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PubMed1965

EVALUATION OF TYPHOID VACCINES IN THE LABORATORY AND IN A CONTROLLED FIELD TRIAL IN POLAND. PRELIMINARY REPORT.

In 1961 a controlled field trial of anti-typhoid vaccines was carried out in 25 regions in Poland. Four types of vaccine were studied: (1) bacterial acetone-killed and -dried vaccine (two kinds), (2) bacterial formol-killed phenol-preserved vaccine, (3) Westphal's endotoxin adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide, and (4) Grasset's vaccine (autolysate of typhoid bacilli adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide). The control vaccine was tetanus toxoid. A total of 690 655 persons received two inoculations. Prior to the field trial, laboratory tests were carried out on the vaccines, postvaccinal reactions were studied, and a serological examination was made of randomly selected blood samples. The vaccination was followed by a two-year survey of cases of typhoid and other diseases. Among children aged 5-14 years, the formol-killed phenol-preserved vaccine was found to be the most effective and Grasset's vaccine the least. Among adults aged 15-60 years, no conclusive evidence for the effectiveness of the vaccines could be obtained owing to the small number of cases. This may be due to the maintenance of immunity through repeated annual vaccination with bacterial vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Principles of developing the register of chemical substances in Poland].

The author present the principles for establishing the register of chemical substances in Poland. After considering different world's registers of chemical compound it was observed that the rules of creating this sort of register in the USA are most suitable for the Polish demands. It was suggested that the criterion of classifying a given substance to the register should be the chemical's content 100 kg. For the substances known as cancerogenic this threshold level is going to be 5 kg. Moreover, the principles and a schedule for preparing such a register are specified. One of the most important conditions that must be fulfilled in order to establish the register is applying the relevant legal regulations.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluation of students' nutrition in Poland based on the data for the year 2001 gathered by the Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations].

Having used reports from sanitary-epidemiological stations, a situation of schools supplementary nutrition in all types of schools in Poland in the year 2001 has been analyzed. It has been stated, that a hot meal is consumed by 16.1% (1,090,535) of pupils. It has been reported, that schools serving meals probably met demand, but meals were not provided in 65% of schools. In these institutions, creating possibility of serving meals appears to be the most important task on the way to improve pupils nutrition in schools. In 60% of schools such conditions need to be established from the foundation, while in 5% of schools it is enough to make use of existent potential. It has been emphasized, that a pupil of every school should have possibility to have a drink (today it is possible in 32% of schools) as well as to eat a sandwich. Milk products were consumed in 4% of schools and it concerned 2% of pupils. In 40% of schools a pupil could purchase in a grocery articles of consumption, mainly confectionery articles and non-milk drinks. However, pupils should be encouraged and stimulated to purchase in groceries products reinforcing rational nutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The incidence of HLA DRB1*0103 in ulcerative colitis patients in north-eastern Poland.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease is partially genetically determined and the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) alloantigens and genes located in the HLA region have been studied over the course of many years as the candidate genes responsible for ulcerative colitis. Improvements in molecular genotyping have allowed disease association with HLA to be narrowed down to specific subtypes. For class II antigens, increasing phenotype frequency of DRB1*0103, DRB1*1502 is observed and positive correlation to disease susceptibility is proposed. We investigated the incidence of HLA DRB1*0103 in ulcerative colitis patients in North-Eastern Poland and possible association with overall disease susceptibility and clinical course of the disease. METHODOLOGY: 41 patients and 45 healthy control blood donors were included in this study. All subjects were Polish. RESULTS: The incidence of HLA DRB1*0103 was low (2.44%), but was associated with fulminant course of the disease (pancolitis with megacolon toxicum). None of the ethnically matched healthy control blood donors possessed the HLA DRB1*0103 allele (0.00%). CONCLUSIONS: The results gained in the presented study confirm, that in the Polish population HLA DRB1*0103 allele is uncommon and it would not be a useful marker of disease susceptibility.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

EBV-positive gastric carcinomas in Poland.

Epstein-Barr virus plays a substantial role in numerous human neoplasms including gastric carcinoma, as proved recently. In our series EBV has been detected in five cases of forty (12.5%) gastric carcinomas. It may indicate that Poland is one of the countries with the highest EBV-induced gastric carcinoma incidence worldwide.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The molecular characterisation of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka isolated in Poland.

The molecular attributes of the first ESBL producing isolate 267/99 of Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka isolated in 1999 in Poland were characterised. Tested strain produced CTX-M-3 and TEM-1 beta-lactamases, encoded by genes localised on the about 80 kb self-transferable plasmid, harbouring the 2 kb class 1 integron carrying aadA2 gene.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Four main reasons of maternal death in Poland between 1991-2000].

Maternal death during pregnancy, labour and puerperium constitutes the main problem of prenatal medicine and still a major public health topic. In this work we analyses maternal deaths in Poland between 1991-2000. There were 4,404,641 live births and 462 maternal deaths. Among them there were 402 direct ("true") maternal deaths with mortality rate 9.1 per 100,000 live births and 60 indirect maternal deaths (rate 1.4). There were 218 cases of pregnancy associated deaths (rate 4.9). The main causes of direct maternal deaths were as follows: haemorrhage--33.6% (rate 3.1), sepsis--27.3% (rate 2.5), amniotic fluid embolism--22.4% (rate 2.0) and pregnancy induced hypertension 16.7% (rate 1.5). Increasing maternal age is one of important risk factor for mortality. Over 30% of direct pregnancy related deaths were noted within women above 35 years. Unsatisfactory antenatal care, management deficiency and patient's neglect were main risk factor foe fatal outcome. Practical conclusions should be issued as general rules, instructions and recommendations. Between one third to one half of the maternal deaths are considered to have been preventable.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Population genetics of the 10 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in the population of Podlasie (Northeastern Poland)].

A population study on 10 STR loci: D3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01 and FGA was performed on 620 unrelated individuals born in Podlasie (NE Poland). The DNA was amplified by multiplex PCR using a commercially available multiplex AmpFISTR SGM Plus kit. Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescent detection was carried out using the ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. The expected performance of the analysed loci for personal identification and paternity testing was estimated. All loci met the Hardy-Weinberg assumption. No significant differences between the studied population and other Polish data were found. The combined values of the Matching Probability and of the Power of Exclusion are 4.18 x 10(-13) and 0.99997, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Population genetics of the D1S80 system in a Central Poland region].

Population data concerning the D1S80 system based on the analysis of 775 persons from Central Poland region was presented. Accordance with the Hardy and Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was proved using two different statistical approaches. The parameters for the appropriateness of this marker for investigations in the analysed population was also assessed: heterozygosity--0.79, PIC--0.77, PD--0.93, PE--0.62, PI--12.8 and frequency of mutation events--0.27%.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Population genetics of 9 Y-chromosome STR loci w Northern Poland].

A total of 508 unrelated males from the North Poland population were analyzed for 9 Y-chromosome STRs (DYS 19, DYS 390, DYS 393, DYS 392, DYS 391, DYS 389I, DYS 389II and DYS 385I/II) using two multiplex reactions and detection of PCR products using capillary electrophoresis. In the analyzed sample 328 different haplotypes were identified, among which 264 were unique. It was found that the model for a Polish population haplotype (DYS 19*17, DYS 390*25, DYS 393*13, DYS 392*11, DYS 391*10, DYS 389I*13, DYS 389II*30, DYS 385I/II*10,14) is almost 15 times more frequent in our population than in a cumulative European one. The haplotype diversity/discrimination index calculated for 9 loci is 0.9943. In the analysed population sample three mutations were detected in the DYS19 (duplication) and DYS385I/II loci (triplications).

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed1992

[A case of so-called Poland's syndrome].

Pathogenesis, morphology and different associated abnormalities in the so-called Poland syndrome are considered. The surgical treatment adopted in the case recently observed is discussed. In most cases an isolated muscular and breast hypoplasia or aplasia is present so that surgery has the only intent to solve the esthetic problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii among farming population in eastern Poland.

The presence of blood serum antibodies to Coxiella burnetii phase I antigen, indicative of chronic Q fever or convalescence, was found by indirect immuno-fluorescent test in 16 out of 90 examined farmers (17.8 %) living in the Lublin region (eastern Poland) and in none of 30 examined urban blood donors living in the city of Lublin (p < 0.05). In both groups no antibodies to C. burnetii phase II antigen, indicative of acute Q fever, were detected. The frequency of antibodies among farmers was greater in females than in males (26.1 % versus 9.1 %, p < 0.05) and was significantly dependent on age ( xi(2) = 146.42, p < 0.000001) being greatest in the subgroup of farmers aged 41-55 (38.5 %) while no positive reactions were found in young and elderly farmers (respectively, equal to or below 25 and above 56 years). The results suggest that the examined agricultural region could be in the past an epidemic area of Q fever, probably before 15-30 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Health promotion and health care system reform in Poland].

The development of health promotion is determined by the defined changes of health situation of population, which occur in time. Contemporary methods of health promotion were initiated in 1970's, when the problem of increase of civilization (behavioural) diseases strongly related to lifestyles, was noticed. Health promotion programmes in Poland in spite of many achievements in the conceptualization phase, encounter difficulties in implementation, because of lack of appropriate structural solutions and financial support for this important public health area.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2003

[Rate of liver fibrosis progression among patients with chronic hepatitis C in Poland].

AIM: To assess the rate of liver fibrosis (RLF) among previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to identify predictors of rapid progression to cirrhosis in this group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of 337 consecutive patients with biopsy proven CHC (anti-HCV and HCVRNA positive; F/M: 153/184; mean age at biopsy: 43 +/- 14 years) and with known probable age at infection have been analysed. There were no intravenous drug users among the patients. HBsAg--and HIV-positive subjects as well as those with other concomitant liver disease were excluded from the analysis. The RLF was defined as the ratio between fibrosis stage (scored 0-6 units [U] according to Ishak's criteria, with 6 representing established cirrhosis) and the duration of HCV infection (in years). The RLF was analysed in relation to the age at infection, sex, route of transmission, alcohol abuse, past HBV infection, acute hepatitis history, HCV genotype and hepatic steatosis. Based on published data, a patient with RLF > or = 0.3 U/yr (cirrhosis up to 20 years after HCV infection) was arbitrarily defined as a rapid progressor. Both uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: The mean RLF was 0.14 +/- 0.17 U/yr (range 0-0.83) and the expected mean duration from infection to cirrhosis was 43 years. In multivariate analysis the only independent factors associated with an increase in RLF were the older age at infection and alcohol abuse (both with p < 0.0001). 58 [17.2%] patients were rapid progressors and the same factors as mentioned above have been independent predictors of cirrhosis up to 20 years after infection. There were as much as 55.5% of rapid progressors among alcohol abusers infected in the age over 30 and only 1.9% among non-alcoholic patients infected in the age up to 30 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that natural course of CHC in Poland is similar to other regions of the world. HCV-related liver disease progression is accelerated among alcohol abusers and infected in older age. In contrast, risk of cirrhosis seems to be minimal among non-alcoholic patients infected before the age of 30.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito larvae in the Wrocław, Poland area.

A total of 13,214 larvae specimens representing eight species (Culex pipiens, Culiseta annulata, Ochlerotatus cantans, Ochlerotatus communis, Ochlerotatus excrucians, Ochlerotatus sticticus, Aedes vexans, and Anopheles maculipennis) from twelve sampling places in the Wrocław area in Poland were collected between May and October, 1998-2000. The development rate of each mosquito species depended on hydrological types and various plant communities in water bodies. The water quality (temperature, pH and ion concentration) influenced mosquito larvae dynamics as well. The most abundant and constant species was Cx. pipiens. Its monthly population was significantly higher in the water bodies located in the city center as compared to those in the suburbs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Difficulties in diagnosing and treating tinea in adults at the Department of Dermatology in Bialystok (Poland).

In the years 1981-2000, the department of dermatology at the Medical University of Bialystok, Poland, carried out a retrospective study of common difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of tinea. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of incorrect diagnosis and therapy of tinea and tinea incognito (TI) in the patients hospitalized at the institution over a 19-year period. Tinea was identified in 814 patients (4.3% of all patients). TI was diagnosed in 318 patients (39.1% of all patients with tinea). The most diagnostic-therapeutic problems were observed in the patients with tinea pedis, tinea cutis glabrae superficialis, intertrigo candidamycetica, tinea profunda cutis glabrae and tinea profunda barbae. The most common clinical isolates were T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Candida albicans. A high percentage of TI was present in comparison with all other tinea conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Selenium in selected species of mushrooms from Poland].

The selenium was quantified in the caps, stalks or a whole fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis), brown birch scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum), parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera), fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) and poison pax (Paxillus involutus) collected at the various regions of Poland in 1998-2001. King bolete, parasol mushroom and fly agaric were a much more abundant in selenium than brown birch scaber stalk or poison pax. Some differences were observed between the selenium content of the particular species collected at different sites as well as depending on anatomical part of the fruiting body.

Agaricales↗