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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Diversity of endotoxin-induced nitrotyrosine formation in macrophage-endothelium-rich organs.

The administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) can stimulate the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which can compromise the function of many organ systems, resulting in multiple organ failure. Activation of macrophages and cytokines by endotoxin and the subsequent formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are of central pathogenic importance in various inflammatory diseases including sepsis. However, whether different tissues behave the same in pathological changes produced by LPS and what factors may affect pathological processes and protein tyrosine nitration in different organs, still remain to be evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of nitrotyrosine and other pathological changes induced by LPS in rat liver, spleen, and lung, all of which are rich in macrophages and endothelial cells. Our study revealed two important findings: first, a denitration activity in spleen white pulp might play a key role to protect the areas from nitration. Similar activity might also exist in endothelial cells of sinusoids and capillaries. Second, protein nitration might not induce significant tissue damage as shown in liver and spleen. However, inflammatory infiltration with increased formation NO* and other reactive species may result in severe tissue injury, as demonstrated in lung after LPS administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of chronic ethanol administration on metal concentrations in rat organs].

Effect of chronic ethanol administration on metal metabolism in several organs was surveyed using Wistar male rats. And effect of chronic ethanol and SH-compound administration on metal metabolism was also investigated. The ethanol administration was carried by feeding the rats with liquid-chow added ethanol during 6 weeks. 1. Lipid deposition (fatty value) was increased in the liver following ethanol administration. At that time, concentrations of Zn, Cu and Ca were decreased, and those of Mn, Fe and Se were increased in the liver. 2. In the brain, concentration of Cu and Se were increased. Se was increased in the skeletal muscle. Concentrations of these metals were not changed in the kidney. And alterations of these metals in the brain and skeletal muscle had same tendency as in the liver. It is suggested that the alterations of metal concentrations are not specific only in the liver. 3. By simultaneous administration of ethanol and SH-compound, such as L-cysteine, glutathione, or mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG), lipid deposition was inhibited in the liver. Furthermore, Se in the liver was not increased by L-cysteine. But metal concentrations in the liver were not changed by glutathione and MPG. These results indicate that change of metal concentrations in the liver following ethanol administration are mainly related with ethanol and its metabolites.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of structural changes in the internal organs of animals after administration of dried yeast].

Morphofunctional analysis of the state of internal organs was made in rats which received varying amounts of mushroom powder. It has been established that the new product induces development of endovasculitis, dystrophy and lympho-histiocytic infiltrates of parenchymatous organs. The data obtained have evidenced the development of delayed allergic reactions to mushroom powder. A conclusion has been made on the necessity of its limited inclusion into food ration.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-governmental organizations in international health: past successes, future challenges.

Non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, are increasingly instrumental to the implementation of international health programs. Following an overview of current conditions in global health and the problems that could be targeted by NGOs, this article describes the activities and philosophies of several representative approaches in this sector. The attributes of NGOs that increase their potential effectiveness are discussed, including ability to reach areas of severe need, promotion of local involvement, low cost of operations, adaptiveness and innovation, independence, and sustainability. A summary is provided of major future challenges in international health that may be addressed by NGOs, with particular emphasis on tobacco-related disease, communicable diseases and the AIDS epidemic, maternal mortality and women's health, injury prevention and control, and the need to secure durable financial support.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organizational development and privatization: a Bolivian success story.

This article presents a case study of a US Agency for International Development-sponsored privatization effort in Bolivia. This privatization effort differs from AID's more common approach in that rather than merely helping already existing organizations to expand, this project has created a new organization. More ambitious and encompassing, this approach is also preferable because it directly addresses one of the most serious bottlenecks to economic development, viz., organizational development. The article describes the evolution of PROSALUD, a private, non-profit network of 17 community-sponsored health centers. The article describes factors and characteristics which have either conditioned or have directly contributed to PROSALUD's success. First, PROSALUD's health care environment is analysed, starting with a broad brush profile of select characteristics and trends which exist throughout the health sector of Bolivia, then narrows the focus to the local health sector. The structure and operations of PROSALUD are then analysed, focusing on the organization's managerial practices and financing and the series of tradeoffs it has been forced to strike: in its pricing strategy, between striving for financial viability and maintaining access to care; between, on the one hand, responding to community needs and demands and improving coverage by opening more facilities, and, on the other hand, focusing managerial efforts and outreach on a more limited number of clinics and neighborhoods; between providing a socially desirable mix of services--in particular, continuing to provide a great deal of free preventive care--and focusing care on more lucrative curative services; between maintaining commitments to neighborhoods and communities and eliminating the less economically viable (especially rural) clinics.

Bolivia↗