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PubMed1990

Psychological profile of the female adolescent incest victim.

This research describes the personality and self-concept of the female adolescent incest victim. Subjects were 40 female adolescent incest victims, ages 12 to 18. Each adolescent completed the High School Personality Questionnaire, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and a brief demographic questionnaire. These incest victims were shy, expedient, guilt-prone, aggressive, realistic, and withdrawn with low drive. Low overall self-concept with less happiness and satisfaction was characteristic. These adolescents also showed more confidence about physical appearance and intellectual and school status than other aspects of self-concept. The psychological profiles of these adolescents show they had accommodated to the abuse and suggest the beginning of an orientation of learned helplessness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Predicting seriousness of illness using external stress, imagery, and other cognitive mediating variables.

Measures of external life stress, trait anxiety, self-concept, subjective stress and three measures of imagery were taken on 188 college students and were used to predict seriousness of illness in an attempt (1) to determine if cognitive mediating variables could significantly add to external life stress in the prediction of seriousness of illness, and (2) to determine if imagery, alone or interacted with self-concept, could add to the prediction. Using multiple linear regression, trait anxiety, a subjective feeling of stress, self-concept, visual imagery, sex, and an interaction between self-concept and emotive imagery significantly increased the variance when added to external life stress in predicting seriousness of illness. Trait anxiety, when added to external life stress, increased the variance by an amount greater than life stress alone. This adds support to the concept that the interpretations of stress, the cognitive mediating variables, are certainly important and in fact may be more important than environmental factors alone in predicting seriousness of illness.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-schemas and possible selves as predictors and outcomes of risky behaviors in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Although there is extensive evidence that the self-concept changes in many important ways during the adolescent years and that these changes influence behavioral choices, the majority of studies completed to date have been based on a static model in which the self-concept is viewed solely as an antecedent of the risky behaviors. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pattern of relationships between three components of the self-concept--the popular, the conventional, and the deviant selves--and risky behaviors in a sample of middle adolescents during their transition from junior high to high school. METHODS: A sample of 160 adolescents completed questionnaires measuring the content of their self-schemas and possible selves and involvement in four risky behaviors (tobacco and alcohol use, sexual intercourse, poor school performance) during the winter of eighth and ninth grades. RESULTS: Popular self-schema score in the eighth grade positively predicted ninth grade risky behaviors. Risky behavior involvement in the eighth grade predicted ninth-grade deviant self-schema and possible self-scores. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the self-concept may not only play a role in the early stages of engagement in the risky behaviors but may also be one means through which the behaviors become structuralized into potentially enduring aspects of the self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Impact of orthognathic surgery on normal and abnormal personality dimensions: a 2-year follow-up study of 61 patients.

The psychological adjustments and self-concepts of 61 orthognathic surgery patients were evaluated before surgery and at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The impact of orthognathic surgery on self-concept and personality adjustment was assessed. Significant improvements in group scores were found with the use of a repeated measures ANOVA in the following subscales of personality disturbances: general maladjustment, psychosis, neurosis, personality disorder, and personality integration. A significantly positive effect was also observed in the following subscales of self-concept: self-esteem, self-satisfaction, self-identity, physical self, family self, social self, and total self-conflict. The improved changes in psychological profile two years after orthognathic surgery are encouraging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Tomboys, masculine characteristics, and self-ratings of confidence in career success.

Previous research focusing on gender-roles and self-concept suggests a positive relationship between masculinity and self-concept. The present study explores self-perceptions of being a "tomboy," gender-role and ratings of self-confidence in later success. Higher self-ratings on the tomboy scale correlated with confidence in career success but not with confidence in passing a college course or jogging for 20 min. There was a positive correlation between masculinity scores but not femininity scores with tomboy ratings. Masculine characteristics such as independence, aggression competitiveness, leadership ability, ability to defend, stand by beliefs, mediated by compassion appear to be positively correlated with perceptions of success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The relative influence of identified components of test anxiety in baccalaureate nursing students.

The relative influence on test anxiety of cognitive interference, self-concept, study and test-taking skills, and cumulative grade point average was investigated. Fifty-six female baccalaureate nursing students completed the following measures: Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale, Brown's Effective Study Test, Sarason's Cognitive Interference Questionnaire, and Brookover's Self-Concept of Ability Scale. Subjects also reported their cumulative grade point average (GPA). Data were analyzed through the use of correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Data analyses revealed significant negative relationships between test anxiety and the variables of academic self-concept and GPA (p less than .05). Academic self-concept was the most powerful predictor of test anxiety, while GPA and cognitive interference contributed significantly but minimally to the multiple regression equation. Results support Meichenbaum and Butler's (1980) contention regarding the multidimensional nature of the test anxiety construct.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent body mass indices and self-perception.

This study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) of adolescents and their perceived-weight status and self-concept, controlling for confounding factors. The data base was drawn from the High School and Beyond (HSB) study, which included 17,318 females and 15,878 males. BMI was calculated using self-reported weights and heights. Response variables included a self-concept index and evaluation of the statement "I am overweight." While respondents' perception of overweight status was accompanied by higher mean BMI values, there were discrepancies in perceived-weight and BMI-weight status. Logistic regression of explanatory variables on perception of overweight status revealed that BMI was the strongest predictor, gender was the second strongest, and the odds of perception of overweight status were higher for females than males by a factor of more than eight. Ordinary least squares regression of explanatory variables on the self-concept index revealed that perception of normal weight status, lower BMI, and male gender were strong predictors of positive self-concept. The findings indicate that substantial numbers of teenage females perceive themselves as overweight when BMI values suggest they are not, while males have a reasonably accurate weight perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-esteem changes in children enrolled in weight management programs.

The purpose of this study was to examine self-esteem changes in school aged children enrolled in weight management programs. The study group was comprised of 54 obese children ages 10-15 enrolled in a weight management program. The control group was comprised of 60 obese children who had never been enrolled in a weight management program. Each child was measured for body mass index (BMI) and weight. All the children filled out the Pier-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale at the beginning of the study and 12 weeks later following the study group's completion of the weight management program. The groups were similar in average age, weight, BMI, and self-concept score at the beginning of the study. At the end of the 12 weeks, there was no significant change in the average weight or BMI in either the study or control group. There was a significant decrease in the self-concept score in the study group but not in the control group. The greatest score changes came from the physical appearance subscale. Participation in weight management programs may put children at risk for lower self-esteem (self-concept) while producing limited weight loss results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Personalized evaluation of self-hypnosis as a treatment of chronic pain: a repertory grid analysis.

Self-hypnosis was taught to 5 highly hypnotisable patients referred to Auckland Hospital Pain Clinic. Evaluation included the Illness Self-Concept Repertory Grid (ISCRG) and follow-up was at 1 and 6 months post treatment. Consensus grids indicated the subjects initially identified with physical illness but this association decreased over the course of the study. There appeared, therefore, to be a shift in self-concept away from physical illness, in association with the learning and practice of self-hypnosis. This change was especially evident in the grids of those subjects who experienced the most pain relief. An association between pain reduction and self-concepts is thus noted. This study does not identify whether self-concepts merely reflect therapeutic change or whether strong self-identification with physical illness indicates a poor prognosis for pain relief. This is a question which deserves further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Adaptation in children with cancer: research with Roy's model.

This qualitative study was undertaken to establish a conceptual framework for the adaptation process of Taiwanese children with cancer. It was guided by Roy's adaptation model. Thirty-four pediatric cancer patients (23 boys and 11 girls) with different illness trajectories (from newly diagnosed to terminal stage) participated. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with patients and primary caregivers, observations, medical chart review, and researchers' reflective journals. The following five aspects of adaptation that emerged from the study were categorized according to different age groups: physiological and psychological, cognitive (self-concept), interdependence, and future orientation (self-concept and role). Comparison with Roy's adaptation theory is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Behavior and mental health problems in children with epilepsy and low IQ.

The purpose of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to describe the particular types of behavioral problems, self-concept, and symptoms of depression experienced by children with both low IQ and epilepsy. Three groups of children (83 males, 81 females; mean age 11 years 10 months, SD 1 year 10 months; age range 9 to 14 years) with epilepsy were compared: (Group 1) Low IQ (<85), n=48, 25 males, 23 females; (Group 2) Middle IQ (85 to 100), n=58, 24 males, 34 females; and (Group 3) High IQ (>100), n=58, 34 males, 24 females. The Child Behavior Checklist, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory were used to measure behavior, self-concept, and depression respectively. Results indicated that children in the Low IQ group had the most behavioral and mental health problems. Additionally, there were IQ group-by-sex interactions, with females in the Low IQ group being at the highest risk for poor self-concept. Findings suggest that children with both epilepsy and low IQ should be carefully assessed for mental health problems in the clinical setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Different selves have different effects: self-activation and defensive social comparison.

Three studies show that different forms of self-activation have differential influences on the processing of social comparison information. Activating neutral self-conceptions results in defensive processing of threatening social comparison information (Study 1). Participants maintain favorable self-evaluations in the face of upward comparison and rate the upward target of comparison negatively. Activating positive self-conceptions results in non-defensive processing of threatening social comparison information (Study 2). Participants endorse negative self-evaluations following upward comparison and rate the upward target of comparison positively. Activating negative self-conceptions maximizes defensive processing of threatening social comparison information (Study 3). Participants maintain favorable self-evaluations in the face of upward comparison and rate both upward and downward targets of comparison negatively. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for strategies to maintain self-esteem in the face of threatening comparisons.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Personality correlates of positive identity and relationship involvement in gay men.

Six personality variables (social anxiety, trait anxiety, locus of control, sensitization, depression, and self concept) were correlated with variables relevant to a positive gay identity (degree of communication about sexual preference and degree of comfort being gay) and to relationship involvement (being in a gay relationship, number of months in a gay relationship, and living with a partner) in a volunteer, nonclinical sample of 51 gay males. Men who informed others of their sexual preference were low on trait anxiety, sensitization, and depression and high on self concept. Men comfortable with their gay identity were low on social anxiety, sensitization, and depression and high on self concept. Men involved in long-term relationships were low in trait anxiety, had an internal locus of control, and were low in depression. Men living with a partner had a higher self concept than men not living with a partner. Results are discussed in terms of previous studies of gay male relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Are negative cognitions symptoms of depression or also an expression of personality traits?].

This study examined the changes from hospital admission to discharge of different categories of cognitive distortions - automatic thoughts, self-concepts and dysfunctional attitudes - in 67 patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of a depressive episode. Furthermore, the relationships were analyzed between cognitive distortions, degree of depression, and personality dimensions (isolation tendency, extraversion, rigidity, schizoidia, frustration tolerance and neuroticism). There was a significant correlation between automatic thoughts and negative self-concepts on the one hand, and severity of depression on the other upon admission. There was a significant reduction of automatic thoughts and the negativity of self-concepts from admission to discharge. No significant association was observed, however, between the severity of depression and dysfunctional attitudes. In addition, dysfunctional attitudes showed a significant decrease until discharge only in patients with a full remission of depressive symptoms. These results underline the fact that automatic thoughts and self-concepts are more state-dependent than dysfunctional attitudes. Moreover - even taking into account the degree of depression - there was a significant relationship between the personality dimension neuroticism and all cognitive scales upon admission. This indicates that a high degree of neuroticism may facilitate the emergence of negative cognitions during a depressive episode.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Correlates and changes over time in drug and alcohol use within a barrio population.

Extent and determinants of use of alcohol, marijuana, inhalants, and PCP were explored in a group of 339 Mexican American youths from the East Los Angeles Housing projects. Results from this study were compared to those from a similar survey carried out in the same area 2 years ago. Use of inhalants has declined markedly compared with prevalence reported in the previous report. However, use of alcohol and marijuana have increased across all age and sex cohorts. Prevalence of PCP use, explored for the first time in this report, was shown to be extremely high. Use of all drugs was generally predicted by age, sex, and number of peers reporting use. Self-concept factors, especially one's self-evaluation with respect to others, were also significant predictors to use of marijuana, inhalants, and PCP. However, alcohol use was not related to any self-concept factors. Language (Spanish-English) used both in the home and with peers was related to use of all substances studied. Limitations in the generalization of this study as a result of sampling problems are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Self-esteem and the evaluation of ethnic identity among Turkish and Dutch adolescents in The Netherlands.

A nationwide sample of Turkish and Dutch adolescents was used to answer two questions. Do Turkish youths in the Netherlands demonstrate negative effects of minority status on global self-esteem or specific components of self-esteem? What is the meaning of ethnic identity for the self-concept of these youngsters? The results showed that Turkish adolescents had a lower score for global self-esteem and a higher score for three components--academic ability, sports achievements, and evaluation of one's ethnic identity. However, in terms of the percentage of variance explained, the differences were very small. The results also showed that ethnic identity was a more salient and more important aspect of self-concept for the Turkish subjects than for the Dutch. It was not, however, a dominant component of their self-concept: The other components had a greater impact on global self-esteem. Body image was the most important component in this respect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Study of ideal-self discrepancy and observed social behaviors in a therapeutic community.

This descriptive study explored relations between ideal self-discrepancy (often referred to as self-esteem or self-concept) and behaviors observed in 27 residents of a therapeutic community for polydrug users. The Sliding Person Test (SPERT), an abstract, nonverbal measure of self-reported, ideal self-discrepancy was administered three times a week, for seven consecutive weeks to 27 subjects after regularly scheduled group meetings. Data were charted on graphs to reveal fluctuations of ideal self-discrepancy and incidences of observed, documented changes in behavior. Analysis suggests the instrument detects some changes in ideal self-discrepancy congruent with transitional behaviors. In more than half of the cases, fluctuation of 25% or more in discrepancy between ideal self-concept and at-the-moment self-concept was directly related to an observed change in behavior or residents' transition in the hierarchy of the program's structure. Implications for validity and reliability issues concerning measures of ideal-self-discrepancy are briefly discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Self-nonself concept for cancer and diseases previously known as "autoimmune" diseases (illegitimate transferases/plasma exchange).

The illegitimate glycosphingolipid antigens of the P blood group system and of the Forssman (Fs) tissue antigen in adenocarcinoma which are foreign to the host suggest the self-nonself concept which applies also to numerous other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gluomerulonephritis, and idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia. In the presence of the glycosphingolipid antigens such as ABO, P, and Fs, the normal serum of the homozygote recessive precursor contains antibodies for the missing antigen(s). The expected antibody to the Fs antigen was present in about 75% of normal men and women. In cancer sera, the incidence of anti-Fs was decreased to about 35-40%. On testing the normal population anti-Fs was present in 90% of the sera in the youngest group, and this value gradually diminished in the older groups; the incidence of the antibody in the 70-year age group was to about 60%. The rate of loss of anti-Fs with increasing years appears to parallel the gradual loss of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin titers. This phenomenon may be associated with the gradual diminution of protein synthesis with aging or the continuous accumulation of soluble immune complexes in the serum, or both. It is suggested that the self-nonself concept is also the basis for the pathogenesis of rhematoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia, and numerous other conditions classified as "autoimmune" diseases. Some of these diseases are induced by viruses or drugs or both. When a virus or drug attaches itself to the membrane of a tissue cell, the self is converted to nonself which, in rheumatoid arthiritis, alters its self Ig to nonself Ig.

ABO Blood-Group System↗