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PubMed1997

Sources used and trusted by nationally-representative adults in the European Union for information on healthy eating.

OBJECTIVE: To assess what sources of information on healthy eating are used and in particular to ascertain which are the most trusted by European adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in which quota-controlled, nationally-representative samples of approximately 1000 adults from each country completed a face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaire. SETTING: The survey was conducted between October 1995 and February 1996 in the 15 member states of the European Union. SUBJECTS: 14331 subjects (aged 15 y upwards) completed the questionnaire. Data were weighted by population size for each country and by sex, age and regional distribution within each member state. RESULTS: The five sources of information most frequently selected were: TV/radio (29%), magazines and newspapers (27%), health professionals (26%), food packages (22%) and relatives/friends (22%). Those used by less than 5% of the population included vegetarian and slimming societies and women's organizations. The reliance on health professionals for information was stronger for females and tended to increase with age. The most trusted sources of information in almost all countries were health professionals (91%) and government agencies (80%) with great consistency across countries. 15% of Europeans stated that they did not get any information on healthy eating.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Making health messages interesting.

In Afghanistan a radio drama serial carrying messages vital to the well-being of the population, backed up by more detailed information in reinforcing radio programmes and a cartoon magazine, is proving effective in increasing people's knowledge of immunization and other subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparative study of the awareness and attitude of HIV/AIDS among students living in India and migrants to the United States.

The goal of the current study was to collect preliminary data regarding HIV/AIDS awareness among Indian students who are residing in India and those who have migrated to the United States. A questionnaire was distributed to thirty-four college students in the United States and thirty-eight college students who are residing in India, between ages 18-26 years. 74% of the Indian group and 53% of the USA group felt that their knowledge of this disease is not adequate. 3% felt that this disease is completely curable. Only 13% of the Indian group and 23% of the USA group thought that tuberculosis is linked to HIV infection. Both groups felt that the newspapers and magazines are good sources of information. The majority of the Indian (71%) and USA (50%) groups felt that HIV/AIDS education should begin in high school. 90% of the Indian group and 79% of the USA group felt that people in India do not have adequate knowledge about AIDS. The majority felt that the high-risk population should be screened and there should be more governmental support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Management skills--going alone.

Although the most important occasion for the use of the above techniques is early on in the call, remember that each time you want to change direction or change topic you have to 'gain attention' all over again. In the next article we will look at some other selling issues, namely, questioning and listening skills, features and benefits, behavioural selling and keeping the 'back door' closed. In the meantime, if you have any questions about selling, or a management issue, then feel free to contact me through OH magazine-anonymously if you prefer-and I will be pleased to answer your questions.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Impact of promotion of the Great American Smokeout and availability of over-the-counter nicotine medications, 1996.

The 1996 Great American Smokeout (GASO), sponsored by the American Cancer Society (ACS), was held on November 21 and included a national promotional campaign in collaboration with a distributor of over-the-counter (OTC) nicotine medications. The 1996 GASO was the first to use a national promotion that included paid advertising of the GASO through television, magazines, and newspapers; direct-to-consumer promotions; and educational activities about GASO in retail stores that sell OTC nicotine medications. To estimate the impact of this promotional partnership between ACS and a distributor of OTC nicotine medications on smoking-cessation activity, the collaborators analyzed data from three sources. This report summarizes the findings, which suggest that the promotional campaign, combined with OTC availability of nicotine medications, encouraged smoking-cessation activity.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed1997

[An exploration of sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior in aboriginal elementary school students in the Ping-Tung area].

The purpose of this study was to investigate sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior of fifth and sixth grade students in aboriginal elementary schools in the Ping-Tung area. A structured questionnaire was administered to 1091 students who were selected by cluster sampling. The results showed: (1) The sexual knowledge score was low but sexual attitudes showed a positive trend. (2) 64.7% and 67.4% of students had at some time seen pictures of male or female sexual organs. (3) About 61% of students had seen sexual magazines or videotapes. (4) 66.2% of male and 88.1% of female students had heard about wet dreams or menstruation before their first experience; more than half of the students thought that wet dreams need treatment. (5) 17.8% of students had masturbation experience, and after that 59.3% of students had fear or guilt feeling. (6) Female students had significantly higher knowledge and attitude scores than male students, Demographic variables produced no significant difference in the above scores. (7) 42.4% of students most desired to know what phenomena indicate sexual maturity. (8) Sex knowledge had significantly positive correlation with sex attitude.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Extremely low awareness of AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and condoms among Dai ethnic villagers in Yunnan province, China.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the awareness of AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), condoms, sources of health information and HIV-related societal risks among Dai villagers in southern Yunnan Province, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In November-December 1994, a cross-sectional descriptive study, comprising a questionnaire-based survey and focus group discussions, was conducted in three Dai villages in Mengla county; a total of 177 Dai villagers were interviewed in the survey and eight focus group discussions were held. Ethnographic observations provided a composite picture of HIV risks in the area. RESULTS: Only 18% of respondents had heard of AIDS, and only 25 and 28%, respectively, had heard of STDs or condoms. Furthermore, among these more aware groups, the level of knowledge was low and misconceptions were common. An ability to understand the official language (Mandarin) was the most important predictor of awareness of AIDS, other STDs or condoms. The sources of information in the three Dai villages sampled included TV, videos, radio and magazines, but only TV and videos had a large audience. Even so, these media were mostly in Mandarin and were not used in AIDS education. Travel outside of China was frequent; most villagers (77%) had traveled to Laos and 9% had traveled to Thailand. Societal risks of HIV transmission, such as an increasing incidence of STDs and an active sex industry, were observed in this area. CONCLUSIONS: Dai villagers in southern Yunnan Province had an extremely low awareness and knowledge of AIDS, other STDs and condoms. Given the high mobility of ethnic villagers to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia and the societal risks of HIV transmission in this area, there is an urgent need to provide accessible education about AIDS and other STDs. Suggestions regarding such health education and the implications of HIV policy-making are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

[Continuing education. Menopause, 2. Health education in menopause].

This is the second part of the article published in the preceding magazine issue. "Revista ROL de Enfermería Number 230:72-77". This section presents a number of adequate preventative measures so that a woman may live through her climacteric period in as healthy a way as possible.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Finding health and AIDS information in the mass media: an exploratory study among Chinese college students.

Western health officials believe the incidence of HIV infection in the People's Republic of China is much higher than has been reported, but knowledge about the disease remains low. This paper describes a preliminary study of Chinese college students' AIDS knowledge and beliefs and of the acceptability of mass media for AIDS education. Focus group interviews of 73 Xiamen University students showed that the students used radio more consistently than any other media and viewed magazines as the best media source of health information. However, they expressed a general distrust of the health information media offer. They possessed quite a bit of accurate information about AIDS but also harbored many inaccurate beliefs. Most felt that their personal risk from AIDS was very low because they felt distanced--either geographically or morally--from those at risk. Disturbing numbers felt that fate, not individual behavior, determines whether or not a person contracts HIV. The paper discusses the study's implications for future research.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

How can adolescents' health needs and concerns best be met?

BACKGROUND: A previous survey of letters to 'agony aunts' revealed that adolescents have many concerns about their health. AIM: To discover the views of adolescents on a range of issues including the venues where they would like to be seen, the doctors they would like to consult, and the subjects they would like to discuss. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to adolescents in a variety of school settings and distributed through a popular teenage magazine. RESULTS: A total of 525 replies were received. Most adolescents had visited their general practitioner (GP) in the previous year. Most would prefer to see a teenage health specialist at a venue other than their local surgery, and to have the option of a 'drop-in' service. Responders were worried about a wide range of health issues. They had strong opinions on the type of doctor they would like to consult and the style of surgery they would prefer. Concerns were expressed about confidentiality. CONCLUSION: In the short term, surgeries could be made more 'user-friendly' for adolescents. In the longer term, the authors propose liaison between GPs and paediatricians with a special interest in teenage health to provide a confidential, combined youth service, with ideas on service development based on the expressed wishes of the adolescent population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Estrogen replacement].

Recent research on long-term postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) indicates a positive effect on both total mortality and morbidity. This has raised the question of widespread preventive long-term use of HRT. Possible side-effects and ideological issues related to preventive HRT have led to debate and uncertainty among health professionals, in the media, and in the population at large. In order to evaluate the level of knowledge about and attitudes towards HRT, a randomly selected group of 737 Norwegian women aged 16-79 was interviewed by the Central Bureau of Statistics. One in three women had received information about HRT in the last two years, mainly through weekly magazines and physicians. The proportion who answered the questions on knowledge correctly varied from 36% to 47%. Those who had been given information by a physician possessed accurate knowledge, had more positive attitudes towards HRT and were more willing to use HRT than women who had reviewed information through other channels. Women with a higher level of education were better informed and more knowledgeable than others, but were nevertheless more reluctant to use HRT than those who were less educated. The limited number of women who actually receive information on HRT, the low level of knowledge and the ambivalent attitudes toward HRT are a major challenge to the public health service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Patterns of exercise and fatigue in physically active cancer survivors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine the physical activity patterns of cancer survivors who identify themselves as athletes to assess how much exercise athletic patients with cancer engaged in during treatment; to determine how cancer-related fatigue (CRF) affects athletic patients' ability to exercise, and to determine common problems and patterns associated with CRF experienced by athletic patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive survey. SETTING: International. SAMPLE: 219 cancer survivors who responded to a call for subjects in four sports magazines. METHODS: Investigator-developed, mailed survey. FINDINGS: The majority of respondents were physically active before diagnosis and continued to exercise during their treatments with modifications in their activity level. Respondents exercised an average of nine hours per week. Sixty-nine percent of the respondents experienced problems with CRF during treatment, with 52% describing their CRF as affecting their whole body. Although 26% of the respondents felt most fatigued before exercise, exercise and rest were the most commonly used strategies for managing their symptoms. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma experienced significantly different CRF than patients with breast or prostate cancer and reported fewer benefits from exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of respondents reported decreasing their activity level during treatment, but they believed that regular exercise would make them less likely to have health problems. Respondents used exercise both as an intervention to reduce CRF and as a means to have more energy. Patients with breast cancer reported more benefits from exercise than patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The results provide indirect support for exercise as an intervention for CRF. Further research is needed to identify the optimal type and dose of exercise, clinical variables that influence the response to exercise, and the patients who will respond most favorably to exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Physician practice patterns and attitudes to euthanasia in Germany. A representative survey of physicians].

Growing life expectancy and increasing pharmaceutical and technical methods in medicine are leading to more and more discussions among the general population and among physicians as to whether methods to shorten the sufferings of mortally ill persons should be legalised further. In Australia 60% of physicians wish to be able to perform active euthanasia if this would be legal. In the Netherlands physicians do not commit an offence if they perform euthanasia on the basis of ethically consented rules. In the FRG the National Board of Physicians (Bundesärztekammer) still rejects any liberalisation concerning active euthanasia. However, little is known of the attitudes and behaviour of physicians concerning the questions of active and passive euthanasia. Sponsored by Gruner and Jahr publishers for a magazine "Stern" publication we conducted a representative study among physicians working in hospitals and their colleagues in free practices concerning this topic. Beginning with qualitative interviews with 50 physicians we tested the questionnaire developed and looked for the data production method best fitting for this difficult matter resulting in telephone interviews or a self-administered questionnaire. In the main study a representative sample of n = 282 physicians in free practices and n = 191 physicians in hospitals were interviewed. The response rates were 94% and 51% respectively. Analysis of non-responses did not indicate any bias. Half of the physicians think that a broader discussion on euthanasia is necessary, 34% disagree and 17% consider even a discussion already dangerous. 6% of the physicians in hospitals and 11% in free practices have already experienced methods of active euthanasia. Half of the physicians have seen patients who strongly wished euthanasia, a situation which happens once in every two years. The majority of physicians feel a deep understanding but only a minority of 4% comply with the wish. The vast majority of physicians advocate indirect euthanasia. However, they experience difficulties in defining the difference between active and passive euthanasia in a concrete situation. Summing up, our data indicate that a broader and open discussion on euthanasia seems necessary even if this discussion in Germany will be even more difficult than in other countries due to our recent past. The discussion will be reopened by a proposal on guidelines concerning euthanasia launched by the German National Board of Physician

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[The representation of Slovak medical journals in MEDLINE].

The author analyzed the presentation of Slovak medical journals in the Medline information system and compared the situation with other countries. Out of all medical magazines issued within the Slovak Republic Medline excerpts only the Bratislava Medical Journal and Neoplasma. The quantitative presentation of medical studies in periodic publications from the Slovak Republic is very favourable in Medline. (Tab. 3, Ref. 9.)

MEDLINE↗
PubMed1998

Chinese midlife women's perceptions and attitudes about menopause.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to discover and describe the meaning of and attitudes toward menopause in midlife Chinese women in Taiwan. How these women learned about menopause was also explored. DESIGN: Questionnaires were distributed to a convenience sample of 208 Chinese women aged 35 to 55 living in Taiwan; 168 responded. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Percentage and chi-square were used to examine the quantitative data. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 154 (91.7%) women perceived menopause as a natural phenomenon. No statistically significant differences in attitude toward menopause were found between women grouped by different menopausal levels, by use or not use of hormones, or by religious preference. Some women described menopause as, "no longer young, getting old." Others described menopause as, "wisdom and maturation," "a symbol of achievement," and "a time to start enjoying life." Sixty-eight (40.5%) of the sample indicated they obtained menopausal information from friends and printed materials such as books, newspapers, and magazines. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings indicate that Chinese women in Taiwan perceive menopause in a positive and holistic way. Culturally sensitized Western practitioners can utilize this study's findings to more appropriately individualize care for Chinese midlife women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Postpartum depression].

UNLABELLED: We investigated whether informing first-time mothers about postpartum depression affects their experience and behaviour during the depression occurring in the first two weeks after birth. METHOD: 138 first-time mothers who were participants in a longitudinal study sponsored by the Swiss National Fund were retrospectively surveyed concerning postpartum depression in the week after birth (response rate: 86.9%). RESULTS: 90% of the new mothers were affected. One fourth reported severe to very severe symptoms. The most popular sources of information about postpartum depression were books (65.8%) and magazines (59.2%). 10% of the mothers received information from their gynaecologist. 33% of the mothers with severe to very severe symptoms reported that after the birth no member of the medical or paramedical professions had discussed postpartum depression with them. Among the mothers who knew about postpartum depression, 30% did not feel adequately prepared for the degree of depression. Comparisons between informed and non-informed mothers show that the informed mothers had fewer symptoms, a shorter duration, and suffered less. In addition, the following reactions were noted: the informed mothers complained less and were less likely to believe that they were alone in their suffering. Also, they tended to have less negative thought patterns, felt less powerless, and were better able to explain their feelings and behaviour. RECOMMENDATIONS: Information about postpartum depression, especially to ensure that new mothers "feel prepared for it", has a positive influence on experience and behaviour in the week after birth. Therefore, it is useful to inform women about postpartum depression before the birth. This could be integrated into the neonatal care programme offered by the woman's gynaecologist. At the same time, training for nursing staff concerning postpartum depression is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The commercial sector: marketing diet and fitness responsibly.

The commercial sector, through a range of products and services, is already heavily involved in the weight loss industry. Because of its capability to access millions of people, it has great potential for promoting public health through dietary and exercise practices. However, an absence of controls or advertising standards, safety and quality, currently threatens its credibility. This paper draws from my own experience developing a now well-established diet and fitness organisation. It makes the case that the best quality products and practice arise from close collaboration with scientific experts in the field. Effectiveness is increased through the distribution of sound educational messages, through an array of commercial options that include books, magazines, videos, television and diet and exercise clubs.

Books↗
PubMed1998

[Adolescents previously involved in Satanism: mental health problems experience].

As far as the phenomena of adolescents previously involved with satanism that experience obstacles in the strive for mental health, no research has previously been done. Adolescents previously involved in satanism, presents behaviour problems like aggressive outbursts depression, "psychosis", or suicide attempts that can even lead to suicide. In the phenomena-analysis semi-structured, phenomenological interviews with the respondents and their parents, were performed. The respondents were requested to write a naive sketch about there life. After the data-control was done, guidelines for nursing staff had been set. The guidelines are set for the management of adolescents that has previously been involved in satanism, and experiences obstacles in their strive for mental health. Interviews with experts in satanism was done, literature in the form of books, magazines and newsclippings were used to verify the findings in the research. The most important guidelines are that: the caregivers have to be reborn Christians; they are not allowed to show, any fear or sympathy; they have to have sufficient knowledge about satanism; the adolescent has to be unconditionally accepted; the caregivers have to work in a team; the adolescents have to be taught to deal with their emotions.

Adolescent↗