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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The impact of national health insurance on the notification of tuberculosis in Taiwan.

SETTING: General notification of tuberculosis in Taiwan. OBJECTIVES: To ensure the completeness of notification of tuberculosis (TB) in Taiwan, the Bureau of National Health Insurance (NHI) introduced two policies in 1997: 1) the no-notification-no-reimbursement (NNNR) policy, and 2) the notification-fee (NF) policy. The goals of this study were to investigate the impact of the NNNR and NF policies on notification of TB. DESIGN: Review of all cases notified to the National TB Register from 1995 to 1999 to determine calendar trend, type of case and source of notification. RESULTS: There were 11,453 and 13,612 reported cases in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Following the implementation of the NHI policies, there was a 47% increase in 1997, with 20 021 reported cases. Quarterly reporting of cases reached a historic peak in the third quarter of 1997. The increase in reported cases was mainly from general hospitals/clinics. Since 1998, the number of reported cases has declined steadily, at a rate of 7% and 3% in 1998 and 1999, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The NNNR and NF policies had a significant impact on notification of TB in Taiwan. These policies substantially improved completeness of reporting, an observation with implications for surveillance of other reported diseases.

Disease Notification↗
PubMed2002

[Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antitubercular agents in Antananarivo in 2000].

In 1991, the National Tuberculosis control Program (NTP) of Madagascar adopted the short treatment course and the Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS), according to the recommendations of the OMS/UICTMR. Development of M. tuberculosis primary resistance to the four antituberculosis drugs (streptomycin [S], rifampicine [R], isoniazid [H], ethambutol [E]) is an indicator of the NTP efficiency. We report results from a five-year survey among patients with new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Acquired resistance is assessed among recurrent cases. During the first survey, carried out in 1994-1995 in four large cities, multidrug resistance (MDR) rate to the major antituberculosis drug H and R was low, 0.25% for primary MDR and 5% for acquired MDR. No primary MDR was found in Antananarivo; on the other hand, acquired resistance rate was the highest there (22%). Because of logistical reasons, the second survey (1999-2000) was only carried out in the capital, Antananarivo. Results obtained among 789 new patients with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and 79 recurrents cases in 9 diagnostic centres showed low primary and acquired resistance of 11.1% to any drug. Primary resistance to one drug was 10.6%, mainly due to streptomycin 8.5%. MDR rates are comparable with those observed in 1994-1995: 0.1% for primary MDR and 4% for acquired MDR. These results show that ten years after the new NTP implementation, only a few MDR strains are circulating in Antananarivo, which suggests that NTP has been effective.

Antibiotics, Antitubercular↗
PubMed2002

[Validation of questionnaire methods to identify Schistosoma haematobium bilharziasis hyperendemic zones in Madagascar].

Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in Madagascar. The aim of the national control program is to reduce the morbidity in hyperendemic areas. A prospective study has been conducted in Morombe and Ampanihy to elaborate a simple method to identify Shistosoma haematobium hyperendemic communities. The study included 1,373 children from 5 to 15 years old in 17 primary schools. Moderate sensitivity and Negative Predictive Value, with high specificity and Positive Predictive Value of "blood in urine" and "Schistosomiasis" have been found. Those diagnosis values increase with age. The first symptom should be used in older children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Update: Adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-April 13, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 32,644 civilian health-care and public health workers in 54 jurisdictions as part of an effort to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on all vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the vaccination program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of April 13.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2003

The role of apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes.

The mechanisms of apoptosis have been extensively studied in certain cell types such as lymphocytes. However, while it is known that apoptosis is an intrinsic part of the turnover of normal human keratinocytes, relatively little is known about how this cell population utilizes programmed cell death to maintain cutaneous homeostasis. The apoptotic pathways thought to be employed by epidermal keratinocytes in the various cell layers are reviewed, with special emphasis on the protective mechanisms such as proto-oncogenes bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, growth factors, and the NFkB pathway in protecting keratinocytes from premature apoptosis during the process of upward migration and differentiation. The similarities and distinctions between terminal differentiation and apoptosis in keratinocytes are discussed. Both the passive and active apoptosis, including the TNF alpha and Fas-mediated pathways are highlighted, with regards to utilization in normal human epidermal turnover. A firm understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis in normal human epidermis may allow dermatologists to further appreciate the aberrancies of this process in psoriatic epidermis, and impact on future targets by which to treat hyperproliferative disease.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2003

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-August 8, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 38,257 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of August 8.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1992

Why do some families become defaulters in a hospital based nutrition rehabilitation follow-up programme?

Since 1989, a nutrition rehabilitation follow-up (NFU) service is being offered in the Dhaka hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Parents bring their children for treatment of diarrhoea and those with additional diagnosis of moderate to severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are referred to NFU. Families with severely undernourished children are encouraged to attend NFU. Some of them do not come back to NFU after the first or subsequent visits and are considered as 'defaulters'. This paper focuses on the reasons why some families become defaulters. Thirty-two defaulter families were matched with an equal number of non-defaulter families for age and gender of the child and follow-up visit number. All families were interviewed. Children from both groups had similar nutritional, socio-economic status and parental education level. The main reason stated by defaulter mothers for not coming to NFU was 'follow-up was not needed since the child was okay'. The main reason for coming to NFU stated by non-defaulter mothers was for 'the child's improvement', indicating that parental perception of the child's nutritional status differ in the two groups. A greater proportion (75%) of defaulter mothers as compared to non-defaulter mothers (41%) came to NFU accompanied by another adult. It was not possible to identify potential defaulters. Thus all families accepting NFU must be given equal attention. The poor nutritional status of the child and associated risks must be explained to the mother and other family members. The benefits of NFU to the child and family must be stressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Descriptive features of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) are presented using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program population-based incidence data from 1973 through 1987, along with risk factors from histologically confirmed cases of BAC identified in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Louisiana between 1979 and 1982. Compared to the rising incidence of lung cancer overall, BAC rates have remained relatively constant, accounting for less than 3% of all lung cancer. BAC incidence rates were higher in males, yet it explained proportionately more of the total lung cancer incidence in females. In the case-control study, 21 of the 33 cases originally ascertained from hospital pathology records were histologically confirmed as BAC. Most cases smoked cigarettes, with a 4-fold risk for ever smoking. Risks tended to increase with smoking intensity (reaching 10-fold for more than 1.5 packs/day) and duration (reaching 5-fold for more than 45 years of smoking). Following 10 or more years of employment, there was a 4-fold risk associated with motor freight occupations, along with nonsignificant excesses among construction workers, petroleum manufacturers, and sugar cane farmers. Cases were more likely than controls to have had emphysema or to have had a close family member with lung cancer. Although based on small numbers, this study suggests that BAC shares many of the epidemiological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗