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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Cohort analysis of population distribution change in Japan: processes of population concentration in the Tokyo region and its future].

"This paper aims at analyzing the relationships between net-migration and the transition of population distribution from the perspective of cohort analysis. The article consists of three parts: (1) review of...previous studies...; (2) evaluation of the transition of population distribution in Japan...; (3) presentation of a new projection method, where a basic concept of a new method for regional population projection and the preliminary trial for the Tokyo Region are discussed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Electrophysiologic identification of preganglionic neurons in rat dorsal motor nucleus and analysis of vagus afferent projections.

Electrophysiological studies on preganglionic neurons (PGNs) in the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus nerve has been hampered by technical limitations. Conventional electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve with cathodal square-wave pulses activates both preganglionic and afferent fibers. Thus, some PGNs cannot be identified because the anticipated antidromic responses would be blocked due to collision with those orthodromic responses evoked with shorter latencies by activation of fast-conducting afferent fibers. Projections of vagus afferent fibers to PGNs are difficult to analyse with conventional methods because a preceding antidromic response may affect an orthodromic response which has a slightly longer latency. A new stimulation method was designed, consisting of anodal triangular pulse stimulation and spontaneous-spike triggered stimulation. In chlorase-urethane-anesthetized rats, unitary responses of the DMN to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vagus nerve were recorded. When only an orthodromic response by a DMN neuron was recorded with conventional stimulation, application of anodal triangular pulse stimulation revealed an antidromic response, so that the cell in question could be identified as a PGN. Some neurons that produced only an antidromic response to conventional stimulation, revealed an orthodromic response on spontaneous-spike triggered stimulation, which blocked the antidromic response due to collision. With these procedures, orthodromic responses due to vagus afferent projections were recorded in 35% of the identified PGNs, mostly due to C and partly, A fiber activations. All these projections were polysynaptic in nature. In conclusion, one-third of the PGNs of the DMN are involved in vagovagal reflexes, which occur through multisynaptic pathways.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1998

In-house development of test equipment for quality control and training. Case study: a prototype ECG simulator-tester.

The support services for biomedical technology address a variety of technical and administrative issues, concerning the safe and efficient operation of medical equipment over the period of its intended use and the training of hospital personnel in issues concerning safety and quality. Clinical Engineering Departments undertake the responsibility of developing and operating training programs in medical equipment utilisation apart from the traditional role of training and supervising technicians involved in testing, calibration and preventive/corrective maintenance of electromedical equipment. In view of the above, the Institute of Biomedical Technology and the Centre of Biomedical Engineering collaborated for the design and development of a prototype digital ECG and arrhythmia simulator. In the absence of internationally accepted inspection protocols for ECG simulators, the verification phase of the project involved mainly the inspection of the device's conformity to its initial technical specifications. The results demonstrated that this tester. due to simplicity in construction and easiness of use could be a practical, reliable and economical solution for electrocardiograph and ECG monitor testing and waveform recognition training.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1987

Past and recent attempts to model mortality at all ages.

"Most laws of mortality are partial in the sense that they apply only to a broad age group and not to all ages. This paper focuses on three laws of mortality that apply to all ages. Two of them were developed by the actuaries Thiele and Wittstein in the late 19th century. The third, developed by Heligman and Pollard, is of recent origin. The three laws are discussed with references to Scandinavian mortality data. The results suggest that the most recently proposed law can be used for generation of model life tables, for making population projections, simulations, and other statistical work where there is a need for a realistic model of human mortality."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Projection of mean and variance functions for population processes with time-homogeneous laws of evolution.

This paper provides algorithms for projection of mean and covariance functions for stochastic population processes governed by time-homogeneous laws of fertility and mortality. The theoretical foundation of the algorithms is general age-dependent branching processes in discrete time. The algorithms are employed in several illustrative projections, based on 1982 Chinese data, of a population experiencing an abrupt transition to below replacement fertility. Methods of constructing confidence limits for total population size are illustrated. Also developed are procedures for projecting mean and variance functions for populations which may be heterogeneous with respect to mortality or fertility. The projections performed yield two observations. First, the coefficient of variation in population size appears to be inversely related to the Malthusian parameter of population growth. Second, the coefficient of variation for population size is negligible for large homogeneous initial populations. But when the initial population is heterogeneous with respect to fertility or mortality, then substantial coefficients of variation, exceeding 0.4, are observed in some of the projections performed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

The medical heavy ion therapy project at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung facility in Darmstadt.

It could be demonstrated that local tumor control is considerably improved by radiation therapy with charged particles (protons or heavier ions). The advantages of heavy ion therapy compared to conventional photon therapy techniques are due to the better physical dose distributions achievable and the radiobiological characteristics of heavy ions. However, because of the expense and complexity of heavy ion therapy it is only carried out at a few facilities throughout the world. The Radiologische Universitätsklinik (Radiological University Hospital) and the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Centre, DKFZ) in Heidelberg, in collaboration with the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (Laboratory for Heavy Ion, GSI) in Darmstadt, have developed a concept to use the new heavy ion synchrotron (Schwerionen-Synchroton SIS) in Darmstadt for medical-clinical irradiations. Due to the high flexibility of the SIS accelerator the medical program can be performed in addition to the planned physical experiments with minor interference only. The close geographical proximity of the three institutes involved and the accelerator which will be completed by the end of 1989 provide the unique opportunity to carry out relevant clinical, medical-physical, physical-technical, and radiobiological research in a relatively short time and, compared to similar projects in other countries, at low cost.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Technical note: Whole-genome amplification of DNA extracted from cattle semen samples.

The bovine genome sequence project and the discovery of many thousands of bovine single nucleotide polymorphisms has opened the door for large-scale genotyping studies to identify genes that contribute to economically important traits with relevance to the beef and dairy industries. Large amounts of DNA will be required for these research projects. This study reports the use of the whole-genome amplification (WGA) method to create an unlimited supply of DNA for use in genotyping studies and long-term storage for future gene discovery projects. Two commercial WGA kits (GenomiPhi, Amersham Biosciences, Sydney, Australia, and REPLI-g, Qiagen, Doncaster, Australia) were used to amplify DNA from straws of bull semen, resulting in an average of 7.2 and 67 microg of DNA per reaction, respectively. The comparison of 3.5 kb of sequences from the amplified and unamplified DNA indicated no detectable DNA differences. Similarly, gene marker analysis conducted on genomic DNA and DNA after WGA indicated no difference in marker amplification or clarity and accuracy of scoring for approximately 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers when compared with WGA samples genotyped in duplicate. These results illustrate that WGA is a suitable method for the amplification and recovery of DNA from bull semen samples for routine genomic investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Modelling urban-rural population growth in China.

"The population of China is still growing despite a dramatic decline in fertility in the past two decades. There are marked urban-rural differentials in fertility and, as a result, the pace of urbanization has significant effects on population growth. In this research an attempt is made to model urban-rural population growth in China. A demoeconomic model of urban and rural sectors is calibrated to account for the long-term trend of urbanization in China.... An accounts-based urban-rural population model, in which rural to urban migration and transition are driven by the foregoing demoeconomic model, is established.... These models are used to make urban-rural population projections for the period 1988-2087 under various fertility rate assumptions."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Heart, body, and soul: a church-based smoking-cessation program for Urban African Americans.

BACKGROUND: This article provides a descriptive overview of the implementation process of the Heart, Body, and Soul program. The program objective was to test strategies to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among urban African Americans in East Baltimore. METHOD: This study constitutes a prospective randomized trial among inner-city African Americans designed to improve quit rates among church attenders. A random-digit-dialing survey was conducted to establish baseline levels of self-reported cigarette smoking, examine attendant attitudes, and determine the presence of known cardiovascular risk factors among community residents of the catchment area. A similar survey was conducted among churchgoers to establish a baseline. Twenty-two churches were recruited and randomly assigned to either intensive or minimal (self-help) intervention strategies. Baseline health screenings were held in all participating churches. Innovative culturally specific smoking cessation strategies mediated through lay volunteers from participating churches were implemented in the intensive intervention churches. RESULTS: Pastors of all churches were directly involved in all aspects of the planning and implementation process. A total of 29 volunteer lay smoking-cessation specialists were trained and successfully implemented the intensive interventions in churches. An additional 272 church members were trained to conduct their church's health screenings. CONCLUSION: The essential component of this successful implementation process were building trust and acceptance and providing the technical support to encourage smoking-cessation strategies. This description of the project is presented to assist others involved in church-based trials in urban African American communities.

Adult↗