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PubMed1980

Human chorionic gonadotropin in intrauterine device users.

Measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone were carried out by means of radioimmunoassays in 21 women with regular menstruating cycles, using an intrauterine device (IUD). Serum HCG was undetectable in 10 women. In 11 women very small amounts of HCG were detected, all under 3 mIU/ml. HCG curves were inactive and flat; in one case the highest level of HCG coincided with the LH peak; in another case HCG was detected in spite of lack of ovulation. These facts suggest a cross-reactivity of LH and no real presence of HCG.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pituitary microadenomas: diagnostic and therapeutic trends.

It can be categorically stated that any clinician who treats medical problems in women during the reproductive or the peripubertal years must be aware of risks of pituitary adenomas and available diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Pituitary adenomas may present during the pubertal period in association with delayed or incomplete development of secondary sexual characteristics. Primary or secondary amenorrhea may be the most obvious clinical abnormality. Patients with menstrual irregularity or secondary amenorrhea are at risk of hyperprolactinemia and pituitary adenomas. At present, the exact risk is unknown. Patients who are at greatest risk appear to be those with hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea. Patients with apparent functional hyperprolactinemia may be harboring small pituitary adenomas. This possibility should be considered when using bromocriptine therapy. Pregnancy in patients with pituitary adenomas may be either normal or complicated by pituitary tumor enlargement, hemorrhage, or visual disturbances. There is no known accurate predictor of individual risk. Patients conceiving spontaneously or after induced ovulation should be followed closely to detect and treat possible pituitary or visual complications, or both, as rapidly as possible, thereby avoiding serious permanent sequelae.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

The involvement of extracellular proteinases and proteinase inhibitors in mammalian fertilization.

Extracellular proteinases and proteinase inhibitors have been known to play many important roles in various biological systems. They are also important for reproductive functions of the mammals. Kallikrein stimulates human sperm motility. Porcine antithrombin III (AT III) has been identified to be a sperm-motility-stimulating protein and a chemoattractant for boar sperm. AT III-immunoreactive molecules are also detected on the zona pellucida of ovulated porcine eggs and are suggested to act as a sperm receptor. Proteinase inhibitors in the seminal plasma act as decapacitation factors. Both the proteinase inhibitors in the seminal plasma and the trypsin-like protein(s) on the surface of the sperm head play important roles in the sperm-egg interaction. The trypsin-like protein(s) are also involved in the induction of acrosome reaction. Plasminogen activator was demonstrated to be a trigger of the zona reaction. In summary, the roles of extracellular proteinases and proteinase inhibitors in the mammalian fertilization process are diversified and worthy of further investigation.

Acrosome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performance and sensitivity of modern home pregnancy tests.

We have studied the performance of three currently available home pregnancy tests. The Advance is a test based on monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme immunoassay format that specifically detects hCG in urine. The positive results are determined by the presence of a blue color in a color stick (30 minutes). The Daisy 2 and FACT are tests based on monoclonal antibodies that specifically detect hCG in urine in a hemagglutination inhibition assay; positive results are demonstrated by the deposition of a dot ring at the bottom of the test tube (45 minutes). Thirty-five patients who eventually became pregnant in that cycle collected the first morning urine specimens from day of ovulation (determined by ultrasound) in artificial insemination donor (AID) cycles, or from the date of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) for 16 consecutive days. In each specimen, the Advance, Daisy 2, and FACT tests were performed; in addition, beta-hCG levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. All the home pregnancy tests studied can detect pregnancy as early as 9 or 10 days post-conception, and they give positive results at the time of the expected onset of menses in 70%, 95%, and 88% of cases for Daisy 2, Advance, and FACT, respectively. The sensitivity of the these home pregnancy tests was determined to be about 200 mIU/mL of urine after correlating their positive or negative results with the concentrations of urinary beta-hCG determined by radioimmunoassay.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Cervical mucus changes in relationship to urinary luteinizing hormone.

In order to evaluate the relationship between the urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge as detected by the OvuSTICK (Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., Mountain View, CA) method and daily cervical mucus parameters, ten spontaneously ovulating women undergoing infertility evaluation were followed during their cycles with twice daily urinary LH testing as well as daily ultrasound, mucus evaluation, and hormonal assays of serum LH, progesterone (P), and estradiol (E2). Maximal cervical mucus scores, as determined using a modified Insler score, were noted to coincide consistently with the urinary LH surge as detected by twice daily testing and to precede ultrasound evidence of ovulation by 0 to 24 hours. Mucus scores rapidly declined in the 24-hour period following the urinary LH surge. Detection of the urinary LH surge may therefore help identify that period of time during which cervical mucus parameters are optimal and therefore facilitate the timing of artificial insemination, intercourse, or postcoital testing.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1999

[Follicular dynamics after treatment with hCG for ovulation induction in mares].

In this study the use of hCG for induction of ovulation is described. Factors such as follicle diameter at the time of administration of hCG (3000 IE hCG i.v.), follicular growth after hCG and the rate of double ovulations were evaluated. A total of 168 mares presented for artificial insemination were used. In 249 estrous periods hCG was given to mares exhibiting standing estrous when a minimum follicle diameter of 30 mm and a well developed edema of the endometrium could be detected by ultrasonography. In nine estrous periods ovulation occurred within 24 hours after hCG. The majority of mares (216; 86.7%) ovulated 24 to 48 hours after hCG and in 24 cases ovulation was delayed beyond 48 hours. Follicle size at the time of hCG administration (30-34 mm, 35-39 mm, > or = 40 mm) had no influence on the percentage of mares ovulating 24 to 48 hours after hCG (89.2%, 87.9%, and 83.7%, respectively). Double ovulations could be observed in 17.7% of estrous periods. The one cycle pregnancy rate was not influenced by follicle size (small 45.9%; medium 41.6%; large 47.5%). Repeated treatments with hCG during successive estrous cycles within one year did not influence the rate of responding to hCG. Mares in standing estrous respond well to hCG if a minimum follicle size of 30 mm and a well developed endometrial folding is present.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Inhibin mRNAs in ovine and bovine ovarian follicles and corpora lutea throughout the estrous cycle and gestation.

Follicles and corpora lutea were dissected from ovine and bovine ovaries and the RNA extracted and subjected to Northern blot analyses for alpha- and beta A-inhibin mRNAs, using bovine cDNA and cRNA probes. A cDNA probe detecting mRNA for cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) was used as a positive control. In cattle, alpha- and beta A-inhibin mRNAs were not detected in ovarian stroma, which could potentially have contained follicles up to 0.5 mm in diameter. Inhibin-alpha and -beta A mRNAs were detected in bovine antral follicles but after ovulation, the relative levels of alpha- and beta A-inhibin mRNAs declined and were undetectable in mature fully developed cyclic corpora lutea and in pregnancy corpora lutea from early to late gestation of the cow. In sheep, alpha- and beta A-inhibin mRNAs were detected in a pool of antral follicles but not in cyclic or pregnancy corpora lutea, which did contain P-450scc mRNA. It is concluded that in cattle and sheep, follicles and not mature corpora lutea are the ovarian source of inhibin.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A combined radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical study of ovarian oxytocin production during the periovulatory period in the ewe.

Corpora lutea and follicles were taken from the ovaries of 12 ewes at intervals from the start of luteolysis until 3 days after ovulation. RIA analysis of the tissue oxytocin content showed that luteal oxytocin concentrations declined during luteolysis to reach basal values at about the time of the next ovulation. Oxytocin was first measurable in the walls of 3 out of 6 preovulatory follicles during the LH surge, with a small increase in concentration to 26.1 +/- 6.6 pg/mg before ovulation, and a further increase in the young corpus luteum to concentrations exceeding 1 ng/mg 2-3 days later. After the LH surge, oxytocin was also found in the follicular fluid at a concentration of 3.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. Using immunocytochemical techniques, oxytocin and neurophysin were first detected in the follicle wall immediately before ovulation, and were localized in the granulosa cells. After ovulation the stained cells initially formed strands which appeared to break down to clusters and then to individual cells as the corpus luteum matured. The immunocytochemical picture also suggested that neurophysin immunoreactivity increased within a few hours of ovulation but that processing to oxytocin may be delayed. Measurements of circulating oxytocin concentrations revealed a pulsatile release pattern throughout the follicular phase with the height of the pulses decreasing from 25 +/- 5 pg/ml during luteolysis to a minimum of 11 +/- 2 pg/ml during the LH surge.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins of mouse oocytes mediated by integrins.

To study whether integrins on cell membrane ligate with intracellular cytoskeletal proteins and mediate their reorganization in egg activation, female mice were used for superovulation. The zona-free oocytes were incubated separately with specific ligand of integrins, an active RGD peptide, in vitro for certain period of time. RGE peptide and mouse capacitated sperm were used as controls. Freshly ovulated oocytes and those treated with different factors were immunostained with FITC-labeled anti-actin antibody, then detected with confocal microscope. The results demonstrated that freshly ovulated mouse oocytes, oocytes incubated for 2 h in vitro and those treated with control RGE peptide for 15 min showed hardly visible fluorescene or only thin fluorescence in plasma membrane region. Oocytes coincubated with sperms for 15 min and those treated with active RGD peptide for 10 min, 30 min and 2 hours respectively had strong and thick fluorescence in the plasma membrane and cortical region of oocytes, and some of them showed asymmetrically fluorescent distribution. It is proved that integrins on membrane are ligated directly with cytoskeletal protein. Integrins binding with their ligands regulate reorganization of cytoskelal protein, which may be involved in transmembrane signaling in egg activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Termination of pseudopregnancy following hypothalamic implantation of prolactin.

Pseudopregnancy (PP) in the rat is characterized by maintenance of the corpora lutea and twice daily surges of prolactin at 1500-2100 h and 0100-0900 h. Four days after PP was induced by cervical stimulation with a glass rod, rats were cannulated via the right carotid artery and one day later received an implant of ovine prolactin (200-250 mg) or albumin (controls) into the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Forty-five of 54 rats implanted with prolactin showed a termination of PP within 4 days. Ova were recovered from 19 of these rats whereas all of the controls remained pseudopregnant and did not ovulate. Ovarian and uterine weights were increased in rats implanted with prolactin. Plasma prolactin levels in the rats implanted with prolactin were lower each day (45-89%) at 0100, 0300 and 1800 h compared to controls. Plasma LH levels rose gradually after prolactin implantation, and in those rats in which ovulation occurred, a preovulatory LH rise was detected at 1800 h on the previous day. It is concluded that daily surges of prolactin play an essential role in maintaining PP in the rat, and that implantation of prolactin into the median eminence results in inhibition of prolactin. The stimulation of LH secretion, which led to ovulation, may be the result of a direct neural action of prolactin on the LH release mechanism or may simply result from the termination of PP.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Correlations among three measures of puberty in mice and relationships with estradiol concentration and ovulation.

Correlations among ages and weights at vaginal opening (AVO, WVO), positive vaginal smear (AVE, WVE), and copulatory plug (AVP, WVP) were determined using 623 mice. Two additional experiments were conducted to determine association of each with serum concentrations of estradiol and incidence of ovulation. Female mice were weaned at 21 days and 24 days of age were assigned randomly to mate with males. Mice were checked daily to determine AVO, AVE, and AVP. Mice were weighted weekly and WVO, WVE, and WVP were obtained by interpolation. Genetic correlations among ages and weights were small and mainly negative. Phenotypic correlations were small to moderate and mainly positive. Genetic correlations among the three measures of age and among the three measures of weight were moderate to high and positive; respective phenotypic correlations were somewhat smaller. In experiment 2, mice were checked daily for the three reproductive measures and bled at vaginal opening (n = 23), positive smear (n = 18), or copulatory plug (n = 19). Serum was assayed for estradiol via radioimmunoassay. No differences were found among the three indicators (p = 0.34). In experiment 3, mice were randomly assigned to be killed after detection of vaginal opening, positive smear, or copulatory plug. Oviducts were removed and flushed with saline to determine presence of ova. A greater (p < 0.05) proportion of mice had ovulated when killed after detection of copulatory plug (20/22) than after positive smear (4/27), and the proportion was greater after positive smear than after vaginal opening (0/14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Effects of ewe breed and ram exposure on estrous behavior in May and June.

Two groups of purebred ewes (A and B), each consisting of 25 Dorsets and 25 Hampshires, were used to study effects of ewe breed and ram exposure on ovulation and estrus in May and June. Ewes lambed in January and February and were isolated from mature rams for at least 5 mo. From May 8 to June 11 (Period 1), Group A ewes were penned with vasectomized rams fitted with marking harnesses and Group B ewes were isolated from rams. From June 11 to July 13 (Period 2), rams were placed with Group B ewes and Group A ewes were isolated from rams. Ovulation was monitored by biweekly serum progesterone assays and crayon marks were used to detect estrus. For Group A ewes in Period 1, more Dorsets ovulated (96%) than did Hampshires (72%), and of ewes that ovulated, more Dorsets mated (83 vs 28%). Fifty-five percent of Dorsets, but only 20% of Hampshires, appeared to have been spontaneously cycling at the start of the experiment. Of ewes mated in Period 1, more Dorsets than Hampshires continued to cycle during Period 2 (65 vs 0%). For Group B ewes in Period 1, 44% of Dorsets, but only 8% of Hampshires, ovulated in the absence of rams. In Period 2, 92% of Dorsets and 84% of Hampshires ovulated. Of ewes that ovulated, more Dorset ewes mated (78 vs 52%). Of ewes that mated, more Dorsets appeared to be cycling spontaneously at ram introduction (39 vs 0%). Throughout the study, 24% of Dorsets, but no Hampshires, cycled continuously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Transcervical embryo transfer in performance mares.

Pregnancy was established by transcervical transfer of embryos from performance mares into recipient mares. Estrus was synchronized between donor (n = 17) and recipient (n = 43) mares. After a greater than or equal to 25-mm follicle was detected, donor mares were bred artificially daily until ovulation. Day of ovulation was recorded. Uterine flushes (n = 111) were performed on donor mares 7 days after ovulation, and recovered embryos were transferred transcervically to recipient mares within 2 hours. Embryos were recovered from 40.5% of uterine flushes. Of transferred single embryos, 65.7% resulted in pregnancy, detectable by ultrasonographic examination 23 days after transfer. Only 35.3% of twin embryos resulted in pregnancy. Results over a 4-year period were as follows: uteri were flushed on 14, 44, 31 and 22 occasions, and 8, 21, 15, and 11 embryos were recovered (1 embryo was not transferred), with 6, 11, 4, and 6 resulting in 30-day pregnancy in years 1 to 4, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Follicular development and ovulation in sows: effect of hCG and GnRH treatment.

Follicular growth, chronology of ovulation and embryo morphology were compared in sows ovulating spontaneously and sows, in which the ovulation was attempted induced by hCG or GnRH. Indwelling catheters were placed on day 1 (weaning = day 0) in the ear veins of 18 sows, which were then randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (N = 6), a group (N = 6) given 750 iu hCG (Physex) im 76h after weaning (hCG group) and a group (N = 6) given 500 micrograms GnRH (Fertagyl) im 76h (N = 3) or 100h after weaning (N = 3) (GnRH group). Follicular diameter and time of ovulation were monitored by ultrasonography every 4h from day 3 until ovulation or development of cysts by means of a sector scanner fitted with a 5.0/7.5 MHz multiangle probe. Heat detection was performed every 8h from day 3 until ovulation. On day 13, the sows were slaughtered, the number of corpora luteae (CL) was counted, and embryos were flushed from the uteri. The control group showed clear heat symptoms, and on day 3, the follicles were typically 3-7 mm and grew up to 7-10 mm over 2 days, where they remained for approximately 24h until ovulation took place 41h +/- 9h after first sign of standing heat. The hCG group exhibited no signs of heat, and the follicles only reached 5-8 mm in diameter at time of ovulation, which occurred 40h +/- 1h after hCG-injection. The GnRH group exhibited inconsistent signs of heat, and the follicles reached a maximum size of 7-12 mm in diameter where they remained for more than 24h. Only 2 sows in this group ovulated within 84-92h after the GnRH injection, and development of bursa cysts and cystic follicles was a common finding. The average number of CL was 18.2 +/- 5.7 per sow (N = 16, range: 3-27) with no significant difference between the groups. Total embryo recovery was 79 +/- 13% with no significant difference between groups. The embryo diversity calculated as standard deviation of the maximum diameter was higher in the hCG group as compared with the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation.

Lactating dairy cows have poor reproductive efficiency because of low fertility and low rates of estrus detection. To eliminate the dependence on detection of estrus, we have recently developed a timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol that synchronized the time of ovulation using GnRH and PGF2 alpha. The effectiveness of this protocol as a management tool was compared with standard reproductive management. Lactating dairy cows (n = 333) from three herds were randomly assigned at parturition to two groups. Control cows were managed according to the typical reproductive strategy of the farm that relied on detection of estrus, the a.m.-p.m. breeding rule, and periodic use of PGF2 alpha. Treated cows had timed AI after synchronization of ovulation with GnRH and PGF2 alpha. For both groups, the voluntary waiting period was 50 d postpartum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound between 32 and 38 d post-AI. Nonpregnant cows were inseminated again using the original treatment until diagnosed as pregnant or until culled from the herd. Median days to first AI (54 vs. 83) and days open (99 vs. 118) were lower for treated cows than for control cows, respectively. Pregnancy rates for the first AI were similar (37% vs. 39%) for the two groups even though treated cows were bred at an earlier time postpartum. More treated cows than control cows were pregnant at 60 d (37% vs. 5%) and at 100 d (53% vs. 35%) after calving. Thus, this protocol allowed effective management of AI in lactating dairy cows without the need for estrus detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Localization of leukemia inhibitory factor in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been shown to be imperative for the implantation of mouse blastocysts. The objective of this study was to examine the pattern of LIF protein in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. A low level of LIF was detected in endometrial glands during the proliferative phase. During the luteal phase, LIF staining in the glands appeared stronger in the mid- and late luteal phase than immediately after ovulation. However, a low level of LIF was detected in the stromal cells during the early and midproliferative phase, while only a minimal level was observed during the late proliferative and luteal phases.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ovarian steroidogenesis in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) during oocyte maturation and induced ovulation.

Ovarian follicles and plasma were collected from two female white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, injected with sturgeon pituitary homogenate followed 12h later with GnRHa to induce ovulation. The oocytes of one female underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) but ovulation did not occur in response to hormonal stimulation (Female 1), while the oocytes of the other female underwent GVBD and ovulation (Female 2). Follicles collected 12h after the first injection to induce ovulation were incubated with radioinert pregnenolone (P5) or tritiated-P5 ([3H]P5) plus radioinert P5. Steroids were extracted from media and intact follicles, and the extracts were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fractions from the incubation with radioinert precursor were used in a bioassay to determine the potency of the steroid products to induce GVBD. Plasma levels of testosterone (T), estradiol, and 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20beta-P) were measured by radioimmunoassay during induced ovulation, and plasma collected at the time of ovulation (actual or expected) was analyzed by HPLC. A peak in plasma 17,20beta-P was detected at the time of the second injection to induce ovulation in Female 2 (the time at which follicles were collected for incubation with [3H]P5). The HPLC analysis revealed several progestins in the plasma of Female 2 at ovulation that were not present in Female 1 at the time of expected ovulation. A variety of C19 and C21 steroids were produced in vitro by ovarian follicles from both females. The "suggestive" identities of the major metabolites were 11-deoxycortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), and 17,20beta-P in Female 1 and cortisol, 17,20beta, 21-trihydroxyprogesterone (20beta-S), 11-deoxycortisol, T, 17OHP, and 17,20beta-P in Female 2. Several of the steroids were active in a GVBD bioassay, but the fractions that contained the steroid coeluting the authentic 11-deoxycortisol on the HPLC and 17,20beta-P (positively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were found to be the most potent. The results from this study combined with the results of Webb et al. (2001b) suggest the potential roles of 11-deoxycortisol, 17,20beta-P, 20beta-S, and P4 as maturation-inducing steroids in sturgeon.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the effect of natural mating, LH, and GnRH on interval to ovulation and luteal function in llamas.

Gonadotropins and GnRH have been used to electively induce ovulation in llamas and alpacas, but critical evaluation of the natural interval to ovulation after mating has not been performed nor has a direct comparison of the effects of natural mating versus hormone treatments on this interval and subsequent luteal development. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of hormonal treatments and natural mating on ovulation induction, interval to ovulation, and luteal development in llamas. The ovaries of llamas were examined by transrectal ultrasonography once daily. Llamas with a large follicle were assigned randomly to be: (1) mated with an intact male (mated; n=10); (2) given 5 mg of LH im (LH; n=11); or (3) 50 microg of GnRH im (GnRH; n=10). Ultrasound examinations were performed every 4h from treatment (day 0) to ovulation and thereafter once daily for 15 consecutive days to monitor CL growth and regression (n=5 per group). Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured at days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after treatment to evaluate CL function. The size of the largest preovulatory follicle at the time of treatment did not differ among groups (11+/-0.6, 10.5+/-0.8, 11.8+/-0.9 mm, for mated, LH, and GnRH groups, respectively; P=0.6). No differences were detected among groups (mated, LH, and GnRH) in ovulation rate (80%, 91%, 80%, respectively; P=0.6), or interval from treatment to ovulation (30.0+/-0.5, 29.3+/-0.6, 29.3+/-0.7h, respectively; P=0.9). Similarly, no differences were detected among groups (mated, LH, and GnRH) in maximum CL diameter (14.2+/-0.3, 13.2+/-0.5, and 13.0+/-0.7 mm, respectively; P=0.5), the day of maximum CL diameter (7.6+/-0.2, 7.6+/-0.2, and 7.4+/-0.4 mm, respectively; P=0.6), or the day on which the CL began to regress (12.3+/-0.3 [non-pregnant, n=3], 11.8+/-0.6, 12.2+/-0.4, respectively; P=0.4). The diameter of the CL and plasma progesterone concentrations changed over days (P<0.0001) but the profiles did not differ among groups. In summary, ovulation rate, interval to ovulation, and luteal development were similar among llamas that were mated naturally or treated with LH or GnRH. We conclude that both hormonal preparations are equally reliable for inducing ovulation and suitable for synchronization for artificial insemination or embryo transfer program.

Animals↗