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PubMed1991

A survey of resident orientation in family practice residency programs.

A questionnaire about orientations was mailed to all family practice residency program directors in the United States. One hundred percent of respondents indicated their residency had an orientation, ranging from less than one day to more than two weeks. More than 85% of the residencies had limited or no patient care involvement during orientation. Important orientation goals were to meet faculty, staff, and residents and to develop camaraderie. Most residencies evaluated their orientations. There were several significant differences in orientation programs based on characteristics of the residencies.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1989

Oriental blepharoplasty: single-stitch, nonincision technique.

The facial features of Orientals and Caucasians are different in many respects. In Orientals, the concept of beauty differs in each country depending on the cultural background. At present time, blepharoplasty in the Oriental eye is the most common aesthetic procedure performed in Korea and Japan. The objective should not be the caucasianization of the Oriental eye, where desired modifications are usually quite subtle. Generally, patients prefer more defined and invaginated folds, but not necessarily a very high fold, since the latter will often look unnatural or overdone in the Oriental face. We have found several different types of eyelids in the Oriental population. The purpose of this presentation is to present our nonincision technique to create aesthetically pleasing supratarsal folds. Seven-hundred and sixty-two patients were reviewed. We have found that our single-suture method is very reliable and allows the construction of a more even, smooth, and symmetrical fold.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of tilting disk, heart valve orientation on flow through a curved aortic model.

The influence of tilting disk valve orientation on pulsatile flow through a curved tube model of the human aorta was studied. Simultaneous, two-component laser Doppler velocimeter measurements were made in a tube having a 22 mm diameter and 41 mm radius of curvature which simulated the average dimensions of the adult aorta. The blood analog fluid had a viscosity of 3.0 cp and matched the refractive index of the glass model aorta. Results at mid-arch showed low turbulence levels in early systole and no influence of valve orientation. During mid-systole, fluid from the ventricle reached mid-arch exhibiting strong influence of valve orientation and increased turbulence levels. With the major orifice of the valve adjacent to the inner curved wall, the peak turbulent shear stress was 307 dynes/cm2 at mid-arch during mid-systole. When the major orifice was rotated 180 degrees, the peak value was reduced to 91 dynes/cm2 at the same location and time. At the exit of the curved section, the flow was independent of the valve orientation and the turbulent shear the flow was independent of the value orientation and the turbulent shear stress levels were an order of magnitude lower than the peak value at the inlet. This study demonstrated that orienting the major orifice of a tilting disk valve adjacent to the outer curved wall minimized turbulent shear stress levels.

Aorta↗
PubMed1989

[Orientational analysis of the ultrastructural architecture of the fibrous base of human articular cartilage].

An equivalent well reproduced reliable method of quantitative morphological orientational analysis has been chosen. Determination of the character, predominant direction and degree of orientation of the structural elements have been foreseen. Computer morphological orientational analysis of the fibrous architectonics of the human articular cartilage makes it possible to present a quantitative characteristics of peculiarities in its structural organization along the distance from the articular surface up to the subchondral bone. Certain objective data obtained confirm existance of three layers in the cartilage having various construction of the fibrous base: superficial layer with a predominant orientation of the collagenous fibrils in parallel with the articular surface; central--nonoriented; deep layer--with a radial orientation of fibrils. The method of orientational analysis applied can be used for quantitative characteristic of the fibrous base architectonics of any part of the locomotor apparatus in the human being and animals.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Purification and proteolysis of vesicles containing inside-out and right-side-out oriented reconstituted (Na+, K+)-ATPase.

The (Na+,K+)-ATPase from dog kidney has been reconstituted into egg lecithin vesicles (Goldin, S. M. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5630-5642). Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, we have isolated sealed vesicle populations in which the protein molecules have defined orientations. Sealed vesicles sedimented at higher density than unsealed vesicles after equilibration with CsCl. Vesicles containing inside-out oriented enzyme sedimented at lower density than vesicles containing right-side-out oriented enzyme after the internally trapped Cs+ had been pumped out during an incubation with Mg2+ and ATP. Pools of gradient fractions representing unsealed vesicles and sealed vesicles containing inside-out and right-side-out oriented protein were characterized with respect to orientation and degree of sealing by determination of the ATPase activity, the rate of ATP-dependent Na+ uptake, and the inhibition of ATPase activity by ouabain. The accessibilities of sialic acid and of a tryptic site in the vesicle populations were in agreement with the proposed orientations of the protein. The structure of the reconstituted (Na+,K+)-ATPase was examined by proteolysis with trypsin and chymotrypsin over a range of reconstitution protocols. The fragmentation patterns demonstrate that the cholate-reconstituted enzyme, although functionally competent, differs in structure from the native purified enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Differences in the isozymes involved in alcohol metabolism between caucasians and orientals.

Acute alcohol intoxication is far more commonly observed in Orientals than Caucasians. The human liver contains several cytosolic and microsomal ADHs. One of the major cytosolic ADH isozymes controlled by a gene at the ADH2 locus differs between Caucasians and Orientals. Most Caucasians have the usual enzyme consisting of usual beta 1 subunit, while nearly 90% of Orientals have the atypical enzyme consisting of the atypical beta 2 subunit. The specific activity of the atypical enzyme is several times higher at pH 10 and nearly 100 times higher at physiologic pH than the usual enzyme. Km values for ethanol, NAD, acetaldehyde, and NADH are several times higher for the atypical enzyme than for the usual enzyme. The usual enzyme is rapidly inactivated by iodoacetate, indicating the existence of an "active-site cysteine" in the molecule. In contrast, the atypical enzyme is resistant to iodoacetate inactivation. Peptide mapping analysis revealed that the active site Cys in the usual beta 1 subunit is replaced by His in the atypical beta 2 subunit. A remarkable structural homology exists at the active site of horse and human enzymes. In the usual beta 1 beta 1 enzyme, as in the horse enzyme, the catalytic Zn is expected to link to the sensitive Cys at position 47, His at position 67, and Cys (presumably) at position 174, thus forming the active site. In contrast, the active site of the atypical beta 2 beta 2 enzyme is expected to consist of the catalytic Zn linked to His at position 47, His at position 67, and Cys (presumably) at position 174. The resistance of the atypical beta 2 beta 2 to inactivation by iodoacetate is a direct consequence of the replacement of the sensitive Cys at position 47 by His. Liver ALDH components also differ between Caucasians and Orientals. Virtually all Caucasians have two major ALDH isozymes, ALDH1 and ALDH2, while approximately 50% of Orientals have only the ALDH1 isozyme (cytosolic) missing ALDH2 isozyme (presumably mitochondrial). ALDH1 consists of four subunits with a molecular weight of 56,500, and ALDH2 consists of four subunits with a molecular weight of 52,600. The two isozymes do not share any common subunit. Examination of liver extracts by two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed that an atypical Oriental liver with no ALDH2 isozyme contained an enzymatically inactive but immunologically cross-reactive material corresponding to ALDH2, besides the active ALDH1 isozyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1984

Men and women as parents: sex role orientations, employment, and parental roles with infants.

Mothers' and fathers' sex role orientations and employment situations were examined in connection with their involvement in child-oriented activities using a longitudinal research design. During interviews that took place within 3 months of their wedding dates, 34 couples completed questionnaires that measured their sex role attitudes, masculinity-femininity, and their skills and role preferences for performing a number of child-oriented activities. Approximately 1 year later, after the couples had become parents, they were interviewed about their employment situations and again about their child-care skills and role preferences for performing certain child-care tasks. During the 2- to 3-week period following the second interview, the couples were telephoned on 9 occasions and asked to report on the household tasks, leisure activities, and child-oriented activities they had performed during the 24-hour period that preceded each call. The findings showed that mothers' sex role attitudes before their infants' births predicted their role preferences after their babies were born, and these two factors, as well as mothers' involvement in the paid labor force, were related to the extent of their involvement in child-oriented activities. Mothers' masculinity and femininity, however, were unrelated to their parenting behavior. In contrast, fathers' work involvement was related only to the extent of their leisure activities with children. In addition, fathers' role preferences for performing child-care tasks and their perceived skill at such tasks (as measured both before and after their children's births) were related to the overall extent and the nature of their involvement in child-oriented activities. Fathers' role preferences were somewhat stable from before to after children's births, and fathers' preferences before their children were born predicted the mothers' preferences afterward. Neither fathers' sex-role attitudes nor their masculinity or femininity, however, predicted their activities with infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Orientation and configuration of vectorcardiographic QRS loops from normal cats.

The orientations (angles) of mean QRS vectors were manually calculated from scaler orthogonal leads (I, aVf, V10; X, Y, Z) and from X-Y oscilloscope recordings from cats injected with ketamine and acetylpromazine. Those angles calculated from individually recorded leads (I, aVf, and V10) were from cats in right lateral and sternal recumbency. Leads, X, Y, and Z were recorded simultaneously from cats in the sternal recumbency. The oscilloscope recordings were derived from the X, Y, and Z leads. Arithmetic and maximal measurements from ECG scaler leads and maximal and half-area measurements from oscilloscopic recordings were used for calculations. Recordings from 15 cats and from 1 cat 15 times. Based on visual inspection of scattergrams, the X, Y, and Z vectors were not different in orientation from I, aVf, and V10 vectors. Orientation of oscilloscopic vectors were more variable than orientations of vectors calculated from scaler leads. Body position of the cat during recording did not affect mean values of angles derived from leads I, aVf, and V10. Type of measurements did not affect mean values. Variation of orientation was greater among cats than for the intraindividual vector orientations. Configuration and direction of QRS loops from 27 normal cats were also recorded. The greatest variation in loop configuration was in the frontal plane.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Analysis of the drill hole orientation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction].

In the reconstructive procedure of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the relationship was investigated between the orientation of the drill holes from the isometric points and the deformity in the ligament graft. We first investigated, by numerical analysis, the optimal orientation of the drill holes for minimal deformation. Secondly, we experimentally by using eight fresh cadaveric knees, measured the relationship between the orientation of the drill holes and the bending angle in the grafts. The optimal orientation of the drill hole in the femur was found to be tilted 20 degrees laterally in the coronal plane and 23 degrees anteriorly in the sagittal plane. In the tibia, the drill hole should be directed 24 degrees medially and 50 degrees anteriorly from the isometric point. The numerically analysed bending angle corresponded well to the results from the experimental study. The deformation in the graft on the femoral side was larger than that on the tibial side. Therefore, the orientation of the femoral drill hole was concluded to be more important than the orientation of the tibial drill hole.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1994

Developing a critical pathway for orientation.

A direct correlation exists between job satisfaction and employee retention with an organized and compassionate orientation process for new employees on a nursing unit. It is generally recognized that preceptorship/mentoring is the most desirable orientation modality; however, situations occasionally require orientees to work with several preceptors with varying levels of proficiency. A program based upon a framework designated "critical pathway" was established in a coronary care unit and a cardiac progressive care unit to organize orientation information into weekly segments, with each week's content building upon the previous week's information. Because the critical pathway clearly delineates the orientation content, all necessary information is imparted to the orientee in an organized fashion without omitting pertinent details. Problems with orientation are documented as variances on the critical pathway, and are discussed between the preceptor and orientee during weekly evaluation sessions. This article reports the procedure for developing a critical pathway for orientation using the critical pathway concept, which is adapted from the nursing case management practice model.

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed1995

Sexual orientation and developmental challenges experienced by gay and lesbian youths.

Youths with a homosexual orientation face different developmental challenges during adolescence than those faced by heterosexual youths or individuals who recognize their homosexual orientation later in life. We discuss the impact of "coming out," or defining a homosexual orientation, on the development and identity formation of youths who come out during adolescence. The process of coming out is presented as entailing four broad dimensions: recognizing oneself as lesbian or gay; exploring one's sexual orientation through the gay and lesbian community; disclosing one's sexual orientation to others; and becoming more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. Some of the major challenges faced by these youths are described, and future directions for research efforts are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multimodal basis for egocentric spatial localization and orientation.

The perceptual and sensorimotor mechanisms that guide our abilities at localizing and orienting in space integrate sensory information from vision and from a "body-referenced mechanism" that itself makes use of extraretinal signals regarding eye position relative to the head and head orientation relative to the body and to gravity. The experiments and theoretical treatment center on two perceptual dimensions: the visual perception of elevation and of orientation within the frontoparallel plane. Several experiments measuring localization in the horizontal plane are also treated. The experiments involve measurements of the physical elevation of visually perceived eye level (VPEL, a norm for perceived elevation), measurements of the physical orientation within the frontoparallel plane corresponding to visually perceived vertical (VPV), and measurements of the direction within a horizontal plane perceived as straight ahead (VPSA). VPEL and VPV are each significantly and systematically influenced by both the pitch and the roll of visual fields, and it is these influences that provide the basis for experimentally isolating the contributions of vision from those of the body-referenced mechanism. The VPEL discrimination is nearly invariant with variation in head and eye orientation. The possibility that influences from vision and from the body-referenced mechanism combine linearly is well supported. The visual influences on VPEL and VPV are controlled by the action of individual lines, and the same pitched-from-vertical lines (from pitched planes) or oblique lines within erect planes influence both discriminations. The Great Circle Model (GCM) accounts for the influences of individual lines, and contains rules for the influence of combinations of lines on both VPEL and VPV. GCM is interpreted by a 3-dimensional vector treatment in "egocentric orientation space."

Eye↗
PubMed1995

[An analysis of centriolar orientation in cultured ESK cells under the action of the calcium ionophor A23187].

Addition of 20 microM calcium ionophore A23187 to cultured PK (pig kidney embryo) cells gave an increase of Ca2+ in cytosol by more than 10 times. The maximum of [Ca2+] was achieved in 1-2 min after introduction of the drug. Later on [Ca2+] gradually decreased, and after 30 min of incubation with A23187 [Ca2+] was 3-5 times above normal level. Immunofluorescent and electron microscope studies showed no alterations in the microtubule system of interphase cells after 1-30 min treatment. The electro microscope study showed that-following 1.5 min introduction of the drug the random orientation of material and daughter centrioles changed: most of them settled down at an angle more, than 74 degrees to the substrate surface. After 3 min of A23187 treatment more than half of maternal centrioles were oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface. After 5 min of A23187 treatment, the percentage of maternal centrioles with perpendicular orientation was the same and this orientation remained for 30 min. The percentage of perpendicular daughter centrioles decreased after 3 min of treatment, and after 30 min their orientation was random. We suggest that the perpendicular orientation of centrioles to the substrate surface is mediated through centrosome-associated calcium-binding proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cultural orientation and adolescents' alcohol use in Zimbabwe.

A classroom survey was conducted in June 1994 among 3061 secondary school students in four provinces in Zimbabwe, with the main objective of measuring health behaviours, school performance and environmental and cultural factors as predictors for drug use. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between cultural orientation and alcohol use. The survey instrument was based on previous studies undertaken in Zimbabwe and in Europe and adapted to the local situation. A two-staged stratified random sampling strategy distinguished between four different socio-cultural groups. Standardized instructions were given in classrooms by a trained research team. Respondents' mean ages were 14.9 years for boys and 15.1 years for girls, and 51.4% were boys. For a number of core questions, test-retest reliability was shown to be satisfactory. A 14-item scale focusing on language, mass media and music preferences was constructed to measure cultural orientation. Principal component analysis revealed two distinct factors with low interfactor correlation and acceptable scale reliability (alpha), one representing Western orientation and the other Zimbabwean or traditional cultural orientation. Zimbabwean orientation was found to be associated with lower alcohol use, whereas western orientation was associated with higher probability for alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance tomography of the upper ankle joint--imaging of ligaments and tendons in standard slice orientation].

PURPOSE: Evaluation of the capability of high field strength MRI in depicting clinically important tendons and ligaments of the ankle joint using slice orientations parallel to the standard space directions without angulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 65 patients whose ankle joint complaints were not sufficiently clarified by conventional radiology sphere underwent MRI using plain T1-weighted spin echo sequences. Tendons and ligaments were classified by three independent radiologists with regard to their perceptibility on images of the different slice orientations. RESULTS: Good perceptibility of at least two-thirds of each structure with the possibility for a decision regarding continuity or rupture of the remaining part was given most frequently in the following slice orientations: Axially for the tendons of peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus muscles, and for the calcanear tendon (each over 94% of cases), anterior (68%) talofibular ligament, deltoid (77%), anterior (63%), and posterior (72%) tibiofibular ligaments and coronally for the calcaneofibular (39%) and posterior talofibular ligaments (70%). The sagittal orientation was never the favoured one. CONCLUSIONS: All tendons and ligaments of the ankle joint, except for the calcaneofibular and anterior tibiofibular ligaments, can be sufficiently visualized in the majority of cases by non-angulated spin echo sequences in standard slice orientations if the examination is performed in at least two slice directions. Thus, the minimal examination program should be: one T2-weighted sequence, T1-weighted sequences axially and in a further orientation, i.e. slightly angulated coronally for depicting the calcaneofibular ligament.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1996

Ethnic differences in temporal orientation and its implications for hypertension management.

Research indicates that health beliefs and perceptions are shaped and organized by life experiences. Time perception, also structured by life experiences, can systematically alter individuals' perceptions of disease and evaluations of treatment options. Using the Health Belief Model (HBM), this study examines the effects of ethnicity and hypertension temporal orientation on the health perceptions of 300 African Americans and White Americans with hypertension. Results revealed that African Americans were more present-oriented than White Americans regarding their daily experiences with managing hypertension. Compared to more future-oriented respondents, present-oriented people perceived themselves to be less susceptible to the consequences of hypertension, believed more in the benefits of home remedies and negative aspects of prescribed medication, and believed less in the benefits of prescribed medication and negative aspects of home remedies. We concluded that ethnicity influences hypertension temporal orientation and that hypertension temporal orientation affects perceptions about hypertension and its management. Implications for health and medical care are addressed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Content analysis of coverage of alcohol control policy issues in black-oriented and mainstream newspapers in the U.S.

We conducted a content analysis of alcohol control policy issues in Black-oriented and mainstream newspapers in the United States from 1993 to 1995, using computerized content analysis methods. The specific purpose of our study was to compare differences in coverage of alcohol control policy issues in Black-oriented and mainstream newspapers. Fifteen Black-oriented and 12 mainstream newspapers were selected and analyzed. The number of policy paragraphs per year and the number of paragraphs in different policy thematic categories per year were examined. Regional differences in coverage of alcohol policy themes were examined for selected policies in mainstream newspapers. We found more similarities than differences in coverage of alcohol policy issues in Black-oriented and mainstream newspapers. Limiting the marketing/advertising and promotion of alcohol products was the most widely covered alcohol control policy issue over the three-year period in both Black-oriented media and mainstream newspapers. There were some important differences in coverage of alcohol policy issues. While economic alcohol policy issues were covered extensively in mainstream newspapers, these issues received far less attention in Black-oriented newspapers. Findings suggest that certain alcohol control policies may have less salience in African-American communities than in other communities.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Orientation to community in a family practice residency program.

BACKGROUND: Family practice residencies are expected to include opportunities for trainees to learn about population-based approaches to health care delivery. METHODS: To prepare them for community projects later in training, first-year residents were introduced to a community-oriented primary care (COPC) curriculum by an interdisciplinary team with representatives from public health and academic family medicine. During their mid-year orientation month, the residents spent three afternoons in community settings, each year focusing on a different public health issue. The residents spent the first afternoon discussing principles of community medicine, the COPC model, and planning community interviews. The second afternoon, they interviewed in the community. The residents reported and evaluated on the third afternoon. RESULTS: During the 3 years described, most residents participated with enthusiasm, later reporting increased awareness and use of community resources. However, months after the third experience, a comparison of clinic records before and after the orientation showed no difference in the residents' inclusion of the health issue studied in managing their patients, although social workers and other non-physician faculty team members reported that residents consulted them more frequently following the community orientation. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to provide residents with an efficiently designed and attractive community orientation early in training. An interdisciplinary team should plan and coordinate their experiences, but all faculty should role model good community behavior. Although the 1996 residents described behavioral changes following this brief orientation, this was not documented by a chart review.

Adolescent↗