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PubMed1994

[Coordination in transplantation].

In Scandinavia transplantations are performed at special units at certain university hospitals, which coordinate donor and recipient operations. Today there is a 24-hour organ retrieval service in the Nordic countries. Transplantation centres exist at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Kommunehospitalet, Arhus and Odense University Hospital in Denmark, at Helsinki University Hospital in Finland, at Rigshospitalet, Oslo in Norway, and at Huddinge University Hospital, Uppsala University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, and Malmö General Hospital in Sweden.

Hospital Units↗
PubMed1993

Pathogenetic mechanisms and epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae.

The antibody prevalence data indicate that C. pneumoniae infections are common worldwide and more frequently occur in middle-aged and elderly males than in females. C. pneumoniae infections are first acquired in childhood in heavily populated areas, whereas in northern countries, first infections are generally at teenage and in Scandinavia, typically at the time of military service. All chlamydial species tend to cause chronic infections, with severe sequelae developing 10 to 50 years after the primary infections. If C. pneumoniae resides in alveolar macrophages or in vascular endothelial cells in chronic infections the bacteria and their structural components, such as lipopolysaccharides have an easy access to circulation. The continuous induction of cytokines by C. pneumoniae may lead to chronic inflammation of vascular endothelium.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1994

[Pulmonary syndrome caused by Hantavirus--a new syndrome with high mortality].

An outbreak of a previously unknown, severe infectious disease with rapidly fatal respiratory distress was reported from Southwestern USA in May 1993. The case fatality rate was about 60 per cent. Using PCR hantavirus RNA could be demonstrated in lungs and other tissues from patients. Mice and others rodents, e g Peromyscus maniculatus, were shown to be a reservoir of the virus. This new virus, designated Four Corner virus, has been further characterised and seems to be closely related to Puumala virus that causes nephropathia epidemica (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) in Scandinavia and Central Europe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Geographic variations in the histological characteristics of the gastric mucosa.

Sections from 65 gastrectomy specimens obtained from operations performed for peptic ulcer or adenocarcinoma in Caucasian patients living in Hawaii were retrieved from the files of the Queen's Medical Center (n = 45) and the Kuakini Medical Center (n = 20). The sections were examined under high-power light microscopy for the presence of ciliated gastric epithelial cells in nondiseased areas of the gastric mucosa. Ciliated cells were found in 14 of the 65 specimens (21.5%) and were seen more often in elderly patients. The percentage of specimens with ciliated cells at the Kuakini Hospital was 35, which was very similar to the percentage found in a previous survey (40.5) in Japanese patients at the same hospital or in Japanese living in Japan (35%). In previous studies we found that ciliated gastric cells are rarely present in indigenous populations in Scandinavia, the U.S. mainland, Mexico, and Spain. Thus, our results seem to be a further indication that local environmental factors may trigger histological changes in the gastric mucosa and that those changes may be unrelated to the ethnic origin of the patient.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Local injury information, community participation and injury reduction.

Better injury prevention is now a national health priority in Australia. Applying the health promotion strategies of the Ottawa Charter to injury prevention forms the basis of the World Health Organization's worldwide Safe Communities program. Taking such a community-focused approach has led to quantifiable reductions in injuries in several overseas countries, particularly in Scandinavia where falls of up to 30 per cent in particular injuries have been reported over a three-year period. In the Illawarra area of New South Wales, data from local hospital emergency departments have been used as the basis for a 'community information' strategy, in an attempt to replicate this overseas experience in an Australian setting. Reductions of 17 per cent in attendances by children for injuries (P < 0.001) and a 14 per cent fall in accident-related hospital admissions of children (not statistically significant) have been observed over the course of the four-year intervention. Problems of community definition and external confounding influences outside the control of the project make it difficult to confirm a causal relationship. However, community information forms one important component in a comprehensive local injury-reduction strategy.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1993

[Hvidovre Hospital. Measures to control the spread of imported multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus].

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are endemic in many hospitals abroad. Patients transferred from these hospitals may give rise to a spread of MRSA in Scandinavian hospitals, where MRSA only occur sporadically. A spread of MRSA may have great therapeutic and economic consequences for the local health care system and should therefore be met by strict hygienic measures. In Hvidovre Hospital patients transferred from or recently admitted to hospitals outside Scandinavia, are screened for MRSA. Patients carrying MRSA are isolated and discharged as soon as possible. Attempts are made to eliminate the carrier state by means of chlorhexidine.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Osteoporosis treatment--state of the art].

In a number of Scandinavian studies it has been estimated that the incidence of femoral fractures in Scandinavia will double during the coming 20 years. Femoral fractures is also an increasingly frequent problem in developing countries. No treatment is available that will promote the regeneration of bone tissue. At best, remaining bone tissue can be strengthened. The article provides a survey of possible ways to prevent osteoporosis that are available now or may be introduced in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Survey of amalgam and composite restorations in Korea.

A small scale survey amongst general dental practitioners in Korea aimed to discover the reasons for placement or replacement of restorations. Material used and cavity type were recorded as was the age of restorations to be replaced, where known. Comparisons with data from the USA, Scandinavia, the UK and Italy provide the basis for observations on the reasons for longevity of restorations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Finland 1993. Theatre nursing today.

The health care organization in Finland, as in the rest of Scandinavia, forms an important part of the social security services which are delivered to the public by the state and the health boards. In fact, the Finnish National health care organization, being economically and geographically achievable equally for all Finnish citizens, is mentioned by the World Health Organization as an example of a well functioning system. We also have private health care services, providing services mainly for those who want to be taken care of only by a certain doctor, or those with health problems that they want treated immediately. Basically, there are no differences in the quality of care between the private sector and the public one. However, the private units provide only a small part of the sum total of the health care services. For example, the municipal and state hospitals have about 63,500 beds, whereas the private hospitals have about 3,200 beds.

Finland↗
PubMed1979

Aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica.

A close aetiological relation between Korean haemorrhagic fever and nephropathia epidemica of Scandinavia has often been suggested because of similarities in their clinical picture and epidemiology. This relation has now been confirmed serologically; raised titres of antibody to Korean haemorrhagic fever agent and seroconversions have been found by the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique in 20 patients with nephropathia epidemica.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Chlamydia pneumoniae--pathogenesis and perspectives].

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, formerly named TWAR but identified as a distinct species since 1988, is now considered to be the most common agent of chlamydial infection in Scandinavia. C pneumoniae has a different tissue trophism from that of Chlamydia trachomatis, since C pneumoniae may infect bronchi and lungs, macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. C pneumoniae, like other chlamydiae, has a slow, intracellular life cycle. An absence of reaction from the host cells, combined with scant tissual reaction owing to the low endotoxic activity of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, may help to explain the usually discreet clinical picture. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease may follow chronic lung infection, and acute pneumonic episodes can trigger myocardial infarct. Asymptomatic infection with C pneumoniae is widespread. Intriguing diagnostic questions are the possible existence of a non-pathogenic carrier state, and the conceivable sensitization of the host with respect to a heterotypic, secondary chlamydial infection by, for example, C trachomatis, giving rise to an aggravated clinical picture. Early antibiotics are indicated to avoid the development of chronic disease.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1995

[Cardiac radiology].

From the beginning of the era of X-rays, cardiac radiology has become a target of this new technique. Early pioneers, Ciegem, Rieder, Rosenthal, Williams rapidly accumulated extensive experience with fluoroscopy and radiography and publications on cardiac diseases as soon as 1899 and 1901 and 1902. The next step in cardiac diagnosis was achieved by Forsmann in 1929, with the first attempt at cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Many clinicians, Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi contributed to the development of the technique between 1930 and 1940. A further turning point came in 1941 when Cournand demonstrated that cardiac catheterization was a safe method in man. In the technical field major progress came from Scandinavia were rapid filming was born. The management of ischaemic disease, changed dramatically with the demonstration of coronary anatomy, largely due to Sones, Judkins and Amplatz. A further progress was initiated in 1977 by Gruentzig who invented balloon angioplasty.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1995

The history of angiography.

From the beginning of the era of X-rays, cardiac radiology has become a target of this new technique. Early pioneers, Ciegem, Rieder, Rosenthal, Williams rapidly accumulated extensive experience with fluoroscopy and radiography and publications on cardiac diseases as soon as 1899 and 1901 and 1902. The next step in cardiac diagnosis was achieved by Forsmann in 1929, with the first attempt at cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Many clinicians, Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi contributed to the development of the technique between 1930 and 1940. A further turning point came in 1941 when Cournand demonstrated that cardiac catheterization was a safe method in man. In the technical field major progress came from Scandinavia were rapid filming was born. The management of ischaemic disease, changed dramatically with the demonstration of coronary anatomy, largely due to Sones, Judkins and Amplatz. A further progress was initiated in 1977 by Gruentzig who invented balloon angioplasty.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1996

[Losartan and the LIFE-study. Antihypertensive treatment with AT1-receptor antagonist].

The renin-angiotensin system, through the effects of angiotensin II, may be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and associated left ventricular hypertrophy. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) lowers blood pressure and reduces left ventricular hypertrophy. ACEI, however, may not completely inhibit the production of angiotensin II and its effects, and adverse effects like cough and rise in creatinine have been associated with ACEI and reduced degradation of bradykinin. The first selective antagonist of the angiotensin II-1 (AT1) receptor, losartan, has recently been approved. The LIFE study has been started, in which 8,300 hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy in Scandinavia and the USA will be randomized to blinded treatment with either atenolol or losartan to compare the effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality over a period of five years.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1996

[Current ulcer treatment].

Patients with wounds and cutaneous ulcers have been a costly but low priority group. During recent years, greater attention has been focused on wound problems, partly as the result of the formation of interest groups and the establishment of wound treatment centres, e.g. in Britain and the USA. In June this year, the first wound treatment centre in Scandinavia is to open in Copenhagen. Research and education in this field give promise of modernised treatment for patients with chronic non-healing wounds and ulcers.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

[Hepatitis C virus infection. Epidemiology].

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is parenteral in 60 to 70% of cases, related either to blood transfusion or to intravenous drug use. Minor routes of infection have also been identified: sexual transmission, intrafamilial transmission, mother-to-infant transmission. In 30 to 40% of cases, no obvious risk factor for HCV contamination can be identified. Subjects at risk for HCV infection are patients who received transfusions of blood or blood products, hemophiliacs, patients under renal dialysis, patients who underwent organ transplantation, intravenous drug users and, to a lesser extent, healthcare workers. HCV is present everywhere in the world. The prevalence of HCV markers varies from 0.5% in Scandinavia or Switzerland to more than 5% in some developing countries. This prevalence is about 1% in France. The study of HCV genotypes shows that their distribution varies according to geographical localization and that some genotypes are associated with special routes of contamination.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis; some data from Sweden, Estonia and Ethiopia.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a threat not only to the estimated 50 million people in the world carrying resistant strains, but also to the success of national TB control programmes. In Sweden, multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis comprises around 1% of the isolated strains. Isoniazid resistance is found in 7% of strains and resistance to other drugs in < 3%. Of patients with resistant TB 70% are born outside Scandinavia. Preliminary data from Estonia show that close to 20% of the strains are resistant to each of the drugs isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin. MDR is seen in around 16%. In a study in Ethiopia isoniazid resistance was found in 46% and MDR in 11% among treatment failures and relapse cases.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1996

[Desensitization, hyposensitization, specific immunotherapy].

The technique of desensitization began in Great Britain in 1911 (Noon). Modifications have recently been introduced in some European countries: in the South, desensitization is the cornerstone of treatment of immediate allergy, whilst in Scandinavia and especially in Great Britain the number of desensitizations has decreased.

Allergens↗