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PubMed2004

[The health technology assessment].

The aim of this paper was to describe exhaustively, but concisely, the matter of the health technology assessment. It is a method of evaluating health technologies based on principles and tools of Evidence Based Medicine. We started from etymology to speak about its definition and implementation methodology. Moreover we guide the reader throughout the constellation of international societies of health technology assessment and the meaning of their international cooperation. Finally, we deal with the health technology assessment as a tool being an integral part of the clinical governance process.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2003

New food technologies and processes and their impact on nutrition.

An evaluation of new technologies already applied or still under investigation has shown that those procedures allow a mild treatment mostly of liquid food materials. If also Osmotic Processing, Ionising Irradiation, Carbon-Dioxide High-Pressure-Gas treatment, Ultra-Sound treatment and Gas-Plasma treatment are considered a large array of new processes is available for processing of food with minimum impact on compounds of nutritional relevance. Those processes must however be operated under very special conditions in order to comply with hygienic standards. Since all this processes require very sophisticated equipment it is too early at the moment to predict which one of the New Technologies will survive the fierce competition with the classic and well established processes and which do not fall under the Novel Food Regulation of the EU. It must be stated however that the pressure which did arise from the New Technologies has initiated many developments in the area of the classical technologies which had at the very end an impact also on the quality of products produced with those procedures.

Food Handling↗
PubMed2005

End-user involvement in health technology assessment (HTA) development: a way to increase impact.

OBJECTIVES: A mechanism to increase the influence of Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) on hospital policy decisions was developed. METHODS: We describe the process and results of an experiment in which a local in-hospital HTA unit was created to provide sound evidence on technology acquisition issues, and to formulate locally appropriate policy recommendations. The Unit consists of a small technical staff that accesses and synthesizes the evidence incorporating local health and economic data, and a Policy Committee that develops policy recommendations based on this evidence. It represents administration, health-care professionals, patients, and representatives of the clinical disciplines affected by each issue. The level of success of the Unit was independently evaluated. RESULTS: To date, 16 reports have been completed, each within 2-4 months. Five recommended unrestricted use, seven recommended rejection, and four recommended very limited use of the technology in question. All have been incorporated into hospital policy. Budget impact is estimated at approximately 3 million dollars of savings per year. CONCLUSIONS: This local in-house HTA agency has had a major impact on the adoption of new technology. Probable reasons for success are (i) relevance (selection of topics by administration with on-site production of HTAs allowing them to incorporate local data and reflect local needs), (ii) timeliness, and (iii) formulation of policy reflecting community values by a local representative committee. Because over one third of all health-care costs are incurred in the hospital, diffusion of this model could have a significant effect on the quantity and quality of health-care spending.

Budgets↗
PubMed2003

Patent law--balancing profit maximization and public access to technology.

This article addresses the contemporary issue of balancing the need for patent protection for intellectual property with the resulting restriction of public access to new technology. The author argues that patent law protects private property rights rather than creating monopolies. Additionally, the author discusses how restricting access to patented technology, such as pharmaceuticals, can affect public health problems, such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic in developing nations. The author then concludes with some proposals for making patented technology available to people in developing nations who need access to such technology but who are unable to afford its high costs due to patent protection.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2005

The emergence of radically new health care technologies: inventive users as innovation networkers.

Besides a large body of research on user innovation, little is known which role users play in the emergence of radically new health care technologies. Such technologies are 'new-to-the-world', highly complex, shift market structures, and require user learning as they often induce significant behaviour changes on side of the users. In a multi-case-study-analysis we identified an 'entrepreneurial' role of inventive users. Those surgeons that were the original inventors of radically new health care technologies established and organized the required innovation networks. They identified relevant partners, formed a network of experts with complementary knowledge bases, and coordinated this network. These innovation networks were required to transform their radically new ideas into first physical prototypes. To better understand the observed phenomenon we analysed factors that might explain this exclusive role. We find that a high problem pressure, an active role of users in the idea generation phase, a high degree of innovativeness of the prospective product, and missing competencies as well as missing resources explain the networking activities of inventive users. The findings shed light on the role of users in the emergence of radically new health care technologies.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2005

Designing and Evaluating Home-Based, Just-in-Time Supportive Technology.

At MIT, a multi-disciplinary team of researchers is studying how to create pervasive computing environments for the home. We are developing technologies and design strategies that use context-aware sensing to empower people with information by presenting it at precisely the right time and place. Contrary to many visions of future home environments in the literature, we advocate an approach that uses technology to teach as opposed to using technology primarily for automated control. We have constructed a "living laboratory" that will provide a unique, flexible infrastructure for scientifically studying the power of pervasive computing for motivating learning and behavior change in the home. This facility, called the PlaceLab, is being used to study technology for creating homes that are supportive.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2005

[Study on preparation technological process of huangqin qingfei koufuye].

OBJECTIVE: To study the optimum preparation technological process of Huangqin Qingfei Koufuye for mass production. METHODS: The optimum technology of extraction HCN from Semen Armeniacae Amarum was selected by experiments; The optimum conditions for the extraction process was selected with orthogonal design, and the content of baicalin in the extract as marker was determined. RESULTS: The optimum technology of extraction HCN from Semen Armeniacae Amarum was as follows: crushing to pieces, adding 3 times amount of 37 degrees C water and soaking overnight, extracting and collecting 1.33 times amount of extract; the optimum extraction process wasas follows: extracting 2 times, each time adding 12 times amount of water and extracting 1 h. CONCLUSION: The preparation technological process can be used for mass production.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Growth of wireless technology in healthcare institutions.

As wireless technologies evolve and interoperate, the practical application for healthcare providers and organizations grows exponentially. By providing increased access to patient data, decision-making tools (e.g., computer aided decision systems such as ECG analysis programs), error reduction systems (i.e., pharmaceutical error prevention software), the benefits of wireless technology can be immense. However, as with all technological innovations, wireless systems must be carefully planned and managed. As the wireless spectrum becomes more crowded with both complementary and competing systems, bandwidth utilization and the potential for interference grows greatly. Clinical engineering personnel need to be actively involved in the management of wireless system management within a healthcare facility to avoid interference problems that could disrupt patient care, especially as the deployment of wireless systems expands. Additionally, public exposure to RF energy in a healthcare setting may need to be monitored and evaluated as the utilization of this energy spectrum continues to grow. All manufacturers of RF emitting devices are required to list the specific absorption rate of their specific device. However, there is no monitoring of the cumulative effect of multiple devices and systems. As of press time, this has not been an issue. But it is something to consider as we continue to find useful applications for this technology.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

Cutting edge technology to enhance nursing classroom instruction at Coppin State University.

Educational technologies have changed the paradigm of the teacher-student relationship in nursing education. Nursing students expect to use and to learn from cutting edge technology during their academic careers. Varied technology, from specified software programs (Tegrity and Blackboard) to the use of the Internet as a research medium, can enhance student learning. The authors provide an overview of current cutting edge technologies in nursing classroom instruction and its impact on future nursing practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[Early results of evidence-based perinatal care technologies implemented by Zestafoni maternity hospital].

The implementation of evidence-based effective perinatal care in Georgia is very limited. This study was planned as descriptive to define the results of implementation of effective perinatal care technologies, to compare them with existed obstetric practices and reliable research summaries. We identified procedures which should be avoided as routine and practices that should be encouraged. The rate of existed practices was defined retrospectively through analyses of hospital records and interview with health care providers participating in labor and delivery process. The results of implementation of effective perinatal care technologies were determined by exit interviews with postpartum women, verified using hospital notes. The four practices widely used in obstetric care where evidence suggests that they should be avoided as routine, decreased after implementation of effective perinatal care technologies: use of pubic shaving dropped from 97% to 6%, enema from 98% to 5%, episiotomy from 82% to 21%, and lithotomic position from 100% to 30%. Social support or companionship during labor and delivery has been encouraged and used routinely. Obstetric practice must follow best available evidence. There is a need to implement widely effective perinatal care technologies and develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines which will ensure progressive changes in clinical practice.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2006

Challenges to the introduction of new technologies to dental practice.

Despite promising breakthroughs in basic biomedical science, the pace at which innovative and disruptive new technologies are developed and introduced into dental practice lags behind that of medicine. This is largely a result of resource issues, both financial and human, as well as determinants in the marketplace. For example, the cost of developing a new drug or technology for dentistry and bringing it to market is often disproportionably high relative to the size of the dental market, thereby making it commercially unfeasible to pursue development. When a new technology is commercialized, its successful introduction can be facilitated by research that makes a compelling case for effective use. As our understanding of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis progresses, identifying compounds and technologies with applicability to both oral and systemic diseases could change the economics of dental product development and lead to additional innovative advances in our field.

Commerce↗
PubMed2006

[Hi-tech trends in future dentistry--Part B: diagnostic and therapeutic technologies].

The technology advance and the growing amount of knowledge had a great impact on dental practice for the last decade. The prominent change began with digital revolution presenting new computed technologies and accessible communicational means for sharing literal and imaging information. Following toward the coming biotechnological revolution, dentistry will be even further changed. This article presents dental innovations of Israeli Hi-Tech companies, sorted into two groups. Part A of the article discussed the area of computed imaging systems for educational purposes, diagnostic and treatment. While part B presents other diagnostic or therapeutic technologies. However, because some of the described technologies are still on their R&D (Research and Development) phases, they are not commercialized yet in the market.

Dental Implants↗
PubMed1991

[A formal description of the technology for work with the radiation sources in interstitial gamma therapy].

A concept of a radiation technological system with a moving radiation source was proposed. A formal description of technological operations and a technological process was given. An algorithm of the technological process was considered using as an example the organization of work with closed radioactive agents in the radiosurgery department at the Moscow Research Roentgenoradiological Institute.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

High technology in medicine--ethical aspects.

The use of high technology in medicine continues to expand. Apart from the usual questions that accompany the introduction of any new procedure in medical care, such as efficacy, dependence on existing methods, and cost risk and cost benefits, high technology raises particular issues: high costs that influence the setting of priorities both at the local and national levels, equal access to health care for all, and social justice. Moreover, the sophistication of technology and its high cost complicate basic issues, such as informed consent and the autonomy of the patient. Finally, the use of high technology in medicine raises fundamental questions concerning the patient-physician relationship and the profile of the doctor of tomorrow.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Uses of the 1980 National Natality and Fetal Mortality Surveys for the assessment of obstetric technologies.

Because of the multipurpose utility of followback surveys, six Public Health Service (PHS) agencies including the Bureau of Health Care and Delivery Assistance (BHCDA) financially assisted the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), which conducted the 1980 National Natality Survey (NNS) and 1980 National Fetal Mortality Survey (NFMS). These are called "followback" surveys because NCHS uses mail questionnaires and telephone to follow back informants (mothers, hospitals, and attendants at delivery) and medical sources of radiation named by informants, identified on Certificates of Live Birth and Reports of Fetal Death from all 52 state and independent registration areas of the United States. Ten basic data applications have emerged from the 1980 NNS/NFMS, and this paper addresses these 10 purposes simultaneously, in relation to NNS/NFMS uses in assessing obstetric technologies. The five obstetric technologies that are the focus of this paper are: cesarean delivery, electronic fetal monitoring, ultrasound, X-ray, and amniocentesis--and are often examined in relation to maternal complications and conditions. Data on these technologies are highlighted with reference to each of the following 10 data applications of followback surveys: produce national estimates of unique information; establish trends; facilitate analytic and epidemiologic research; use followback surveys as anchor data bases; undertake parallel studies; link followback surveys together to calculate new vital rates; conduct comparative studies vis-à-vis other data sets; assess volume of medical care; evaluate quality of information on vital records; and generate synthetic estimates and need assessments. Finally, this paper discusses NCHS plans to measure obstetric technologies in the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, which will include natality, fetal mortality, and infant mortality components.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Transfer of technology for production of rabies vaccine: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

The important challenge of prevention and control of rabies in the world will require international efforts to increase the availability and use of high quality cell-culture rabies vaccines for use in man and animals. An important aspect of activities to ensure such availability is transfer of technologies to developing countries for production of these vaccines. This article, which is based on the report of a WHO Consultation, outlines the technical options for vaccine production. The principles and economic aspects of technology transfer are considered, and a WHO assistance programme is outlined. It is concluded that technology transfer should be mediated through a framework of national institutes, expert panels, WHO collaborating centres, production and control laboratories, and other relevant institutions. On this basis, recommendations are made concerning the mechanisms of technology transfer for production of cell-culture rabies vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Engineering control technology in polyvinyl chloride polymerization plants.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering has initiated a research program in control technology. The objective of this program is to facilitate the implementation of effective preventative measures in order to prevent occupational illness. The plastics and resins industry control technology assessment has recently been completed. The objectives of this study were to document and evaluate effective control technology for plastics and resins polymerization plants. Particular emphasis was given to PVC polymerization processes, since the relatively recent lowering in the personal exposure limit for vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) to an 8-hour 1-ppm time-weighted average has required the application of state-of-the-art controls. The present paper contains a summary of the control technology that was found to be effective in controlling VCM in processes manufacturing PVC by suspension, bulk, and dispersion polymerization. Controls necessary for VCM include process and equipment modification, isolation, local and general ventilation, work practices, personal protective equipment, workplace monitoring systems, employee/employer education, and on-going effort by both workers and management. All of these components must function together as an integrated coordinated system in order to assure worker protection under normal operating conditions or under conditions of process upset or maintenance.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1978

Technology transfer: from space exploration to occupational therapy.

The technologies developed for the United States space exploration program are frequently adapted for use in other fields, including occupational therapy. For example, technologies transferred from the space program to occupational therapy include a special foam material, developed for space vehicle seating, that is now used as a padding for orthopedic and prosthetic devices; and a control switch, developed for astronauts immobilized by the force of gravity, that has been adapted for use by paralyzed patients. These and similar space technology spinoffs and the several technology utilization programs that help provide new aerospace solutions to health-care problems are discussed in this article.

Biomedical Engineering↗