxine concentrations. The initial erythrocyte zinc concentration in these 8 patients was not different from the others, but in 5 of them, a transient drop in the erythrocyte zinc concentration was observed 2-12 weeks later, and which returned to normal towards the end of pregnancy. The lowest erythrocyte zinc concentration in the hyperthyroxinaemic group (171.0 +/- 31.7 mumol/l of RBC) was significantly lower than that of the normothyroxinaemic group (214.2 +/- 33.9 mumol/l of RBC) (p less than 0.01). This indicates that hyperthyroxinaemia in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum represents true hyperthyroidism, but is different from classical thyrotoxicosis in that the elevation of thyroid hormones is transient.

Carbonic Anhydrases↗
PubMed1983

A longitudinal study of changes in aerobic fitness, body composition, and energy intake in primigravid patients.

Sixteen primigravid patients were studied on four occasions (once in each trimester and again at 4 weeks' post partum) for predicted VO2 max (Canadian Home Fitness Test), body weight, and percentage of body fat (skin folds) and caloric intake (3 day food diary). The VO2 max declined significantly from first to second to third trimester and rose post partum to the second-trimester level. Energy intake was constant but body weight and fat rose progressively until after birth. When subjects were divided into "fit" (n = 8) and "unfit" (n = 8) groups, the fit group had significantly greater VO2 max, lower heart rate and diastolic pressure, and less body fat. These differences were not present at third trimester but were present again in the postpartum data. There were no differences in delivery or neonatal data.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Longitudinal investigation of changes in interviewing performance of medical students.

The purposes were to determine the direction and extent of change in a medical student's ability to relate to patients between the sophomore and senior years, to assess the degree of predicted senior year performance from the sophomore year, and to determine the reliability of two major methods: interaction analysis (IA) and global faculty ratings. Twenty-two students were video-taped conducting two 10-minute interviews with a programmed patient: one as a sophomore, the other as a senior. The results for the interaction analysis method showed that the students were more directive, used more exploratory behaviors, were less supportive and more highly rated by the patients (actors) in the senior year. The physician-evaluators' global ratings indicated the students were more supportive, empathetic and open-ended, had fewer uncommon words, but conducted better overall interviews as seniors. The IA method was more reliable than global faculty ratings.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1995

A longitudinal study of changes in masticatory performance of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

PURPOSE: Individuals with developmental deformities of the jaws may be less efficient at chewing food. Previous studies have reported masticatory deficiency in patients with such deformities. This study was designed to detect any changes in masticatory performance that accompany orthognathic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Masticatory performance was tested in 18 patients with various jaw deformities before application of orthodontic appliances and 2 to 3 years after surgical correction of their malocclusion. A control group was tested at three 6-month intervals. The subjects chewed carrots and masticatory performance was measured using a standard sieve technique. The Rosin-Rammler equation was used to calculate the median particle size and broadness index of each set of carrots. The number of chewing cycles required for each subject to swallow one piece of carrot was also recorded. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in median particle size between patients and controls was found both preoperatively and postoperatively (P < .05), but no difference in median particle size or broadness index was seen between trials for controls or patients (P > .05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that before surgery patients have a lower level of performance than controls and surgical correction of the malocclusion does not significantly enhance performance.

Adolescent↗