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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Meningococcal C vaccines: the Canadian experience.

BACKGROUND: Several outbreaks caused by virulent strains of serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis were observed in several Canadian provinces in the early 1990s. In an attempt to control these outbreaks, local immunization programs, with polysaccharide vaccines, directed at school age children and adolescents were initiated. In Quebec, however, the incidence of serogroup C meningococcal disease remained high among unvaccinated groups, and clusters appeared in previously unaffected areas. As a result, a 1-dose immunization campaign was initiated, targeting all 1.9 million people between 6 months and 20 years of age for vaccination with the polysaccharide vaccine. This campaign was effective in controlling the epidemic, but there was no evidence of vaccine effectiveness among children <2 years of age and protection was short-lived among older individuals. A second series of serogroup C meningococcal disease outbreaks were observed in several Canadian provinces from 1999 to 2001, and a mass immunization campaign with glycoconjugate vaccines against serogroup C meningococcal disease was implemented in the autumn of 2001. METHODS: Evaluation of the effects of the glycoconjugate vaccination campaign was made with data on confirmed cases of serogroup C disease reported to the regional health authorities between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2002. A cost effectiveness analysis of different glycoconjugate vaccine immunization strategies was also performed. CONCLUSIONS: The 1999-2001 glycoconjugate vaccine mass immunization campaign was effective in reducing disease incidence among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Results of the cost effectiveness study indicated that the most effective long term control strategy was a routine, 3-dose, infant vaccination program but the most cost-effective strategy was a routine 1-dose vaccination program in the setting of an acute outbreak.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Meningococcal vaccines.

BACKGROUND: The 5 major pathogenic serogroups of the Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium Neisseria meningitidis are A, B, C, Y, and W135. In the 1960s, vaccines consisting of purified capsular polysaccharide antigens were developed against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135. These vaccines were highly effective among adults but were not efficacious among infants and young children. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines were subsequently developed. METHODS: The development of second-generation capsular polysaccharide glycoconjugate vaccines that are effective among infants and children is reviewed. The approaches for development of a broadly protective serogroup B vaccine, including attempts toward optimization of outer membrane vesicle vaccines and identification of conserved antigens, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Monovalent serogroup C conjugate vaccines have been successful in reducing the burden of serogroup C meningococcal disease among infants, older children, and adults in the United Kingdom and Canada. Tetravalent serogroup A/C/W/Y conjugate vaccines are in late stage development. The use of serogroup B capsular polysaccharide as the basis for a vaccine for prevention of serogroup B meningococcal disease has proved problematic. The recent sequencing of the serogroup B genome led to the identification of additional, genome-derived, neisserial antigens, through a process called "reverse vaccinology."

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed2004

The strategy to control New Zealand's epidemic of group B meningococcal disease.

BACKGROUND: In New Zealand today, babies of Pacific ethnicity born in South Auckland have a 1-in-48 chance of contracting meningococcal disease by the time they are 5 years of age. METHODS: The New Zealand government, Chiron Vaccines and the University of Auckland have collaborated to develop and investigate a group B meningococcal vaccine to allow a mass-immunization program to control a prolonged and intense epidemic. Within 3 years, a strain-specific meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine has been developed, and overlapping clinical trials have been undertaken; a report was submitted for regulatory approval within 2 years. An important aspect of the project's strategy was to apply, with physicochemical data, the results of the New Zealand outer membrane vesicle vaccine trials to the parent vaccine produced and evaluated by the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health. Immunogenicity results for the New Zealand vaccine are promising, with the vaccine showing a reactogenicity profile similar to that of the parent vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling the epidemic depends on delivering an effective vaccine to the individuals at greatest risk, ie, mainly Maori and Pacific populations that previous health programs have struggled to reach. Participation of and partnership with these communities in public health decision-making and vaccine delivery will be critical to a successful immunization program.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of the growth phase of Neisseria meningitidis on the accumulation of antigens cross-reacting with human antigens in the culture].

The content of N. meningitidis antigens with epitopes cross-reacting with human antigens was studied in the dynamics of the meningococci cultivation. The absence of these antigens in the culture in the middle of the exponential phase of growth and their presence in the culture at the end of the stationary growth phase of growth were shown. Thus the expediency of using the culture in the middle of the exponential phase of growth for obtaining meningococcal (serogroups A, B and C) vaccines was demonstrated. The trend, found to be promising for the development of immunologically safe vaccines which contained no antigens having common epitopes with human antigens, was determined.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

[Present possibilities of anti-meningococcal vaccination].

In the form of answers to the most frequent questions the author reviews the present development of an antimeningococcal vaccine and describes the existing possibilities of vaccination. The article broaches the history of vaccine development, categories of antimeningococcal vaccines, their weaknesses and advantages. The author discusses the issue of a vaccine against meningococcus B, the difference between a polysaccharide and conjugated vaccine, the vaccination strategy in the Czech Republic and in the world and briefly describes the antimeningococcal immunity of our population.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Waterhouse-Friderichsen cases in the archives of ZMS PAM--epidemiological conditions and diagnostic difficulties].

15 cases of meningococcal infections from 2003-2004 were discussed in the study. Their therapy ended in failure and they had been typically autopsied in our Forensic Med. Department. During the autopsy material for classical microbiological investigations was collected. That type of death is characterised with pathognomonic and autopsy image. The problem is the microbiological identification of the pathogen group and type. It is connected with the characteristic of the analysed material and the biological features of Neisseria meningitidis. The molecular and genetic methods show their usefulness in this type of diagnostic of the properly selected and collected material which typically are: cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue with the arachnoid membranes and spleen tissue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Meningococcal disease--outbreak in Delhi.

Meningococcal disease occurs both endemically and epidemically across the world. In India also meningococcal disease occurs sporadically with epidemics occurring at regular intervals. Epidemics of meningococcal disease have occurred in Delhi in the year 1935, then in the year 1966 which lasted for a year and again in 1985-86. The last epidemic took a great toll with case fatality rate nearly 13%. This year also there has been an outbreak of meningococcal disease with nearly 400 cases and case fatality rates of about 10% majority are males between the age group of 21-30 years and from the inner crowded areas of the city.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1991

The Norwegian meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine protection trials: case tracing, meningococcal antigen detection and serological diagnosis.

A survey is given of the efforts made to inform the general public, the potential vaccinees and their parents, and the health care personnel about meningococcal disease in general and the vaccination trial in particular, as a preparation for the meningococcal outer membrane vesicle serogroup B vaccine (MenB-vaccine "Folkehelsa") trials in secondary school students and military conscripts in Norway. Our case reporting system, supplementing the official notification, concerning even vaguely suspected cases in the age cohorts involved, is described. The efforts made to collect clinical material as well as laboratory and clinical data from 221 registered suspected cases are delineated. We also briefly summarize our cerebrospinal fluid antigen detection methods and diagnostic meningococcal serology work on these suspected cases. The compiled information on findings done at the admitting hospital of the possible cases and the additional diagnostic data provided at the National Institute of Public Health were put at the disposal of the independent Diagnosis Review Committee (DRC) as a basis for their diagnostic decisions before code opening for the meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine protection trial 3 June 1991.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1991

Results of an efficacy trial with an outer membrane vesicle vaccine against systemic serogroup B meningococcal disease in Norway.

A placebo controlled, double blind efficacy trial with a new outer membrane vesicle vaccine against systemic meningococcal disease of serogroup B, has been conducted in Norwegian secondary schools. The study was randomized at school level (1335 schools) and 171,800 students volunteered. The study started in October 1988 and the code was opened in June 1991. Out of the thirty-six proven cases of acute, severe, systemic disease caused by serogroup B meningococci among the participants, twelve occurred in eleven schools given vaccine, twenty-four in twenty-four schools given placebo. twenty-four cases were recorded among secondary school students who did not participate in the study. The protection rate was calculated to 57.4% with a p-value of 1.2% and lower limit of confidence (95%) to 27.7%. The results have initiated research towards an improved outer membrane vesicle vaccine against this disease.

Adolescent↗