Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Secretory Component”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Diarrhea in AIDS. Group AIDS GIT].

Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are frequent in AIDS patients. The frequency and type of opportunistic GI infections are exactly the same in homosexuals and heterosexuals. Diarrhoea is the usual sign of GI infection, and its mechanism seems to combine a secretory component and a malabsorption. Although a number of pathogens can be isolated, in many cases the diarrhoea cannot be explained by an infection or a lesion. The hypothesis of a primary HIV infection in the epithelium of the small bowel and colon has not been confirmed by immunofluorescence and molecular hybridization. The HIV virus has been found in the GI mucosa, but it was probably carried by the immune cells in general circulation (CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages) which subsequently colonize the chorion of the mucosa.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

[Local immunologic system of the nose and paranasal sinuses].

The mucus membranes of the nasal chambers may be compared to a local immune system which has been called the NALT. The submucosa contains a lymphoid infiltration of T-helpers, T-suppressors and a set of plasma cells capable of synthetizing four IgG subgroups, IgM, IgA and IgD. The IgA plasma cells are most numerous. There is no local synthesis of IgE. Macrophages and langerhans' giant cells are present. The epithelium is an immunological entity which is composed, in addition to secretory cells, of uliated cells, lymphocytes, and M cells. The epithelium is able to synthesize secretory component and allows the transport of IgA and IgM into the secretions. The NALT has multiple immunological functions: antigenic information, humoral immune response, and expression of local cellular immunity. Modifications in T lymphocyte subpopulations are observed in allergic rhinitis. Secreted interleukins modify the local efflux and affluence of effector cells (mastocytes and eosinophils). Abnormalities of the NALT are characteristic of deficiency in humoral IgA and IgG subgroups. The possible presence of alterations of cellular immunity in chronic rhinosinusitis has been suggested.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Clara cell protein in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage.

The 10 kDa Clara cell protein was measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 39 healthy subjects (14 smokers, 25 nonsmokers) and from 41 patients with respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sarcoidosis, lung cancer). Clara cell protein appears as one of the most abundant respiratory tract derived proteins, with values averaging 7% of the total protein content of lung lavages from healthy nonsmokers. A significant reduction of Clara cell protein was found in BAL from smokers and patients with COPD or lung cancer. The same pattern of change was found in the concentrations of Clara cell protein in serum. Pulmonary sarcoidosis did not affect absolute values of Clara cell protein in lung lavages but was associated with elevated levels in serum. Changes in lung lavage Clara cell protein differed from that of albumin, beta 2-microglobulin or the secretory component, since the latter were unaffected by smoking or COPD but increased in sarcoidosis and lung cancer. These results indicate that Clara cell protein in BAL or serum might serve as a sensitive indicator of nonciliated bronchial cell dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Relationship between keloid proliferation and apoptosis of epithelial cell with destruction of structure and function of skin appendages].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between keloid proliferation and destruction of skin appendages (SAs). METHODS: Pathological biopsies of keloids were derived from 17 patients who underwent scar resection. All samples were divided into 4 groups: infiltrating growth locus of keloids (K-I, n = 9), proliferative keloids (K-P, n = 17), atrophic keloids (K-A, n = 10), and edging normal skin (K-N, n = 6). Normal skin derived from thorax of patients was used as control (NS, n = 6). The density of SAs and the expressive characteristics of pan-cytokeratin (CKp), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), secretory component of glandular epithelium (SC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and apoptosis related proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) were observed with immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Compared with K-N and NS, the density of SAs expressing CKP and SC in keloids was apparently decreased, and remnant of CKp protein was observed after the disappearance of SAs structures. Protein expression of Bax was increased in epithelial cells of most SAs. SAs containing positive immunostaining signals of Bcl-2, PCNA and CK19 exhibited squamous epithelization and abnormal structure. The structure of SAs underwent 3 morphological stages: infiltrating, proliferating, and maturing. In correspondence to each stage, SAs underwent proliferation, structural destruction, and fibrosis which were caused by cellular migration, inflammatory reaction, and vascular occlusion respectively. CONCLUSION: Abnormal proliferation of epithelial cells and their structural destruction of SAs may be associated with tissue fibrosis in keloid lesion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Extragenital cystic lesions of peritoneum, mesentery and retroperitoneum of the female. Clinicopathological characteristics of 19 cases.

The clinicopathological characteristics are presented of 19 extragenital cystic lesions of female patients located at the retroperitoneum (9 cases), the mesentery (6 cases) and the peritoneum (4 cases). Median age was 42.3 years and the main symptom was abdominal pain. The cysts measured 4-27 cm in diameter and were classified as: epithelial (7/19), mesothelial (5/19), vascular (2/19), parasitic (1/19) and developmental in origin (4/19). Of the cases 18/19 were benign lesions and one case was a borderline mucinous cystic tumor. Immunohistochemistry by a streptavidin-biotin method was performed to investigate CEA transcripts (MoAb, Novosan), CA125 (MoAb, CIS Diagnostics), vimentin (MoAb Ve6, Novocastra), secretory component (a polyclonal antibody, DAKO), Factor VIII (MoAb, DAKO), CD34 (MoAb, Scytec), calretinin (a polyclonal antibody, Zymed, San Francisco, CA). Cytokeratins were of low and high molecular weight (Immunon, AE1-MoAb). The results are helpful in the correct classification of various tumors. The treatment of choice is complete surgical resection of the tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Histochemical studies on irradiated and obstructive human submandibular glands. Protein distribution and lectin-binding in the degenerative glands.

Immunohistochemical protein distribution of alpha-amylase (Am), lysozyme (Ly), cytokeratinin (CK), S-100 protein (S-100) and secretory component (SC), and lectin-binding (SBA and UEA-I) profiles were studied in 10 obstructive and 20 irradiated human submandibular glands which were surgically extirpated. Degenerative intensity of the glands was graded as I, II and III based on the order of severity. All proteins generally existed in serous acinic cells of the intact glands. The proteins immunoreactivities became weak even in mildly inflamed glands (grade I), and nearly disappeared from the moderately damaged glands (grade II). Duct cells had clear CK and some cells reacted with the anti-SC antibody, but other proteins were not observed on the ducts. Mucous cells possessed none of the proteins, and their lectin-binding was only traceable in some glands. Compared with immunoreactivities in the proteins, lectin-binding profiles were different. SBA and UEA-I bound somewhat similarly to both acinic and duct cells, and the binding was hardly affected even by severe degeneration (grade III). Between obstructive and irradiated glands, no obvious difference was observed in either protein distribution or lectin-binding. From the above, it seems that some proteins are more affective to the degeneration and that lectin-binding sugar residues are non-affective against the degenerative changes of the tissues.

Histocytochemistry↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of procedures for the fixation and processing of human tissue for immunohistochemical analysis of human monoclonal antibodies.

Preliminary investigations suggested the importance of an evaluation of different tissue preparation methods frequently used for immunohistochemical analysis of human or murine monoclonal antibodies on human tissue. Colon adenocarcinomas and adjacent morphologically normal colon epithelia were analyzed with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Duplicate tissue specimens were (1) snap frozen and fixed in acetone, (2) formalin fixed and paraffin embedded, with or (3) without ensuing treatment with pronase, or (4) alcohol fixed and paraffin embedded. Three different human monoclonal anti-colon cancer IgM antibodies, COU-1, D4213, and F10279, were used in the present study. Endogenous immunoglobulin and the secretory-component-mediated IgG binding were blocked on frozen sections with Fab' anti-IgM and anti-SC antibody. Bound monoclonal antibody was detected with horseradish peroxidase-anti-IgM. COU-1 was found to stain frozen sections of all 25 cancer and adjacent normal colon epithelia. In contrast, on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, only 80% (20/25) of the colon cancer and 44% (11/25) of the adjacent normal colon epithelia were positive. After treatment of the formalin-fixed sections with pronase, all cancers and normal adjacent epithelia were stained, but the cancer cells were more intensely stained than the normal colon epithelial cells. On alcohol-fixed tissues, intense staining was found in all the colon carcinomas analyzed, whereas no staining was found of the adjacent normal colon epithelia, except for a few cells in some of the sections investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

[A pathological and histochemical study of capsules of impacted teeth with special reference to keratin immunohistochemistry in the lining epithelium].

The purpose of this study was to examine and understand the nature of capsules consisted of fifty cases of unerupted wisdom teeth using radiological, pathological and immunohistochemical methods. Radiologically, the pericoronal space was measured with slide caliper and divided into three groups (-0.9 mm, 1.0-1.9 mm, 2.0mm). Pathologically, all specimens were examined by the routine paraffin method and were stained with hematoxylin.eosin and PAS-alcian blue pH 2.5 stainings. Immunohistochemically, PAP (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) method using various keratin antibodies, such as, anti-keratin K 528 (40-68 KD), anti-cytokeratin PKK 1 (40, 45, 52.5 KD), anti-cytokeratin PKK 2 (40, 46, 48, 54 KD), anti-keratin A 575 (56, 64 KD) and anti-cytokeratin high molecular weight (68 KD), and other various antibodies of anti-EMA, anti-IgA and anti-SC was used in order to study the nature of the epithelium of capsule of impacted teeth. The following results were obtained; 1. Radiologically, the width of the capsules was 1.6 mm in the average. Histopathologically, the inner surface of the capsule was covered with two types of epithelium which were composed of non-typical epithelium with cuboidal (basal layer) and columnar (superficial layer) cells, and typical stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium lining was observed in 74% of all cases. Among the cases, cyst like structure was more often seen in the cases with typical squamous epithelial lining and with pericoronal space more than 1.0 mm width. 2. In the connective tissue's findings of capsules of impacted teeth, fibrosis was found in almost all the cases. Inflammatory and myxomatous changes were recognized in ca. half cases. Epithelial rest and calcification with dystrophy and epithelial product were observed in about one third of the cases. The epithelial proliferation in the capsule was also rarely seen in the specimens. 3. Immunohistochemically, keratins of 56 KD and 64 KD were identified in the superficial layer of non-typical epithelium and basal, intermediate and superficial layers of the typical squamous epithelium of the capsules of imparted teeth. Keratin of 68 KD was only observed in superficial layer of squamous epithelium. 4. Epithelial membrane antigen was positive in the intermediate and superficial layers of typical squamous cell epithelium. However, it was not seen in the non-typical epithelium of capsule of impacted teeth. 5. Immunoglobulin A and secretory component were negative in the epithelia of capsules.

Epithelium↗
PubMed1991

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreases expression of the intestinal IgG Fc binding site by HT29-N2 cells.

Previously, we describe a unique binding site for the Fc region of IgG in human intestinal goblet cells, but regulation of the intestinal IgG Fc binding site (Fc gamma IBS) has not been clarified. In this work, we examined the effects of tumour necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on expression of the Fc gamma IBS in HT29-N2 colonic cancer cells, which differentiate readily into goblet cells containing the binding site when grown in galactose-containing medium. Expression of the site was monitored immunocytochemically and by ELISA on homogenates of the cells. TNF-alpha in doses of 0.1-100 ng/ml caused a reduction in expression of the Fc gamma IBS and the proportion of cells positive for mucin (as demonstrated by Alcian blue stain), without affecting the viability of the cells. The effects of TNF-alpha on the FC gamma IBS and mucin production could not be attributed to a decreased proliferative rate of the cells, as the cells' incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was unaffected. By contrast with TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma (i) did not affect the proportion of cells expressing the Fc gamma IBS, (ii) decreased the viability of the cells, and (iii) increased cell proliferation. Additional evidence of specificity of the TNF-alpha effect on the Fc gamma IBS was that TNF-alpha did not affect expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (secretory component), whereas IFN-gamma increased it. We conclude that TNF-alpha may suppress expression of the Fc gamma IBS by colonocytes and oppose differentiation of the cells towards mucin-producing cells.

Binding Sites, Antibody↗
PubMed1991

[Immunohistochemical findings in resected lung cancer].

The relationship between histological type and immunohistological findings was studied in total 141 cases of resected lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma was cytologically subtyped according to the ultrastructural findings. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedding tissue using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), keratin, secretory component (SC), neuron specific enolase (NSE), lysozyme (Ly) and lactoferrin (La). Adenocarcinoma stained strongly positive with antibody against CEA and SC. There was no statistical difference among the different subtypes of adenocarcinoma, but in the cases of clara cell type, CEA staining was less intense and in goblet cell type, the intensity of SC staining was great. Goblet cell type characteristically stained positively with anti-Ly antibody, and Ly was a specific marker for differentiating adenocarcinoma of goblet cell type. La was positive not only in bronchial gland cell type, but also in other subtypes in adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma showed more intense staining with anti-keratin antibody than other histological types. Small cell carcinoma extensively stained with anti-NSE antibody, but some of the other histological types also stained positively. NSE was a relatively good marker for small cell carcinoma but was not specific. It is concluded that immunohistochemical examination is a useful method for differentiation of different histological types of lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of anti-Cryptosporidium IgA antibodies in sera from immunocompetent individuals and HIV-infected patients.

Human antibody response to Cryptosporidium parvum has been previously shown as involving immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isotypes. The interest in anti-cryptosporidial IgA antibody response has been recently stimulated by studies on the therapeutic effects of secretory IgA antibodies to Cryptosporidium in animal models and in patients. In the present study, isotypes of serum anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies have been characterized in donors of the following categories: (a) healthy adults, (b) healthy children, (c) immunocompetent children with transient cryptosporidial diarrhea, (d) HIV-infected patients without clinical and parasitological evidence of Cryptosporidium infection and (e) AIDS patients with cryptosporidial diarrhea. Antibodies were detected using C. parvum oocysts purified by density gradient centrifugation from bovine faeces. The IgA antibodies were revealed using alpha-chain specific antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis with oocysts was used as control. Although high levels of serum antibodies of the IgA class were detected in some donors in the group of healthy adults, elevated values were consistently found in HIV-infected patients. Higher values were found in HIV patients with clinical cryptosporidiosis. The presence of a secretory component in serum IgA antibodies in these patients has been documented. Data indicate that IgA serum antibodies are produced as well as IgM and IgG antibodies upon contact with the parasite, and suggest that elevated IgA serum antibodies to Cryptosporidium are not associated with protection in HIV patients.

Antibodies, Protozoan↗
PubMed1991

[Status of protective properties of the gastroduodenal mucosa after surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer].

The defense properties of the gastroduodenal mucosa (lymphoid system cells secreting immunoglobulins A, M, and G, as well as the secretory component IgA) were studied in 85 patients with duodenal ulcer. The acid-producing function of the stomach was tested at the same time according to the pH value and the basal and maximal acid production. Various types of vagotomy were conducted in 52 patients and resection of the stomach in the remaining patients. The results were followed-up before and after the operation. Peptic ulcer was characterized by secondary immunodeficiency. Selective proximal vagotomy restored the tissue immune defense of the mucosa, gastric resection preserved and even increased immunodeficiency.

Antibody-Producing Cells↗
PubMed1991

Origin of so-called mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node. An immunohistochemical study.

To determine the origin of a mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node, immunohistochemical studies that used various antibodies, including the antibody against mesothelial cells, were performed on a mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node in a case. The lining cells of the tubules that composed the tumor were negative when tested with anti-mesothelial cell antibodies. Carcinoembryonic antigen was negative, but the secretory component was positive. Serotonin and calcitonin were positive in a few cells. We concluded that a mesothelial origin was unlikely, and it was suggested that the tumor was of an entodermal origin.

Atrioventricular Node↗
PubMed1990

Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst. A mucus histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study in three cases in comparison with normal bronchi and intrahepatic bile ducts.

We describe herein the morphologies of three cases of ciliated hepatic cysts and compare them with those of normal bronchi and intrahepatic bile ducts. Grossly, the hepatic cysts were located in the subcapsular region. They were solitary, unilocular, and rather small (less than 4 cm in diameter). Histologically, the cyst wall consisted of four layers: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with mucous cells, subepithelial connective tissue, smooth-muscle bundles, and an outermost fibrous capsule. The epithelial cytoplasm contained neutral, carboxylated, and sulfated mucus. We noted moderate immunoreactivity to keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, DU-PAN-2 and secretory component; weak immunoreactivity to cytokeratin CAM 5.2, cytokeratin AE1 + 3, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9; and faint or negative immunoreactivity to IgA and IgM. Cilia were immunoreactive to actin and tubulin; smooth muscles were immunoreactive to actin and desmin. Ultrastructural observations revealed definite cilia arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern as well as mucous cells. These morphologic features of the hepatic cysts were similar to those of normal bronchi but different from those of normal bile ducts. Our findings suggest that ciliated hepatic cysts arise from the embryonic foregut and differentiated toward bronchial structures in the liver.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Analysis of its immunohistochemical aspects].

To evaluate the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in the diagnostic distinction between pleural mesothelioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma to the pleura, the authors studied formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 14 pleural mesotheliomas and 20 primary adenocarcinomas of the lung, stomach, ovary and breast by using 16 commercially available antibodies to cytokeratin (KL1), vimentin, EMA, CEA, CA19.9, CA125, Egp 34 (detected by HEA 125), secretory component, S100 protein, SP1-béta 1, Leu M1, alpha-1-AT, alpha-1-ACT, lysozyme, desmin and factor VIII. Keratin positivity was found in all mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas. A coexpression of keratin and vimentin was present in 8/14 (57%) mesotheliomas but only in 2/20 (10%) adenocarcinomas. CEA and CA 19.9 were detected in 80% and 65% of the adenocarcinomas respectively, but not in any of the mesotheliomas. Interestingly, two adenocarcinomas (of the ovary and the stomach) that failed to stain for CEA, were immunoreactive to anti-CA 19.9 antibody. Thus, the combined use of anti-CEA and anti-CA 19.9 antibodies results in staining 90% of the adenocarcinomas. S100 protein, SP1-beta and Leu M1 were also absent in mesotheliomas but present only in less than half of the adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinomas and mesotheliomas did not significantly vary in reaction to the remaining above mentioned antibodies. The authors conclude that the coexpression of keratin and vimentin and the absence of CEA and CA 19.9 might be the best criteria in the distinction of mesothelioma from metastatic non mucosecreting adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

[Immunohistochemical study in pleomorphic adenomas of human parotid gland--with special reference to cytoskeletal filamentous proteins].

The purpose of this immunohistochemical study was to know the degree and direction of differentiation, the mechanism of mesenchymal appearance, and histogenesis in pleomorphic adenomas which were obtained from surgical removed specimens. All specimens were fixed in 10% neutral phosphoate buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Sections were steined with the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method for keratin, vimentin, desmin and S-100 protein, the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for lysozyme, and the direct immunoperoxidase method for IgA and secretory component. Normal salivary glands were employed as controls. 1. Solid portion of pleomorphic adenomas were consisted of the focal hypline cells and scattered the duct cell-like cells. The hyaline cells were positive for vimentin and S-100 protein, and the duct cell-like cells were positive for keratin. But one case was found the bundles of spindle-shaped cells which was similar to myoepithelial cells were positive for actin and another case was consisted of the focal duct cell-like cells were observed. 2. In the tubular portion, the duct-like structures were classified into three types. One type was mono-layered structure, another type was double-layered structure and the other type is duct-like structure in the solid portion. Any inner layer of the duct-like structure were positive for keratin. 3. Double-layered duct-like structures were most common type. Among the double-layered structures, hyaline cells mostly made up the outer layered structures. At times, the spindleshaped cells of the outer layer were found. This structures were similar to intercalated portion of normal salivary glands. In one case, inner and outer layer was consisted of keratin positive cells, but outer layer was steined for keratin stronger than inner. This structure was similar to excretory duct of normal salivary glands. 4. IgA and sc were seen at inner cells and in luminal accumulation of the duct-like structures. 5. In the myxoid regions, stellate cells or spindle cells were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein and partial positive for desmin. In the chondroid regions, chondrocyte-like cells were positive for vimentin and S-100 protein. These results seemed to suggest that pleomorphic adenomas were composed of duct cell-like cells and hyaline cells. Duct cell-like cells consisted of the duct-like structure in order to transport secretion which was similar to the duct of normal salivary glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1989

[Infectious gastroenteritis in the immunocompetent child. Significance of Cryptosporidium spp. and Aeromonas ssp].

Over a one-year period we have examined 390 stool specimens from 210 children hospitalized for infectious gastroenteritis or in whom infectious gastroenteritis occurred during hospitalization. The most prevalent pathogens were rotaviruses (22.4%), followed by enteric salmonella (8.1%), Campylobacter jejuni/coli (2.4%), Cryptosporidium spp. (2.4%) and Aeromonas spp. (1.9%). Both Cryptosporidium spp. and Aeromonas spp. are important pathogens of infectious gastroenteritis in immunocompetent children in Switzerland. For both pathogens the most frequently observed clinical sign was self-limited, watery diarrhea with vomiting and fever often requiring parenteral rehydration. The laboratory findings in our patients revealed a left shift with a rise in total leukocyte count in Aeromonas infections only. Electrolytic disorders were frequently found in infections associated with either pathogen, while marked compensated metabolic acidosis was found with cryptosporidiosis only. This points toward a secretory component as part of the still unclear pathogenetic mechanism. Possible modes of infection in cryptosporidiosis are transmission by infected livestock (calves) and person-to-person communication, and in Aeromonas infections transmission by contaminated food or water. We recommend screening for both pathogens in infectious gastroenteritis of immunocompetent children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Well-differentiated cholangiocarcinoma: diagnostic significance of morphologic and immunohistochemical parameters.

In order to provide useful criteria for the histologic diagnosis of well-differentiated cholangiocarcinoma, we reviewed 62 cases of this type. We assessed the incidences of various cytological as well as structural atypia, positive staining for carcinoembryonic antigen, secretory component, or carbohydrate antigen 19-9. We also assessed alterations in mucin production in comparison with noncancerous bile duct epithelium (48 cases). Using a computer-assisted multivariate analysis, three indicators--including nuclear size variation, formation of a second gland (distended intracytoplasmic lumina or focal cribriform pattern), and positive reaction in carcinoembryonic antigen--were shown to be the most important histologic parameters for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. One of the three indicators was occasionally positive in noncancerous bile ducts, but two or three indicators were only found in cholangiocarcinoma (p less than 0.001). The majority of the cases of cholangiocarcinoma were indeed positive for two or three of these criteria (54/62; 87%). Among other atypical changes, irregular nuclear configurations, mitosis, and prominent nucleoli showed a high specificity for cholangiocarcinoma. In addition to the major criteria, combined application of these factors can also be helpful for the actual histologic assessment.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗