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PubMed1987

Long-run urban growth with agglomeration economies.

"It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may 'explode' without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown. First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up....Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third factor of production will make it more likely to achieve a steady growth equilibrium in the presence of agglomeration economies. Last, the model is generalized to include many factors of production."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1985

Accidents and the Third World.

The World Health Organization (WHO) calls attention to a growing hazard of life in the big cities of developing countries: accidents. In Venezuela, 45% of deaths among 10 to 24 year olds are due to accidents, for lack of proper care. Someone involved in an accident in Kenya is 9 times as likely to die as in the US, and an accident victim in India is up to 15 times as likely to die as one in the United Kingdom. "With fast growing cities and land increasingly crisscrossed with pavements," reports WHO, "accidents are beginning to rival infections and parasitic diseases in the toll they take of young lives."

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1981

Falling household size and its effect on metropolitan population growth and density.

"In determining metropolitan population size and changes therein, urban theorists traditionally have focused on the number of occupied dwelling units or households and have assumed that these households are equal in size. This paper argues that average household size is an indicator of how intensively the housing stock is utilized and that there is substantial variation in household size across SMSAs in the U.S. The experience of 150 SMSAs is examined for the time period 1960 to 1970. The study model attributes varying household size to differentials in birth and divorce rates, racial composition and age of housing. Ramifications of recent household size declines involve the internal spatial organization of metropolitan areas and the Census controversy with cities over alleged undercounts of urban populations."

Americas↗
PubMed1995

Convergence in rural-urban patterns of nuptiality and mortality: a life table update.

"Based on 1979-1981 and 1989-1991 [U.S.] vital registration and 1980 and 1990 census data, we construct increment-decrement life tables for rural and urban males and females. The analysis is centered on 1980 and 1990 and describes urban-rural differences in patterns of mortality and nuptiality by age and sex. Our research updates an earlier study that described urban-rural mortality and marital transition patterns for Tennessee, 1970. The 1980 and 1990 findings parallel the 1970 results. Rural women and men have shorter life expectancies; higher infant mortality rates; younger median ages of entry into first marriage, divorce, and widowhood; a greater proportion of their cohorts ever marrying; lower probabilities of divorce; and higher probabilities of widowhood than urban women and men. However, there was a decline in urban-rural differences from 1970-1990. These changes suggest that urbanization, technological advances in communication and transportation, and the diffusion of urban lifestyles and values may have blurred the urban-rural distinction."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Urbanization and cancer: changing mortality patterns?

"Analysis of the relationship between cancer rates and urbanization for United States counties for the period 1950-54 reveals the expected urban/rural differences for many digestive, urinary and respiratory organ cancers and for female breast cancer. Similar urban/rural differences existed in many other Western countries. By 1970-75, however, urban/rural differences in the United States had substantially narrowed." It is noted that "available data do not allow formal tests of the relationship between these changes and specific etiological factors, but the data suggest that the spatial convergence is related to the changing geography of such risk factors as smoking, alcohol consumption, manufacturing, and socioeconomic status and to the diminished size and role of the white foreign-born population, as well as to such confounding factors as medical practices and population migration."

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic development in an Indian state: a case study of Rajasthan.

"The paper attempts to analyse the patterns of and trends in demographic development in Rajasthan state [India] by employing the indices of urbanization, literacy and occupational diversification.... An effort has also been made to define the concept of demographic development...." Demographic development is defined as improvement in the quality of the population in a given area.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Notes on the demography of black Africans in South Africa in the early 1980s.

The demography of the black population of South Africa is analyzed and compared with that of blacks in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, using data from official sources. "The article is organized into four sections. First, it surveys what is known about mortality and fertility (and family planning). Then it turns to the issue of the population's size, past growth and projected future growth. Finally, the article takes a bold leap into the morass of population distribution, involving forays into migration and urbanization." It is found that "black Africans in South Africa are demographically quite similar to other sub-Saharan populations."

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Underurbanisation and the zero urban growth hypothesis: diverted migration in Albania.

The author challenges the hypothesis "that the mode of production accounts for the specific forms of urbanisation under socialism and the slow urban growth observed...[and emphasizes instead] the effects of planning in the traditionally organised command economy." It is suggested that strict migration policy is a pivotal factor in achieving zero urban growth. "A case study focusing on patterns of diverted migration and the growth of non-urban settlements on the outskirts of the Albanian capital, Tirana, illustrates how the proposed explanations may help to re-interpret the particulars of urbanisation under orthodox socialist rule."

Albania↗
PubMed1993

Is demographic uniformity inevitable?

"Globalizing processes of industrialization and Westernization are creating a retreat from diversity in human experience. The paper discusses whether population trends are reinforcing this process and draws on findings about growth rates, the family and urbanization in Western countries, East and Southeast Asia and Latin America. The extent to which counterbalancing forces, including cultural resilience, are curbing homogenization is also examined."

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1996

Urbanization and economic development: a bias toward large cities?

"We find that a nation's urban population percentage increases with GDP per capita; industrialization; export orientation; and possibly, foreign assistance. It decreases with the importance of agriculture. Industrialization and agricultural importance have the same implications for the concentration of urban population in cities with 100,000+ population as for the urban percentage. Greater export orientation reduces such concentration. Finally, GDP per capita, population, and export orientation reduce primacy. Political factors, such as whether a country's largest city is also its capital, affect primacy. Our results do not seem to imply that developing-country urbanization today differs fundamentally from urbanization in the past."

Agriculture↗