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PubMed2000

Psychological, cognitive, and interpersonal correlates of attributional change in adolescents.

Examined the role of attributional style in adolescent's psychological functioning. Specifically, we examined the cross-sectional correlates of attributional style, as well as the correlates of changes in attributional style over time. A sample of 841 adolescents with either maladaptive or adaptive attributional styles completed a battery of self-report measures at 2 points in time, 1 year apart. Measures assessed depressive symptoms and suicidality, cognitive functioning (self-esteem, pessimism, coping skills), and interpersonal functioning (social competence, conflict with parents, social support from family and friends). Results indicated that attributional style is associated with multiple depression-related variables. In addition, youth experienced significant changes in their attributional styles over time (from adaptive to maladaptive and vice versa). Finally, changes in attributional style were associated with changes in psychological symptoms and other psychosocial variables. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and treatment of adolescent depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patients' satisfaction with a nurse-led oncology service.

This study reports the findings of a quantitative study determining the satisfaction levels of patients attending a nurse-led oncology day ward. A random sample of 100 patients was surveyed using an adapted version of the Leeds Satisfaction Questionnaire (Hill, 1997) to ascertain the satisfaction levels of patients attending the unit. Satisfaction levels were found to be favorable in general. However, the study did highlight that some aspects of patient information required attention. Moreover, issues with the use of the questionnaire emerged as the inclusion of both positive and negative statements in the Likert-style questionnaire presented contradictory findings.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1995

An automated enzymatic inulin assay, capable of full sinistrin hydrolysis.

Renal inulin clearance remains the standard by which other methods of measuring glomerular filtration rate are judged. A fully automated enzymatic assay capable of use with linear configuration inulin was recently published (Summerfield AL, et al. Clin Chem 1993; 39:2333-7). Sinistrin, a readily soluble preparation of polyfructan with side branching, is more suitable for clinical use and far more widely used in Europe. By modifying the incubation phase of samples with inulinase, incorporating a kinetic modification to the method of fructose analysis, and increasing the buffer strengths, we report a fully automated system, with minimal sample prehandling capable of complete sinistrin hydrolysis, and adapted for use on the Cobas Mira.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring total soil carbon with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).

Improving estimates of carbon inventories in soils is currently hindered by lack of a rapid analysis method for total soil carbon. A rapid, accurate, and precise method that could be used in the field would be a significant benefit to researchers investigating carbon cycling in soils and dynamics of soil carbon in global change processes. We tested a new analysis method for predicting total soil carbon using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We determined appropriate spectral signatures and calibrated the method using measurements from dry combustion of a Mollisol from a cultivated plot. From this calibration curve we predicted carbon concentrations in additional samples from the same soil and from an Alfisol collected in a semiarid woodland and compared these predictions with additional dry combustion measurements. Our initial tests suggest that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil carbon with excellent detection limits (approximately 300 mg/kg), precision (4-5%), and accuracy (3-14%). Initial testing shows that LIBS measurements and dry combustion analyses are highly correlated (adjusted r2 = 0.96) for soils of distinct morphology, and that a sample can be analyzed by LIBS in less than one minute. The LIBS method is readily adaptable to a field-portable instrument, and this attribute--in combination with rapid and accurate sample analysis--suggests that this new method offers promise for improving measurement of total soil carbon. Additional testing of LIBS is required to understand the effects of soil properties such as texture, moisture content, and mineralogical composition (i.e., silicon content) on LIBS measurements.

Automation↗
PubMed2004

Students' anti-intellectual attitudes and adjustment to college.

Correlations between scores on the Student Anti-intellectualism Scale and scores on the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire were examined for a sample of 84 college students. Significant negative correlations were found between students' anti-intellectual attitudes and their Full Scale, Academic Adjustment, and Institutional Attachment scores but no correlation between anti-intellectual attitudes and the Social Adjustment and Personal-emotional Adjustment scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Concentrations of folates in ruminal content of steers: responses to a dietary supplement of folic acid in relation with the nature of the diet.

In an attempt to evaluate the ruminal effects of dietary supplements of folic acid, eight steers (352 +/- 27 kg BW) fitted with a ruminal cannula were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. The treatments were 70% rolled barley + 30% timothy hay (HC), HC + 2 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW (HC + FA), 30% rolled barley + 70% timothy hay (HF), and HF + 2 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW (HF + FA). After 5 wk of adaptation to the dietary treatments, ruminal contents were sampled over three consecutive days, at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 23 h after feed distribution. Concentrations of folates in solid and liquid ruminal fractions were increased by the dietary supplement of folic acid (P = .0001) and by the ingestion of concentrate compared with hay-based diets (P < .05). Preprandial concentrations of serum folates were not affected by the nature of the diet when steers received no folic acid but the increase of serum folates induced by the dietary supplement of folic acid was more important in steers fed concentrates than in those fed hay-based diets (diet x supplement of folic acid interaction P = .002). Microbial protein (P = .004) and microbial mass (P = .002) in ruminal fluid were increased with concentrate-based diets compared with hay-based diets; folic acid did not have any effect on these variables (P > .05). In conclusion, concentrations of folates in ruminal contents were affected by dietary supplements of folic acid and by the nature of the diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Influence of yeast culture supplementation and advancing season on steers grazing mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains: I. Dietary composition, intake, and in situ nutrient disappearance.

Twelve beef steers (368 +/- 25.3 kg) and four beef heifers (559 +/- 79.5 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used to evaluate effects of yeast culture (YC) and advancing season on dietary chemical composition, intake, and in situ CP and NDF degradation. Treatments were control and YC supplementation (28.4 g.steer-1.d-1 dosed ruminally). Steers grazed from late June to early November 1991 on mixed-grass prairie. Experimental periods consisted of 10 d for adaptation and a 13-d collection phase. Forage samples collected from YC-supplemented steers had greater (P < .10) soluble N and in vitro OM disappearance than forage from controls throughout the grazing season. Organic matter intake was greater (P < .10) by YC-supplemented steers during June. Fecal output and OM intake increased (P < .10) from June to September. Increases (P < .10) in in situ NDF disappearance were noted at 8, 16, and 24 h in June, at 8, 48, and 72 h in July, and at 8 h in August for the YC treatment group. Supplemental YC did not affect (P > .10) rate or lag time of NDF disappearance. In situ CP disappearance (ISCPD) was greater (P < .10) at all times except 48 h in June, at 48 and 72 h in July, and at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h in August for YC-supplemented steers. Steers supplemented with YC had an increased extent (P < .10) of ISCPD in July and an increase in CP degradation rate in June; however, total CP degradation was greater (P < .10) during June for control than for YC steers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Influence of forage level and naloxone injection on feed intake, digestion, and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations in dairy heifers.

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers (287 +/- 26 kg) in a 4 x 4 Latin square were used to evaluate the effects of naloxone injection and forage level on dietary intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestibility, and plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with naloxone injection (0 vs .3 mg/kg; saline vs naloxone, respectively) and forage level (20 vs 100%; concentrate vs forage) as factors. Stanchioned heifers were allowed 21 d for adaptation before a 5-d collection period. Plasma samples were collected several times on d 1 and daily at 0730. Concentrate-fed heifers consumed more feed (P < .10) than forage-fed heifers. Naloxone injection decreased (P < .10) feed intake (grams/kilogram BW) at 1 and 2 h after feeding on d 1. On d 3 at 24 h after feeding, naloxone-injected heifers had increased DM (P < .10) intakes compared with control (saline-injected) heifers. Concentrate-fed heifers had decreased (P < .10) ruminal pH and increased total ruminal VFA concentration. Acetate proportion was decreased (P < .10) and propionate proportion increased in concentrate-fed heifers. Naloxone-injected heifers had decreased (P < .10) total VFA concentrations and increased propionate proportions. Concentrate-fed heifers had greater (P < .10) DM, OM, and CP digestibilities as well as increased plasma (P < .10) insulin, urea N, and glucose concentrations but decreased (P < .10) GH and NEFA concentrations. Naloxone injection increased (P < .10) plasma insulin concentration. Naloxone injection in dairy heifers reduces intake up to 2 h after injection, alters ruminal fermentation patterns, and increases plasma insulin concentration.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.

Forty lactating Holstein cows, including 10 with ruminal cannulas, were blocked by days in milk into 8 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 8 incomplete 5 x 5 Latin squares to assess the effects of 5 levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on milk production and N use. Diets contained 25% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Rolled high-moisture shelled corn was replaced with solvent-extracted soybean meal to increase CP from 13.5 to 15.0, 16.5, 17.9, and 19.4% of DM. Each of the 4 experimental periods lasted 28 d, with 14 d for adaptation and 14 d for data collection. Spot sampling of ruminal digesta, blood, urine, and feces was conducted on d 21 of each period. Intake of DM was not affected by diet but milk fat content as well as ruminal acetate, NH3, and branched-chain volatile fatty acids, urinary allantoin, and blood and milk urea all increased linearly with increasing CP. Milk and protein yield showed trends for quadratic responses to dietary CP and were, respectively, 38.3 and 1.18 kg/d at 16.5% CP. As a proportion of N intake, urinary N excretion increased from 23.8 to 36.2%, whereas N secreted in milk decreased from 36.5 to 25.4%, as dietary protein increased from 13.5 to 19.4%. Under the conditions of this study, yield of milk and protein were not increased by feeding more than 16.5% CP. The linear increase in urinary N excretion resulted from a sharp decline in N efficiency as dietary CP content increased.

Acetates↗
PubMed1987

Substance abuse education in schools of nursing: a national survey.

A concern whether the expansion of knowledge in substance abuse nursing and the contemporary prevalence of substance use disorders had influenced current educational offerings in schools of nursing provided an impetus for this national survey. The purpose of the study was to obtain information about current curricular offerings in substance abuse by schools of nursing. A total of 1,035 questionnaires were mailed to schools of nursing. Respondents included 336 schools representing a 36% return rate. The sample included 154 baccalaureate (46%), 126 associate degree (38%), and 56 diploma (17%) programs. All but one state (Alaska) of the U.S. were part of the sample. The questionnaire used for this study was adapted from one developed for a survey of alcohol and drug abuse content taught in medical schools (Pokorney & Solomon, 1983). Modifications were limited to placing questions in a nursing context. All responding schools included substance abuse in curricular offerings with the largest number (N = 192; 57%) reporting the teaching of alcohol and drug content in a combined manner. The number of required hours of instruction reported most frequently was one to five (N = 242; 72%), which did not differ significantly for the three types of programs. The relatively small number of required hours of instruction would seem disproportionate to the scope and prevalence of substance abuse problems present in patient populations.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

Pharmacologic factors associated with transient neonatal symptoms following prenatal psychotropic medication exposure.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are frequently used to treat maternal depression and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. Recent reports suggest that prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with a neonatal discontinuation syndrome. It remains unclear whether these symptoms are directly related to SSRI exposure alone or are due to concurrent pharmacologic factors. Also, this study explores relationships between neonatal outcomes and medication levels during pregnancy, at delivery, and in the newborn period. METHOD: This study sought to compare newborn behavior following second and third trimester exposure to either single-agent SSRIs (group 1) or SSRIs combined with clonazepam (group 2). A prospective cohort of mothers and their infants (N = 46) who had received SSRI medication alone or in combination with clonazepam were studied from June 1996 through June 2000 and compared with a nonexposed control group (N = 23). Infants were assessed in the newborn period for signs suggestive of a "discontinuation syndrome." Maternal drug levels were measured during the pregnancy and at delivery. Infant drug levels from cord blood and at day 2 of life were also obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 30% of the exposed infants (groups 1 and 2, N = 14) showed symptoms of transient poor neonatal adaptation compared with 9% (N = 2) of control infants. In group 1, 25% had symptoms (fluoxetine N = 3; paroxetine N = 3; sertraline N = 1) and in group 2, 39% of infants had symptoms (paroxetine with clonazepam, N = 7). Symptoms were typically mild respiratory distress and, less commonly, hypotonia. Symptoms were self limited and not associated with other neonatal conditions. When paroxetine was combined with clonazepam, infants with symptoms had significantly elevated paroxetine levels when compared with similarly exposed infants without symptoms (p <.05). Among single-agent paroxetine-exposed infants, drug levels did not differ significantly between those with and without symptoms. Maternal dose of clonazepam was significantly higher (p <.05) during pregnancy and at delivery among symptomatic infants compared with nonsymptomatic infants. Developmental outcomes at 2 and 8 months of age did not differ between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic infants. CONCLUSION: While transient neonatal symptoms were found in infants after single-agent prenatal exposure to SSRIs and when paroxetine was combined with clonazepam, the addition of clonazepam appeared to alter paroxetine metabolism, leading to increased drug levels and risk for transient neonatal symptoms. These data highlight the importance of accounting for a variety of pharmacologic factors beyond single-agent SSRI exposure that may lead to poor neonatal adaptation. Further studies are needed with a larger sample of infants to determine the role of clonazepam and whether similar outcomes occur when exposure includes other SSRIs in combination with clonazepam.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of measures of leisure time physical activity to physical fitness indicators in Spanish adults.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to examine the association between estimates of energy expenditure obtained by the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity questionnarie (LTPA) and physical fitness indicators. METHODS. PARTICIPANTS: An adaptation of the LTPA was assessed in a sample of Spanish population: male (n = 44) and female (n = 38). INTERVENTIONS: the LTPA 1 year recall questionnaire was administered twice with a 12-month interval and participants also responded monthly the Four Week Physical Activity History (FWH) questionnaire. MEASURES: test-retest reliability of the LTPA and the relationships between changes in V.O2max, percent body fat and leisure time physical activity were examined. RESULTS: Corresponding components of the LTPA and the FHW were highly correlated and scores in heavy leisure time activities and household chores showed a relatively low variance ratio, indicating an acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. Heavy intensity physical activity and household chores were highly related to V.O2max and there was a weaker association to moderate or light activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the Spanish version of the LTPA is a relatively valid and reliable measure of regular physical activity and a valid estimator of cardiorespiratory fitness in adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An adoption study of a clinical reminder system in ambulatory care using a developmental trajectory approach.

In this study, we assess 41 medical residents' acceptance and adoption of a clinical reminder system for chronic disease and preventive care management in the ambulatory care environment using a novel developmental trajectory approach. This group-based, semi-parametric statistical modeling method identifies distinct groups, following distinct usage trajectories, among those who recorded use of the reminder system within an evaluation period of 10 months. We trace system use within these groups over time using computer-generated logs and user satisfaction surveys. Our preliminary analysis of this small sample of users delineates three categories of users. Feedback from these categories of users is being used to re-engineer the application and adapt it better to their workflow and functionality requirements. Despite the small sample size in this particular study, we conclude that this methodology has considerable promise to provide new insights into system usability and adoption issues that may benefit clinical decision support systems as well as information systems more generally.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1990

Public health surveillance of AIDS and HIV infections.

The general methods used for public health surveillance of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases and of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are no different from those used for other diseases and infections. However, the methods used must be adapted to the unique epidemiology, wide variation in prevalences, and the very long incubation period of HIV infections. In addition, the severity of AIDS and the extreme social and personal implications of identifying HIV-infected persons make surveillance of AIDS cases and HIV infections much more difficult and place paramount importance on issues such as anonymity and confidentiality. Information on the occurrence of AIDS cases is essential for planning and developing the clinical and laboratory facilities needed for treatment and care of patients with the disease. However, surveillance of AIDS cases is of limited value for assessing the magnitude and future trends of the pandemic because the number of such cases detected, diagnosed, and reported reflect HIV infections that were acquired many years previously. In addition, there are significant problems associated with the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of most AIDS case-reporting systems. Routine HIV surveillance systems are being developed worldwide. Such systems must be adapted to the prevailing epidemiological situation; and the sampling methods used in populations where the prevalence of infection is very low must necessarily differ from those where it is moderate to high. Large-scale population serosurveys are very costly, and the results from such surveys may also be of limited accuracy because of serious problems of selection and participation bias. Furthermore, they may become outdated rapidly in areas where a high incidence of HIV infection occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immigration, health status, and physician visits in a Puerto Rican community.

A pilot study was undertaken to explore the effects of geographic migration and exposure to new cultural values and attitudes on rates of physician office visits in a Puerto Rican population in a major Northeastern urban area. A cross-sectional survey study of an immigrant community was performed, using a questionnaire developed to assess the degree of immigrants' adaptation to the dominant culture, self-perceived health status, levels of stress and social support, and attitudes toward Western medical care. A convenience sample of 93 respondents was obtained. Analysis of the data showed that adaptation to the dominant culture, as measured in this study, is as good an independent predictor of high levels of physician office visitation as self-reported health status. In addition, it has a small but significant effect on perceived health. These results suggest that further exploration of the effect of cultural adaptation on health behaviors would be productive for clinicians and health resource managers.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

A cluster analysis of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals.

The scores of two samples of 200 subjects each on five factors of a measure of adaptive behavior were subjected to cluster analysis using two hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods. Three clusters were found that proved stable across clustering methods, subject samples, and time points 3 years apart. In addition, cluster membership was shown to be meaningfully associated with a number of demographic characteristics and neurological and sensory handicaps. The three-cluster solution thus possesses some desirable features, but its practical utility remains to be demonstrated.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of antithrombin-III activity as a coindicator of disseminated intravascular coagulation in cats with induced feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.

Six adult specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated intraperitoneally with a cell culture-adapted strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Plasma samples were evaluated for antithrombin-III (AT-III) activities at post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 4, and 11 and at termination on PID 16 (1 cat) or 21 (5 cats). Other hemostatic values evaluated were activated partial thromboplastin times, prothrombin times, thrombin times, fibrinogen, platelet counts, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. Antithrombin-III activity remained within normal or above normal range (89 to 246%) in all cats, with the exception of one cat on PID 4 (AT-III, 70%). Mean baseline AT-III activity for 6 cats at PID 0 was 123%. Mean AT-III activity on PID 4, 11, and 16 or 21 was 98, 162, and 130%, respectively. On PID 4 and 16 or 21, results of coagulation screening tests indicated that all cats had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Histologically, cats also had severe fibrinonecrotizing thrombovasculitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

[Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the study of tricuspid valve insufficiency].

The value of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in assessing the presence and severity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has been studied in three groups of subjects, 12 without cardiovascular disease (Group I), 38 with TR (Group II) and 16 patients with aortic and mitral valve disease but no TR (Group III). The presence and severity of TR was also independently evaluated by clinical examination, jugular vein pulse recording and/or hemodynamic investigation. Left parasternal, sub-xyphoid and apical views were adapted for the pulsed Doppler echocardiographic examination. The sample volume was placed in the right atrium at varying distances from the tricuspid valve. We tried to quantitate the degree of TR according to: 1) the diameter and maximal distance from the tricuspid valve of the regurgitant stream, 2) the duration of reguritation through systole, and 3) the degree of turbolence as demonstrated by the time interval histograms. On the basis of above mentioned criteria, three subgroups of subjects with TR, i.e. mild, moderate and severe were recognised. These results were compared to hemodynamic and/or clinical-poligraphic evaluation. In 34 Group II subjects (89%), the Doppler study revealed the presence of TR and allowed an acceptable quantitative assessment. Falsely positive diagnoses were not made in any of the subjects of Group I. Identification of organic TR in patients with atrial fibrillation was possible only when regurgitation was moderate or severe.

Adolescent↗