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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Student adjustment problems in two dental schools in Thailand.

Adjustment problems and academic achievement among dental students at two universities, one located in Thailand's capital city (Mahidol University) and the other in southern Thailand (Prince of Songkla University), were studied. All first- to sixth-year students at each university completed the Mooney Problem Checklist Thai version, by Supapan, which covers eleven areas of adjustment problems. The most severe adjustment problems at both schools were related to adjustment to college work. Problems relating to health and physical development, social and recreational activities, and moral and religious adjustment of MU dental students were significantly higher than those of PSU dental students. The checklist showed that, in both universities, the most important adjustment problem was the need for advice from staff concerning clinical experience. Stepwise regression indicated that four variables--adjustment to college work, sex, secondary education system and university (MU or PSU)--were associated with the academic achievement of dental students.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Canadian Independent Living Centres: impact on the community.

There is now widespread interest in developing social policies and practices that are grounded in principles of independent living. The Independent Living (IL) paradigm reflects a shift in thinking away from traditional approaches to supporting persons with disabilities. Independent Living Centres (ILCs), which started in the early 1970s in the United States, and in the 1980s in Canada, are now a major force in the promotion of the IL concept worldwide. The guiding principles of these consumer-driven centres include: promoting an empowerment philosophy that incorporates consumer control/self-direction over decision-making; offering cross-disability support; providing options/choice and flexibility; and encouraging inclusion and full participation. Despite their prevalence, a surprisingly limited body of research exists on the impact of ILCs. A survey was used to investigate the impact of ILCs in Canada on their communities of interest (groups connected to the ILCs). Surveys were sent to formal organizations, informal groups, and family/friends. A final response rate of 52.6% was achieved (111 of 211 surveys returned). Overall, moderate to good levels of familiarity, involvement, and impact were found. The results affirmed the importance of independent living centres to individual empowerment, community change, and the IL movement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hospital function and the urban system in Brazil].

Do hospital services, like other services and commerce, contribute to the structuring of geographical regions, as proposed by central place theory? This question raises the issue of the rating of hospital facilities in land use planning policies. According to the theory, a polarized region forms around a central place due to the minimization of transport costs by consumers seeking to satisfy their needs. If a center offers more central functions (rare trades, services for individuals and businesses), its level in the urban hierarchy is raised and its area of influence expands. This theory was validated using a model, the variant of the gravitation model proposed by Huff. Brazil is an excellent testing ground for these hypotheses due to the great variety of geographic situations, economic and social development levels and the availability of sufficient data. Geographic research has resulted in the construction of an urban center hierarchy based on central functions, and the Unified Health System (or SUS) systematically records authorizations for hospital admission (or AIH) throughout the country. Processing of the 12 million AIH for 1996 showed that in a quarter of cases, the individual was admitted to hospital in a town other than their town of residence (exogenous AIH). Mapping the percentage of exogenous AIH makes it possible to delimit the area of influence of health services (observed influence) for the whole of Brazil. In Minas Gerais State, these areas of influence were compared with the estimates made according to the Huff model (calculated influence), with adjustment for distance and the number of hospital beds. Differences between the observed and calculated areas of influence are due to factors not taken into account by the model, such as the heterogeneity of many regions in the country. However, the accuracy of the estimation is satisfying, as is the simplicity of the equations. All the results tend towards a single conclusion: hospital services play a major role in the structuring of geographic space, by increasing the attraction potential of urban centers.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

Home mechanical ventilation in children: indications and practical aspects.

An increase in the number of paediatric patients dependent on long-term or home mechanical ventilation has led to growing interest in this topic. Primary care physicians are becoming increasingly involved in teamwork with paediatric intensivists and pulmonologists in the care of such children. There are many causes of chronic respiratory failure and different options for provision of ventilatory support at home. Awareness of the possibilities of long-term ventilation is essential in organising discussion of these therapeutic modalities with chronically ill children and their parents prior to any respiratory compromise precluding an elective decision. Home ventilation offers the best option for these children's psychosocial development, social integration and quality of life. Many ventilator-dependent children can attend school. The main problems of paediatric home ventilation are its negative psychosocial impact on family life, limited home care resources, the financial burden, differences in ethical perception by the local community and the fact that the equipment is usually designed for adults. Unfortunately, only scant data are available on the number of home-ventilated children in Switzerland. The creation of a patient organisation dedicated to support of families with ventilator- or technology-dependent children may be helpful in mastering some of these problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mental health consultations in the preschool daycare center.

This article explores some of the challenges to children's emotional and social development inherent in the all-day childcare programs for children aged 3 to 5 years. The psychoanalytically oriented child development community has offered ongoing assistance, information, and support to teachers, parents, and children in preschools and preschool daycare sites in a number of communities across the country. The process and results of a long-term preschool daycare consultation are presented.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed2001

[Nurturing young surgeons in a competitive society].

Creating and maintaining harmony between natural science and social science is very important for the establishment of a truly rich society in the 21st century. Young surgeons must acquire deep knowledge and excellent techniques, in addition to contributing to social development and human happiness. This paper outlines my personal views of what young surgeons need to do to succeed at all levels in the current competitive society.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

[Prematurity as an interplay between psychological and biological risk factors leading to infant psychopathology].

Concepts such as risk factor, vulnerability, protective factor and resiliency have become central in the field of developmental psychopathology. The birth of a very-low-birth weight premature baby can be used as a paradigm of the interplay between these factors. Indeed, prematurity implies for both infant and parents, biological as well as psychological risk factors. They may interact in such a way that the child's emotional, cognitive and social development will deviate from normal. Understanding the psychological impact of premature birth includes reference to both the normal psychological processes that characterize pregnancy that are jeopardized by a premature, often traumatic delivery, and to the special significance of being a parent in the Special Care Nursery. The contrast between the expected appearance of the baby and that of the sick-looking, tiny premature, together with uncertainty about its medical status, often affect the parents' bonding process. In addition, parents must learn quickly to cope with issues such as total dependence on a very busy team, loss of control of the care of their baby, and their unclear roles as parents. Added to these risk factors are the specific neurobehavioral characteristics of premature babies, which often make it hard for parents to read their cues and respond to them properly. A clinical vignette illustrates the chain of psychological and biological events that lead to severe disturbance of the early parent-child relationship. It also brings up the question of psychosocial intervention in the Special Care Nursery, both in terms of early detection of families at risk and the types of intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Reflections on the reconstruction of a nation: rebuilding the national identity of Kuwait.

The 10th anniversary of the liberation of Kuwait offers a time for reflection upon the reconstruction of a nation, not just physical reconstruction, but psychological reconstruction, as well. This paper briefly describes the efforts of the Social Development Office, Amiri Diwan, as an essential element in the preservation and reconstruction of the national identity of Kuwait in the wake of the Iraqi invasion and occupation. SDO may serve as a useful model for other war-torn countries on how to rehabilitate a national identity in the wake of a national disaster.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed2001

Managing the Brisbane River and Moreton Bay: an integrated research/management program to reduce impacts on an Australian estuary.

The Brisbane River and Moreton Bay Study, an interdisciplinary study of Moreton Bay and its major tributaries, was initiated to address water quality issues which link sewage and diffuse loading with environmental degradation. Runoff and deposition of fine-grained sediments into Moreton Bay, followed by resuspension, have been linked with increased turbidity and significant loss of seagrass habitat. Sewage-derived nutrient enrichment, particularly nitrogen (N), has been linked to algal blooms by sewage plume maps. Blooms of a marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula, in Moreton Bay have resulted in significant impacts on human health (e.g., contact dermatitis) and ecological health (e.g., seagrass loss), and the availability of dissolved iron from acid sulfate soil runoff has been hypothesised. The impacts of catchment activities resulting in runoff of sediments, nutrients and dissolved iron on the health of the Moreton Bay waterways are addressed. The Study, established by 6 local councils in association with two state departments in 1994, forms a regional component of a national and state program to achieve ecologically sustainable use of the waterways by protecting and enhancing their health, while maintaining economic and social development. The Study framework illustrates a unique integrated approach to water quality management whereby scientific research, community participation and the strategy development were done in parallel with each other. This collaborative effort resulted in a water quality management strategy which focuses on the integration of socioeconomic and ecological values of the waterways. This work has led to significant cost savings in infrastructure by providing a clear focus on initiatives towards achieving healthy waterways. The Study's Stage 2 initiatives form the basis for this paper.

Australia↗
PubMed1993

[Nature study and happiness in life: Hugo de Vries, Eli Heimans and Jac. P. Thijsse].

This article analyses the backgrounds of Hugo de Vries' stance with regard to the Dutch nature study movement, which rapidly gained momentum in the 1890s. The movement has received little attention from historians until now. A short exposition of its aims and intentions, as envisioned by its main protagonists, Heimans and Thijsse, is provided. It is shown that De Vries' scientific ideas on the improvability of the human species and his liberal social views led him to conclude that both socialism and right-wing 'laisser-faire' ideologies were scientifically unsound. Hereditary theory implied that the human races were genetically stable entities which could not be improved by selection of any kind. The progress of society could only be furthered by placing the emphasis on the individual and its cognitive and social development. According to de Vries, the study of nature provided an excellent means to this end, since it contributed to the individual's personal development as well as to its happiness.

Environment↗
PubMed1992

[European medicine in the conquest of America].

The author hold up America's discovery is the most important event in mankind history, because of the transcendental changes in all aspects of the thought, culture and social development it originated. The study displays the most important aspects of the process: aboriginal medicine, invisible enemy, withholding conquest, first medical doctors, medical practice, medicine man clinical assistance and medical education.

Americas↗
PubMed1998

[Not Available].

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the crisis of the traditional model of town planning also determined a strong change in supply and demand for public health. In Italy, a health reformation and reorganization of free hospital treatment and health service were considered essential for civil and social development by public opinion. Meanwhile hygiene was becoming an autonomous discipline incorporating medical, statistical and technical contributions. In particular new rules for hospital design were being formulated which did not only concern buildings, but also involved management and administration. Nevertheless, the presence of monumental hospitals in many Italian towns delays the spread of new typological models, especially because of the high costs in building new hospitals. Old or new hospitals was the theme of a very interesting debate, involving technical and scientific environments and public opinion. The Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence is an outstanding example of the above.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1978

[Criteria in evaluating the nutritional status of the child in Costa Rica].

The present discussion reveals the need to review and substitute certain criteria currently used in Costa Rica in regards to: a) nutritional recommendations; b) standards of weight; and c) classification and evaluation of the nutritional status. Such concepts will lead to the adoption of alternate criteria and standards for a better assessment of malnutrition in children. Computation of the adequacy of the diet should be made as a function of the child's weight and not of his age (Sukhatme approach). The adoption of the Weight for Height and Height for Age criteria are recommended as a substitute for Weight for Age. The normal curves of weight and height of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS, USA) would be more accurate criteria. Systematic collections of weights and heights at the national level should be made, and the data processed by simple and rapid programs to discover and assess growth deficiencies. The philosophy and orientation, scientific basis, definition of target population, infrastructure and logistics of the nutrition intervention programs of Costa Rica, should be critically revised in the light of the present report. This particularly applies to the Program of Social Development and Family Allowances.

Body Height↗
PubMed1978

[Food consumption of children under 5 in rural communities of Costa Rica, 1977].

Six Costa Rican communities of different ecological settings were selected for the study of food intake in children under 5 years of age. Intake was expressed as calorie and protein adequacy. Calorie deficiency was more prevalent than protein defficiency. Practically there were no differences in adequacy by age, although 4 year-olds had a slightly greater deficiency than observed in a relatively more advanced rural region 4 years earlier. Only 13 per cent of the children selected at random were covered by Social Development and Family Allowances programs which provide for two "hot meals" per day. Calorie deficiencies of children benefiting from this program were of similar magnitude as those of children not attending the food distribution centers. These observations point to the need to carry out further investigation of the actual effectiveness and drawbacks of such programs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

News from Venezuela.

A Venezuelan court has ordered a university to stop requiring HIV testing for admission, while shortly thereafter the Venezuelan Ministry of Health and Social Development authorized obligatory HIV screening of pregnant women.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endemic goiter in public health].

This work focuses on the medical condition known as endemic goiter considering its epidemiological aspects and its interest in Public Health. After delimiting some basic concepts, one will refer to the implications that the shortage of the daily ingestion of iodine, which is the main etiology of the affection in question, brings to the normal physical, mental and social development of the human being. One will discuss the concepts of risk group and of epidemiological risk factors, outline the guiding lines of prevention, namely, health education and point out certain vicissitudes of prevention programs in the field of endemic goiter. Finally, some brief notes on epidemiological aspects of endemic goiter, in Portugal, will be presented.

Goiter, Endemic↗
PubMed2001

Stratification of risk in children with familial hypercholesterolemia with focus on psychosocial issues.

AIM: This paper discusses the clinical implications of making a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in children and data on psychosocial issues. DATA SUMMARY: The case for treating FH in children is based on pathophysiological considerations. Some authors claim that treatment may be harmful, partly because the psychosocial risks have not been assessed. The available data indicate that psychological distress does not seem to be a problem in testing and treating most children for FH, although a few may develop social and emotional problems, experience family conflicts, or have problems with the diet or bile acid binding resins. CONCLUSIONS: Parental preferences and the psychosocial function of the child should be considered and a complete assessment should be made of the potential risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) on the basis of established CHD risk factors. Boys and girls with total cholesterol concentrations of > 7.0 mmol/L and a family history of early CHD (first or second degree relatives with CHD, in males before the age of 40 and in females before the age of 50 years), and boys with cholesterol concentrations of > 10.0 mmol/L regardless of family history, should be considered at high risk and start dietary treatment as early as possible (preferable before the age of ten years). Girls at high risk may start statins by the age of 18 years, whereas starting statins should be considered in boys between the ages of 10 and 18 years. Children with FH at low to moderate risk of CHD may wait until adulthood or start treatment depending on an individualized evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Brazilian scientific production on nosocomial infections and nursing contribution: past, present, and perspectives].

This article analyzes the Brazilian scientific production concerning nosocomial infection from 1950 to the present day and emphasizes the contribution from Nursing. The theoretical and analytical resource used was its contextualization with the country's social development and health policies, which enabled to demonstrate the close relationship between the development of nosocomial infection, the scientific production on such theme and the health care models adopted. The importance and limits of this scientific production are discussed as well as the need to include nosocomial infection in a larger field of care quality in general. The article also verified that the latest data on Nursing already show this tendency.

Brazil↗