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Results for “Taste Disorders”

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PubMed1995

Hypnosis with signing deaf and hearing subjects.

Historically hypnosis with deaf people has been an underutilized intervention as the deaf were assumed not to be responsive to hypnotic suggestion. Recent research has begun to challenge these assumptions. Matthews and Isenberg (in press) compared the hypnotic responsiveness of deaf and hearing subjects on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form C (SHSS:C) all of whom received the hypnotic suggestions via sign language. Those results supported the notion that deaf subjects are capable of responding to hypnotic suggestion and may be as hypnotically responsive as hearing subjects. The purpose of the present article is to examine the similarities and differences of responses between deaf and hearing subjects to the individual items of the SHSS:C and compare those responses to the SHSS:C norms.

Deafness↗
PubMed1971

Behavioral genetics.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

[Burning mouth syndrome and depression: a case report].

We present a 63-year-old male patient with major depression, characterised by prominent somatic symptoms localised especially around the mouth, whose complaints started just after a prostate operation. The symptoms consisting of burning in the mouth, pain, dry mouth (xerostomia), an unpleasant and strange feeling of taste and itching, are all consistent with burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome is a common disorder, usually affecting elderly females, characterised by intractable pain and burning in the oral cavity, evident especially in the tongue, together with a normal mouth mucosa. In the scientific literature a variety of terms are used to describe similar symptoms, such as glossodynia, glossopyrosis, stomatodynia and oral dysestesia. Most patients suffer from the syndrome for a long time, ranging from months up to years. The onset was reported to be gradual for most of the subjects, although many patients relate the onset of symptoms to previous dental procedures or to a previous medical illness. Burning mouth syndrome has a multifactorial etiology. Anxiety disorder, hypochondriasis, conversion disorder and especially depression may be considered amongst the psychological factors responsible for this situation. The psychological findings in burning mouth syndrome patients may be either the consequence of the chronic pain condition or its cause. It is well known that those patients had a relatively high percentage of psychiatric or psychological treatment in the past and/or present. After excluding organic factors, depression should be considered in old patients with predominant mouth complaints.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2003

Why should we study human food intake behaviour?

Several aspects of human eating behaviour may be relevant for identifying effective measures to treat or prevent diseases like obesity, diabetes, or the metabolic syndrome, whose natural history is strongly influenced by nutritional factors. Physiological factors determine hunger, satiety and satiation, and a biological learning mechanism supports the acquisition of food likes and dislikes. The paradigm of "conditioned taste aversion" refers to the acquisition of a strong rejection response after the intake of a food has been followed by digestive disorder. Food likes are acquired following the experience of the beneficial post-ingestive effects of intake. Physiological mechanisms reinforce the liking for energy-rich foods and both environmental and biological conditions facilitate "passive overconsumption". Sensory factors are important determinants of appetite and food choices from birth to old age. The human newborn exhibits an innate repertoire of acceptance or rejection for taste substances. The progressive change of sensory functions associated with ageing affects appetite and the pleasure of eating. Many individual psychological characteristics affect food intake behaviour in a significant way. These include chronic dietary restraint, disinhibition, etc. These psychological traits can be objectively assessed using validated psychometric instruments. Various stimuli present in the environment also affect ingestive behaviours in humans. Portion size is one potent environmental determinant of how much a person eats, regardless of hunger. The general increase in portion sizes observed in North America over the last decades might have played an important role in the rapid rise of obesity prevalence. Socio-economic factors also affect food selection and food intake in human societies. Factors such as education level and income determine food choices and behaviours in a way that does affect the risk of obesity. Behavioural science has provided many insights about crucial cause-and-effect relationships that affect nutrition and health. Therefore, clinicians and nutritionists cannot neglect this important area if they wish to effectively modify the habitual diet of individual patients or the general population.

Appetite↗
PubMed1981

Zinc nutrition and salt preference in rats.

Zinc-deficient rats have an increased preference for sodium chloride (saltwater). We investigated the possibility that this elevated saltwater preference is due to nonfunctional taste receptors. In experiment I, zinc-deficient rats consumed more saltwater than zinc-sufficient rats at most sodium chloride concentrations tested (0.001-1.0 M). When the zinc-deficient rats were fed a zinc-sufficient diet, the clinical symptoms of zinc deficiency rapidly disappeared. However, the rats still preferred saltwater to a greater extent than rats maintained on the zinc-sufficient diet. In experiment II, rats fed diets supplemented with levels of zinc below the requirement for maximum growth had an increased preference for saltwater (0.15 M NaCl). In experiment III, electrophysiological responses of the taste nerves to various concentrations of sodium chloride, sucrose, quinine . HCl, and hydrochloric acid were the same in both zinc-deficient and zinc-sufficient rats. We conclude that the taste receptor sensitivity of the rat is not impaired by zinc deficiency. The increased salt preference of zinc-deficient rats might be related to some endocrine or central nervous system disorder precipitated by inadequate dietary zinc.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

[Gustatory disorders during multiple sclerosis relapse].

Gustatory dysfunction is a known but uncommon element in the course of multiple sclerosis. Gustatory dysfunction has been described during the chronic progressive phase and during the relapse phase. We report five patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis who developed transient gustatory disorders during the relapse phase of their disease. Agueusia occurred as one of the first symptoms in three patients, revealing the disease. Symptoms generally improved with remission or corticosteroid administration. These disorders are due to demyelinating lesions of the gustatory pathways in the thalamus or brainstem. MRI studies were not performed during the relapse phase and no clinical neuroimaging correlations could be established. Agueusia may be accompanied by olfactory dysfunction which is due to plaque demyelinization of the olfactory pathways, particularly in the temporal and inferior frontal lobes. Taste anomalies can also be observed in other diseases, including systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis or Sjogrën's syndrome. Drug-induced gustatory disorders are also reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Excitotoxic lesions of the gustatory thalamus spare simultaneous contrast effects but eliminate anticipatory negative contrast: evidence against a memory deficit.

Using consummately contrast procedures and the same taste stimuli (0.15% saccharin and 1.0 M sucrose), the authors tested the hypothesis that lesions of the gustatory thalamus disrupt gustatory memory in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, irrespective of the duration of the intersolution interval (0 s, 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 4 min, 8 min), thalamic lesions had no influence on the expression of simultaneous contrast effects. In Experiment 2, thalamic lesions abolished anticipatory negative contrast at the 0-s intersolution interval. These results provide no support for the experimental hypothesis. Rather, the data seem best interpreted as a lesion-induced disruption of the comparison mechanism responsible for anticipatory negative contrast. By this analysis, different comparison mechanisms underlie simultaneous and anticipatory contrast effects.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

Hyperresponsiveness to palatable and aversive taste stimuli in genetically obese (bombesin receptor subtype-3-deficient) mice.

Taste preference in obese mice was examined using genetically obese (bombesin receptor subtype-3: BRS-3 deficient) animals. Preference for either sodium saccharin (0.2%). sodium chloride (0.9%), citric acid (0.1%), or quinine sulfate (0.002%) solution was examined using a two-bottle test situation, and BRS-3 deficient mice not only showed a stronger preference for saccharin solution, but also a stronger aversive response to quinine solution, relative to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, a conditioned taste-aversion test measured the consumption of sodium saccharin (0.2%) and sodium chloride (0.9%) solutions after intraperitoneal injection of LiCl (0.3 M, 1 mg/kg), and BRS-3-deficient mice exhibited stronger aversion to both solutions than did control animals. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the BRS-3 gene is expressed in the parabrachial nucleus, the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, and the hypothalamic nuclei such as paraventricular nucleus, all of which are known to be involved in taste perception. These results suggest that expression of the BRS-3 gene in these nuclei is important for the modulation of taste preference, as well as the development of obesity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Silent reflux: ex juvantibus criteria for diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal disorders.

CONCLUSIONS: Some primary laryngeal pathologies with specific clinical presentation may be related to silent laryngeal reflux. An ex adjuvantibus proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment may be helpful for showing evidence of such a hidden laryngeal disorder. OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of PPI as an ex adjuvantibus criterion for diagnosis and treatment of suspected reflux-associated laryngitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with clinical suspicion of laryngo-pharyngeal reflux (LPR) were identified on the grounds of laryngeal symptoms (dysphonia, cough, globus sensation, increased throat clearing, bad taste, and laryngeal spasm), laryngeal features (arytenoid edema/erythema, partial or total vocal fold erythema, and posterior glottic edema) with or without gastro-esophageal reflux disorder (GERD). They were consequently subdivided in three groups: type I, with LPR symptoms and features without GERD; type II with LPR symptoms and features with GERD; and type III with LPR features only. Types I and III were randomly treated with omeprazole (group A) or with immunostimulating vaccine (group B) for 3 months. Pre- and post-treatment laryngeal features and symptoms in all groups were evaluated by laryngo-stroboscopy and analyzed for statistical correlation. RESULTS: All omeprazole-treated patients showed improvement of laryngeal features and symptoms. With PPI treatment, a more significant improvement was noticed with respect to nonspecific immunostimulant therapy. Also, patients without LPR symptoms showed improvement of laryngeal features.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

Elevated and sustained desire for sweet taste in african-americans: a potential factor in the development of obesity.

Oral habituation is a relatively long-lasting decrease in oral responsiveness that results from the repeated presentation of a single stimulus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of habituation to sweet-tasting foods and to determine whether there are differences in the rate of habituation between African Americans and European Americans. These two groups were compared because the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disorders such as diabetes and hypertension is significantly higher among African Americans than among European Americans. Nine different commercial foods and beverages that differed in sweetness intensity and caloric density served as stimuli. Subjects tasted and rated each food once per minute for a 30-min period on scales related to desire for another taste of the same sample and desire for a different taste. The stimuli and portion size for each of the 30 samples were two candy bars (Ultra Slim-Fast Cocoa Almond Crunch Bar, 1/16 of a bar; Natural Nectar Peanut Butter Granola Bar, 1/16 of a bar), three beverages (Nestea Lemon Flavored Instant Tea with NutraSweet, 5 mL; Welch's Grape Juice, 5 mL; Pink Swimmingo Kool-Aid, 5 mL), two gelatin desserts (Cherry Flavored Jell-O Gelatin, 5 g; Cherry Flavored Jell-O Gelatin with NutraSweet, 5 g), one enteral nutrition drink (Vanilla Ensure Plus, 5 mL), and one pudding (Ultra Slim-Fast Chocolate Pudding, 5 g). Subjects consumed the entire portion of each sample. Habituation occurred for seven of the nine foods as judged by a decrease in the desire for another taste of the same food. The degree of habituation for European Americans and African Americans was similar except for the sweetest food (Cherry Flavored Jell-O Gelatin with NutraSweet), for which African Americans showed no habituation. The degree of habituation in both groups was unrelated to caloric density. Overall, young African Americans had a significantly greater desire for another taste of the same food than did young European Americans for seven of the nine foods, and this desire was strongly correlated with the sweetness intensity for young African Americans but not for young European Americans. Furthermore, young African Americans had a greater desire than young European Americans for a different taste for seven of nine foods. The greater desire for intense sweet tastes may be a factor in the elevated incidence of obesity and diabetes in African Americans. In addition, young African Americans had greater perceived stress in this study than did young European Americans. If African Americans use sweet taste to compensate for feelings of stress, this compensation may also contribute to weight gain.

Adult↗