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The classification of periodontal diseases used and taught in the Department of Periodontology at The University of Sarajevo, Yugoslavia is presented and explained. The classification is the result of nearly 20 years' work. It is based on the inflammatory process and a combination of topography, morphology, pathology and aetiology of periodontal diseases.
Prof. Dr. Lazar-Laza Nenadović specialist in obstetrics and gynaecology (Modos, 1870--Beograd, 1939), the founder of advanced physical medicine and balneo-climatology in Serbia. Prof. Nenadović, besides a series of papers on obstetrics and gynaecology, is the author of a monograph on obstetrics and gynaecology published in Novi Sad in 1912, being the first of this kind in Serbia. Its title is Diseases of the female, their origin, causes and treatment. He was also one of the pioneers of gynecologic balneology in Yugoslavia and one of the founders of the Belgrade School of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, as well as a close collaborator and friend of Prof. Dr Milos Bogdanović, the first head and professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the School of Medicine in Belgrade.
The values of vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and Tiffeneau index (100xFEV1/VC) were determined in 14,234 examinees in the period 1977-1987. Examinations were performed using the Godart expirometer. After the statistical analysis of the results being performed, the unique table was made according to height and age of examinees. The examinees came from all regions of Yugoslavia. The results of the study can be used for establishment of standard values of pulmonary ventilation for candidates for aviation schools, i.e. for youngsters aging from 14 to 20 years.
The content of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of particulate matter collected in the city of Zenica in December 1987 was analysed. In addition to the presence of proven carcinogens like benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chryzene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, the contents of naphthalene, fluorene, fenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene were also determined. Those substances were rightly assumed to be precursors of genotoxic products in reactions with atmospheric nitrogen oxides. The determined average concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was higher than those found in other places in Yugoslavia where similar studies were conducted. At the same time, the measured benzo(a)pyrene concentration exceeded the guidelines for inhabited places according to the standards of the Federal Republic Germany and the Netherlands. The observed high variations in naphthalene concentration of as much as two orders of magnitude in two days were likely due to unsolved technological problems.
The authors investigated the frequency of anomalies among permanent teeth in two regions in Yugoslavia--Istria and Slavonia--in a group of 4449 orthodontic patients (1890 boys and 2559 girls, age 6-18 years; in Istria: 1060 boys and 1341 girls, in Slavonia: 830 boys and 1218 girls). The anomalies were diagnosed by clinical examination and by orthopantomogram analysis. The anomalies were significantly more frequent in children of Istria compared to the ones of Slavonia, i.e. hypodontia was found in 6.25% versus 2.34% and hyperdontia in 1.37% versus 0.63%. Hypodontia in the mandible prevailed among the children in Istria while that in the maxilla among the children in Slavonia. The differences in the sequence of the hypodontia frequency for each tooth in both sexes have been established separately for the two regions.
An estimated number of HIV infected individuals in Yugoslavia might be about 3000. I.v. drug users are by far the most affected population group. Prevalence of HIV seropositivity among imprisoned drug users in Belgrade approaches 50%. An effective control of unvoluntary homosexual contacts in prisons is not feasible. Having in mind a moral obligation of the society to preserve the health of its confined members, we advocate the right of (voluntary or on request screened) HIV seronegative individuals to chose to share the cell with inmates shown to be HIV seronegative as well.
Bioequivalence of Sustonit tablets (2.6 and 6.5 mg) produced at WZF Polfa and Sustac tablets (2.6 and 6.5 mg) made by Krka (Yugoslavia) and WZF Polfa (Poland) was studied by means of the digital plethysmography. All the three drugs with the nitroglycerin content of 2.6 mg were found to be biologically equivalent. On the other hand, Sustonit (WZF Polfa) and Sustac (Krka) tablets with 6.5 mg nitroglycerin proved to possess better bioavailability than Sustac (6.5 mg) tablets produced previously at WZF Polfa.
Telephone crisis line workers in two different crisis centers (Los Angeles, USA, and Ljubljana, Yugoslavia; LA and LJ) self-assessed the most important ideal and undesirable personality traits for their work. Both LA and LJ counselors rated the most important traits as: motivated for the work and being a good listener. LA counselors rated themselves as possessing the majority of the required positive traits, while the LJ counselors thought themselves lacking in several significant qualities. In their listing of undesirable traits, the LJ workers again tended to be more critical of themselves than the LA workers but with fewer differences than on the desirable traits. The source of the differences may lie between the use of volunteers in LA and professional and semi-professional counselors in LJ. The ratings of a sample of US crisis center directors on both desirable and undesirable traits tended to parallel those of the LJ counselors more closely than those of the LA workers. Center directors were also critical of their own counselors on a number of the listed traits.
In Croatia, as in Yugoslavia as a whole, the immense economic progress achieved since the Second World War has been accompanied by a marked decline in the prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases. On the other hand there has been an upsurge in chronic diseases, attributable to changes in life-styles. Third World countries now undergoing rapid development should see this as a timely warning.
Echinococcosis is parasite disease quite spread out in our country. It is known that Dalmatia and then Montenegro are the most infected areas in Yugoslavia. Echinococcus disease is not only disease of the organ attacked but one whose repercussions very often give poly-organic character in clinical, morphological and therapeutic sense. Due to a great number of infected dogs still existing insufficient number of hygienic slaughterhouses, slaughtering livestock without veterinary control, ignorance, lack of education as well as not enough prophylactic measures conducted, this disease represents an outstanding problem. In respect of identification of this disease number of cysts, location complications arising as well as operative approach, so far diagnostic methods are enriched by introducing electronic diagnostic methods (scintigraphy, US and CT). Numerous operating methods aimed to removal of parasite, elimination of irreversible sequelae and achievement of anatomo-physiological restitution of the organ in which the diseased are applied.
The purpose of the present study was to find out the prevalence of dental caries among adolescent and adult inhabitants of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. 1692 randomly selected subjects were examined in the age groups 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 years. Of all subjects there were 4.9% edentulous. In this research DMFT index was used in 1609 dentate persons. 28 teeth were considered. The prevalence of dental caries is very high among the citizens of Ljubljana, already at the age of 15 there is 98.3%. Mean DMFT values were found to increase with age, from 9.8 teeth at the age of 15 to 22.9 teeth at the age of 65. The mean number of missing teeth (M) increases with age as well, from 0.5 tooth at the age of 15 to 14.9 teeth at the age of 65. The mean number of decayed teeth (D) and filled teeth (F) decreases after the age of 35 due to greater number of missing teeth. Women have more decayed teeth in the age of 15 and 25, they also have more missing teeth after the age of 25, women have in all age groups more filled teeth and a higher mean DMFT values in comparison with men. Immigrant inhabitants had in majority of aged groups more decayed and more missing teeth, less filled teeth and a lower mean DMFT values in comparison with native inhabitants. The biggest difference was in the age group of 25, where immigrant men were the worst group. On the other hand immigrant inhabitants had greater number of healthy teeth in all aged groups in comparison with the native inhabitants.
Yugoslavia has a modern drug legislature and a selective drug market. With about 910 substances and 1250 brand names the number of drugs is among the lowest among the European countries. Most products on the market satisfy high criteria of safety to efficacy ratio. Still, the regional health insurance authorities of the Federal republics of Serbia and of Croatia limited the number of drugs to be reimbursed by the insurance scheme. The reason for this move and its justification is given by--the inertia of the complicated procedure of withdrawal from the market of a drug which is obsolete or considered today not possess the ascribed efficacy, existence of unjustly high expectations regarding the efficacy of certain drugs by both the medical profession and the layman and which lead to overprescribing (i.e. vitamin combinations, laxatives and drugs, cerebrovascular insufficiency), and--the responsibility of the public health administration for setting priorities in spending of the available funds. The allocation of funds available for medicinal drugs have been without any kind of regulation and control until now. The introduction of limitations in the reimbursement of price for certain drugs is the first measure initiated to stimulate the optimal use of drugs. As the optimal drug use is considered the therapy with the most favorable safety/efficacy and cost/efficiency ratios. The other measures available and which ought to be initiated are those based on the drug utilization studies. The prescriptions are already computerized im most settings, so the feedback of information ot the prescribing physicians could be possible after adequate analysis of the data. The team of clinical pharmacologist already active in drug utilization studies is available and ready to meet the challenge of improving therapeutic practices.
A total of 746 schoolchildren of both sex (aged 7-15) were investigated in the community of Backa Palanka and Bac with the view to establishing reference hematologic values of the red lineage: Hemoglobin (Hgb) 135.3 +/- 20.4 g/l, erythrocytes (Er) 4.42 +/- 0.60 x 10(12)/L, hematocrit (HTC) 0.41 +/- 0.06, MCH: 30.5 +/- 2.7 pg, MCHC: 32.8 +/- 3.2 g/l, MCV: 93.2 +/- 5.4 fl. In only 7.3% of children hemoglobin values were below 114.8 g/l (1.5 SD) so that anemia did not represent a socio-medical problem in children aged 7-15 in the area investigated. With regard to the investigation of inherited abnormalities in the synthesis and structure of hemoglobin five children showed a persisting synthesis of fetal hemoglobin with the mildly augmented HbF values: 2.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.2% and 4.8% while the increase in HbA2 with the values for heterozygotic forms of thalassemia was found in four children thus accounting for 3.3%, 3.5%, 3.5% and 4.3%. It was concluded that although genetically induced anemias were rare they were nevertheless present in this region. They necessitated further epidemiologic studies which had been performed in the greater part of Yugoslavia but not in SAP of Vojvodina nor in the new location of SAP of Vojvodina.
The control of syphilis in Bosnia was organised and started by Professor Ernest Grin in 1948 and continued to the end of 1951. Regardless of the clinical picture, the treatment of endemic syphilis consisted of an oil suspension of penicillin with aluminium monostearate (PAM) 3.6 to 4.2 MIU for adults in six or seven intramuscular injections of 0.6 MIU every day or 1.2 MIU every other day. Today endemic syphilis in Yugoslavia is only historic fact.
The two agents beta-methyldigoxin (medixin), a Soviet medilazide, and bemecor (digicor), a foreign analogue (LEK, Yugoslavia) were comparatively evaluated. An equal high (85%) clinical efficacy of the drugs was found in 81 patients with varying stages of heart failure. A positive therapeutic effect was accompanied by lower heart rate, higher diuresis and natri-and kaliuresis, decreased systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary artery. The incidence of adverse reactions and the causes of their occurrence are analyzed.
In Italy Trichinella infection is present only in sylvatic animals, especially the fox. Nevertheless, the prevalence of this vulpine infection in Northern Italy decreased from 32% in 1960 to 4% in 1988. Other wild and synanthropic animals also promote the survival of the parasite in nature (in the wolf, bear, stray dog and cat, wild boar, Norway and black rats). At present, human infections are caused mostly by wild boar meat (11% of all cases) and by imported horse meat (43%), whereas pork does not cause infection in man, as a result of a considerable reduction in foraging swine. T. spiralis is absent in our country: only Trichinella sp. 3, less pathogenic in man, is present here. The domestic cycle disappeared in France, while the human infection caused by horse meat consumption now represents an important new health problem. In Switzerland there are no human infections due to consumption of local meat; at present the parasite infects only wild animals. The domestic cycle also disappeared in Austria and at present the parasite survives only in wild mammals especially the fox and the wild boar. On the other hand, in Yugoslavia there are many human cases caused both by domestic and sylvatic cycles.
We are discussing the results of an epidemiologic prospective study of 194 children with SSPE. We analyzed, registered and treated these SSPE patients in the period from 1952 to 1983 at the Department for Child Neurology and Psychiatry in Belgrade. There were 140 boys and 54 girls with SSPE. The male to female ratio was 2.6:1. The average age of onset was 8.3 years for boys and 7.2 years for girls, the overall average being 7.7 years. The average duration of illness was 10 months for boys and 8 months for girls; the overall average duration of SSPE was 9 months. The average age for measles infection was 2.4 years. The interval between measles infection and clinical manifestation of SSPE was 5.5 years. The patients came from different parts of Yugoslavia. Most of them were from SR Serbia (95 patients or 49%), AP Vojvodina (39 patients or 20%), SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (22 patients or 11%), AP Kosovo (14 patients or 7.2%), SR Macedonia (14 patients or 7.2%), SR Croatia (6 patients or 3%), and SR Montenegro (4 patients or 2.5%). Mass measles vaccination started in SR Serbia in 1972. In the period 1952-1983 there was an average of six registered patients with SSPE per year. In the same period, there were four peaks of illness: 20 patients in 1957, 15 patients in 1958, 12 patients in 1961, and 9 patients in 1977. The average number of SSPE per year in the period 1952-1972 was 7.2 patients before mass vaccination. The average number of SSPE per year in the period 1973-1983 was 3.3 patients after mass vaccination.
Among 200 deaths from liver cirrhosis the clinical and autopsy records of 30 histologically confirmed cases of primary liver carcinoma (PLC) were reviewed. Male to female ratio was 5:1. Biopsy-proven liver lesions reflected chronic liver disease, mainly cirrhosis. Autopsy-PLC detected was classified as hepatocellular carcinoma (21 cases) with trabecular and pseudoglandular histological pattern, cholangiocarcinoma (two cases), and hemangiosarcoma. This retrospective analysis pointed to the relationship between PLC and liver cirrhosis, the latter being the primary risk factor for the incidence of PLC in Slovenia (Yugoslavia).