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PubMed2026

Self-Report Health Screening Tools in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review of Domain Coverage, Validation, and Use Across Participation Levels.

BACKGROUND: Female athlete health encompasses multiple interconnected domains; however, the self-report screening tools used to assess these domains have not been comprehensively synthesised. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify self-report health screening tools used to assess female athlete health, map domain coverage, determine validation reporting, and describe application across participation levels. METHODS: This systematic review was pre-registered with PROSPERO ( CRD420251056910 ) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) were searched from inception to January 2026 using female health and screening-related terms. Methodological quality was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute and National Institutes of Health tools, and findings were synthesised descriptively. Eligible, peer-reviewed studies reported the use, development or validation of self-report health screening tools assessing one or more domains relevant to female health applied in female athlete populations, spanning recreational through elite participation levels. All sports and activities were included. The search was restricted to English language with no date limits. RESULTS: In total, 360 studies (1990-2026) representing 134,506 female participants spanning recreational to elite sport and 273 screening tools were included. Mental health (n = 77, 34.1%), disordered eating (n = 33, 14.6%) and body image (n = 30, 13.3%) predominated. Domains related to female health, including menstrual health, pelvic floor health, pregnancy/postpartum and breast health were comparatively underrepresented. Most studies reported tools were used for risk identification (n = 323, 80.3%). Validation reporting was inconsistent, with half (n = 180, 50%) reporting use of at least one validated tool. Tool use was concentrated in professional and elite sport, with limited inclusion of recreational, masters and disability athlete cohorts. Health literacy constructs were explicitly assessed in 12.5% of studies (n = 45). CONCLUSIONS: Health screening in female athlete populations remains fragmented and uneven in domain coverage, with inconsistent validation reporting. Development of integrated, multi-domain and contextually inclusive screening frameworks is warranted.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Coverage of exposed vascular conduits.

When a vascular conduit becomes exposed, it is generally thought that if it is not already infected, it will soon become so. The most comprehensive treatment would be removal of the prosthesis, debridement of the wound, and extraanatomic bypass. Occasionally, however, extraanatomic bypass cannot be done. In such cases, local measures, such as skin grafting or skin flap coverage, may be used. Our two cases illustrate that these procedures can, on occasion, provide long-term coverage of exposed vascular conduits.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Microvascular free-flap coverage of mechanical injuries to the upper extremity.

Extensive soft-tissue avulsion injuries of the upper extremities with or without bony involvement are difficult reconstructive problems. They usually cannot be adequately managed by traditional methods using skin grafts or local flaps. Microvascular free-tissue transplantation may offer the best chance for success with these severe injuries. Free-tissue transfer is indicated in this type of injury (1) when no simpler method of obtaining a closed wound is available, or (2) when the quality of soft-tissue coverage by simpler methods would not be adequate from a functional standpoint. For example, if a skin graft is placed over bone and tendons, there may be impairment of function, and certainly this is a poor environment for tendon transfers, nerve repairs, and so forth. The much more adequate tissue of a free-flap coverage provides a better environment for reconstruction. Three cases demonstrating these principles have been presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Anaerobic coverage for wound prophylaxis. Comparison of cefazolin and cefoxitin.

An experimental wound model has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of cefazolin and cefoxitin in the prevention of wound infection. Incisions were contaminated with Staph. aureus, E. coli, or a standardized fecal suspension. Regardless of the contaminant employed, the prophylactic use of either cefazolin or cefoxitin yielded lower wound bacterial concentrations and fewer infections compared with treatment with placebo. Cefazolin proved just as effective as cefoxitin in preventing infection when wounds were contaminated with Staph. aureus or E. coli. Although cefoxitin is the only cephalosporin that offers anaerobic coverage, its prophylactic administration when wounds were contaminated with a standardized fecal suspension did not significantly alter wound bacterial concentrations or infection rates compared with cefazolin. The data from our animal wound model suggest that prophylactic anaerobic coverage is not necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Early endothelial coverage of synthetic arterial grafts: porosity revisited.

Synthetic arterial grafts fail because of thrombosis. Rapid endothelial coverage would be expected to generate a minimally thrombogenic surface and reduce the rate of failure. We investigated the possibility that such a lining could be established by transmural capillary ingrowth in polytetrafluoroethylene (30 or 60 micron internodal distance) and Dacron baboon aortoiliac grafts of 4 mm in diameter and 5 to 7 cm in length. All grafts demonstrated endothelial ingrowth from the cut edges of adjacent artery. The central portions of the 30 micron polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were still not healed at 3 months. Two of six Dacron grafts were healed 1 month postoperatively and all were healed at 3 months, whereas all 60 micron polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were healed 2 weeks postoperatively. At early follow-up, islands of endothelium were seen in the middle of the 60 micron polytetrafluoroethylene and Dacron grafts. These observations support the concept that transmural migration of capillaries can provide multiple sources of endothelium and early endothelial coverage of porous synthetic arterial grafts. This response is affected by the porosity and possibly the thrombogenicity of the graft material.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Online coverage of the literature on thermal physiology.

Online searches for research topics in thermal physiology usually do not retrieve more than 40% of the existing publications. In order to determine whether this low retrieval rate is due to deficient coverage of the literature or to problems in storage and retrieval of information, a list of 25 major papers, 25 minor papers and 15 obscure papers on thermal physiology was compiled. The 65 documents were searched online in the MEDLINE database. Retrieval rate was more than 60% for obscure papers, 80% for minor papers, and 90% for major papers. It is concluded that MEDLINE has an appropriate coverage of the literature on thermal physiology and that the low retrieval rate in online searches is due mostly to problems in information processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Resin-bonded cast coverage for fractured posterior teeth.

Enamel-dentin fracture without pulpal involvement of intact posterior teeth demands restoration of form and function while preserving as much sound tooth material as possible. A partial-coverage restoration cast in nonprecious metal and air-abraded and bonded to the tooth by an adhesive resin is suggested. The strong bond of the adhesive resin to the enamel and dentin of the tooth and to the air-abraded metal allows for simple fabrication of a cast partial coverage that requires only minimal tooth preparation.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1986

Adult human endothelial cell coverage of small-caliber Dacron and polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses in vitro.

Culture of endothelial cells on synthetic vascular grafts has heretofore met with limited success. We report here a technique which allows attachment and subsequent growth of adult human vascular endothelial cells on the synthetic materials polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Dacron which are currently used for vascular reconstructive surgery. Studies were conducted on both untreated materials and those pretreated with the extracellular matrix proteins collagen and fibronectin. Collagen was applied to the graft materials with positive pressure and then allowed to gel in the interstices. Fibronectin was added to the collagen-lined lumen followed by a cell suspension. Cell coverage on the grafts was assessed by scanning electron microscopy after various lengths of time. Cells adhered poorly to and did not grow on untreated Dacron and PTFE. Protein-treated materials did allow cell attachment and growth but with distinct differences. On PTFE (n = 30), cells could form a confluent monolayer within 9 days while cell coverage was generally incomplete at this time on the more irregular surface of Dacron (n = 5). Thus, adult human endothelial cells can grow on collagen- and fibronectin-coated prosthetic materials. This approach to lining graft materials in vitro may be useful in improving the performance of small-caliber vascular grafts.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cigarette advertising policy and coverage of smoking and health in British women's magazines.

A survey of cigarette advertising and coverage of health aspects of smoking in 86 British magazines with a large female readership was done in 1989. The findings were compared with the results of a 1985 survey which had led to the introduction of new voluntary restrictions in 1986 on cigarette advertising in magazines. Although there was a decrease in the proportion of magazines accepting cigarette advertising (64% to 42%), the new restrictions failed to cover the most popular magazines, so that an estimated collective readership of 7 million women aged 15-24 years were still exposed to cigarette advertising. Revenue from cigarette advertising by women's magazines increased by 10% in real terms between 1985 and 1988. There was a small decrease in the coverage given to health aspects of smoking; a third of magazines were willing to use pictures of people smoking in their editorial pages. The findings show that the voluntary restrictions introduced in the UK in 1986 have had a small effect on cigarette advertising and have failed to achieve their aim of protecting young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Insurance coverage and the demand for dental care. Results for non-aged white adults.

The fraction of the U.S. population with private dental insurance coverage increased considerably during the past two decades. Experimental data from the Rand Health Insurance Study have revealed that dental insurance is an important determinant of demand. In this analysis, detailed health insurance data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey are used to study the effects of insurance on demand by a standard population of white adults aged 16 to 64. Results from this national probability sample are generally comparable to those from the Rand experimental data. Estimates indicate that the primary effects of dental insurance are to facilitate access to care and to increase dental expenditures. Results are consistent with the notion that first-dollar coverage exerts a greater effect on demand than insurance which requires payment of a deductible. Findings also suggest that insurance affects the mix of dental services received. Loss of dental benefits because of cost containment efforts will result in significant reductions in demand for dental services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Immunization coverage required to prevent outbreaks of dog rabies.

WHO recommends that 70% of dogs in a population should be immunized to eliminate or prevent outbreaks of rabies. This critical percentage (pc) has been established empirically from observations on the relationship between vaccination coverage and rabies incidence in dog populations around the world. Here, by contrast, we estimate pc by using epidemic theory, together with data available from four outbreaks in urban and rural areas of the USA, Mexico, Malaysia and Indonesia. From the rate of increase of cases at the beginning of these epidemics, we obtain estimates of the basic case reproduction number of infection, R0, in the range 1.62-2.33, implying that pc lies between 39% and 57%. The errors attached to these estimates of pc suggest that the recommended coverage of 70% would prevent a major outbreak of rabies on no fewer than 96.5% of occasions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Cluster sampling for immunization coverage.

The WHO/EPI cluster sampling method for immunization coverage surveys is part of the course for management training in EPI programmes. The application of this method, based on a framework of villages, is impractical in dispersed populations common in many countries in Africa. To make the method work under those circumstances leads to unacceptable bias, which tends to overestimate the real coverage rate. A modified random cluster sampling method for dispersed populations is presented.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Health insurance coverage of the working poor.

This study examines the working poor, and their pattern of health insurance coverage. The data indicate that in 1977 almost 22% of the working poor lack health insurance throughout the year. Moreover, children of the working poor were almost twice as likely as children of the poor nonemployed to be without coverage. The implications of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA) which restricted the working poor's eligibility for Medicaid are discussed. It is argued that being employed, in itself, does not guarantee poor people access to medical care and may, in fact, serve to restrict it.

Health Benefit Plans, Employee↗
PubMed1988

Comprehensive can be effective: the influence of coverage with a health centre network on the hospitalisation patterns in the rural area of Kasongo, Zaire.

This study analyses routine data from Kasongo, Zaire in order to assess the influence of coverage with a network of health centres delivering primary care on hospitalisation patterns. Admission rates are 2.1 times higher for non-covered than for covered areas. For non-justified hospitalisations (false positives) distance decay is marked both in covered and non-covered areas, but at consistently lower levels in covered areas. For justified hospitalisations (true positives), hospitalisation rates are markedly lower in covered than in non-covered areas if one considers areas with reasonable (less than 40-50 km) access to the hospital. In more remote areas the relationship is inversed, and populations from non-covered areas do not use the hospital at all, whilst some people from covered areas do reach the hospital. Reduction of hospitalisation rates is for diseases for which standardised technical solutions of known efficacy are available at the health centres. Hospitalisation rates for the diseases usually targetted by selective PHC programmes are reduced by 86% in the covered areas as compared to the non-covered areas. Reduction in hospitalisation rates for those diseases accounts for 29% of the total coverage-related reduction.

Community Health Centers↗
PubMed1990

Childhood vaccination in a squatter area of Manila: coverage and providers.

In 1988 a vaccination coverage cluster survey was performed in a squatter area of Manila, Philippines. 24% of the surveyed children (aged 1-2 years) were fully immunized and 19% not immunized. 60% of the children were vaccinated through private organization. The dropout rates of these children were significantly lower than those of the children vaccinated through governmental agencies. This suggests that services have to be provided by agencies that are based in the squatter area. Efforts for improved coverage should focus on lowering the high dropout rates and strengthening coordination between the governmental and the various private health agencies that provide vaccination service in this squatter area. The survey also indicated approaches to strengthening collaboration between different service providers.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1994

Government participation in physician negotiations in German economic policy as applied to universal health care coverage in the United States.

Systems of universal health care coverage in western industrial societies have usually established some form of government participation in negotiations over physician payment as a means of controlling costs. In the Federal Republic of Germany, a mixed private and public body. Concerted Action in Health Care sets a 'target' for physician and 'sickness fund' negotiators. This indirect form of government participation is effective in 'linking' fees with utilization during negotiations, avoiding inflationary trends inherent in fee-for-service systems. This target-setting factor is a necessary complement to negotiation of a 'pool' of money, wage level and technological adjustment factors, as contained in a model of German economic health care policy. These four elements of economic policy are recommended as cost control measures for office-based physician payments under conditions of universal health care coverage in the United States. Indirect government participation through setting 'targets' for negotiations is seen as consistent with established American institutional practices.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1995

Enhancing coverage and sustainability of vaccination programs: an explanatory framework with special reference to India.

The article addresses the question in what form and under what conditions vaccination programs can be expected to continue once the 'take off' period is over. This matter is of great importance because of the need to continuously vaccinate new cohorts of children with a high degree of coverage and in an appropriate manner. Using data from India, where vaccination programs are integrated in regular health care delivery, an explanatory framework is presented which, first, analyses the vaccination program in terms of different levels, organizational cultures and inner-level linkages and, second, addresses the relation between the program and its socio-cultural context. The analysis provides starting points for changes that could enhance coverage and sustainability. Such changes include alterations in program design and adjustments in the views of different categories of program staff. The article discusses strategies directed at achieving such changes.

Child↗