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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Posthypnotic responding: the relevance of suggestion and test congruence.

Thirty real, hypnotized subjects and 34 simulating, unhypnotized subjects were given either a suggestion to respond when they heard a cue (general) or a suggestion to respond when they heard a cue after hypnosis (posthypnotic). Half the subjects were given the cue during hypnosis (hypnotic test) and half were given it after hypnosis (posthypnotic test). Those who were given the cue during hypnosis were also given it after hypnosis. Between- and within-group comparisons were made of subjects' behavioral responses, latencies to respond, and ratings of experiential compulsion. The findings indicated that subjects' behavior and experience were influenced by congruence between information conveyed by the suggestion and the test about when and how they should respond.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Surreptitious observation of responses to hypnotically suggested hallucinations: a test of the compliance hypothesis.

Suggestions for arm levitation and for visual, auditory, tactile, and taste hallucinations were administered twice via audiotape to a group of high suggestible students and low suggestible simulators. During one of the administrations, participants were led to believe they were alone, but their behavior was surreptitiously recorded on videotape and observed on a video monitor. During the other administration, they were observed openly by an experimenter who had not been informed about group assignment. When unaware that they were being observed, simulators were significantly less responsive to suggestion and engaged in substantially more role-inappropriate behavior. In contrast, the responsiveness of nonsimulating students was not affected by the presence of an experimenter, and they exhibited little role-inappropriate behavior even when alone. These data indicate that the responses of suggestible individuals reflect internally generated changes in experience and are not due to simple intentional compliance (i.e., faking).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Posthypnotic responding: knowing when to stop helps to keep it going.

The authors examined the effect of specifying (cue) or not specifying (no cue) the cancellation cue for posthypnotic suggestion. Responding was indexed on formal, embedded, informal, and postexperimental tests. Thirty-six real, hypnotized participants and 20 simulating participants took part in an application of the real-simulating paradigm. Responding declined across the four tests. Real participants in the cue condition maintained responding longer than simulators in the cue condition, and they also maintained responding longer than reals and simulators in the no cue condition. The findings highlight the interactional influence of individual, interpersonal, and situational factors in posthypnotic responding and underscore the active involvement of individuals in hypnotically initiated events.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Falsifications in the psychiatric history: a differential diagnosis.

Several types of falsification may be encountered in the clinical setting, including lies, pseudologia fantastica, delusions and confabulations. I will review these phenomena in the psychopathology literature and propose five criteria to facilitate classification of a falsification. I will then present case histories that illustrate the relationship between the type of falsification and the clinical psychiatric diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: a review of the postconcussive syndrome.

Seemingly mild head injuries frequently result in persisting postconcussive syndromes. The etiology of these symptoms is often controversial. Neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and neuropathological evidence that brain damage can occur in the absence of gross neurological deficits after mild injuries is reviewed. Direct impact to the head is not required to cause brain injury. Understandably, psychological factors also play a role in post-head-injury disability, but the effect of compensation claims and preinjury psychopathology is often secondary to organic factors. Persons over age 40 or with a history of previous head injury are more vulnerable to protracted symptomatology.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1993

Detecting the faking of amnesia: performance differences between simulators and patients with memory impairment.

This study attempted to establish criteria for distinguishing patients with genuine memory problems from those who are attempting to simulate amnesia. The performance of simulators and genuine amnesics was compared under distraction conditions in which subjects had to count backwards between presentation and recall, and under no-distraction conditions in which the retention interval was unfilled. Genuine amnesics performed significantly worse than controls under distraction conditions, but did not perform significantly worse than controls under no-distraction conditions. However, those attempting to fake amnesia performed significantly worse than controls under no-distraction as well as under distraction conditions. They also exaggerated the memory deficit overall relative to genuine amnesics. It is suggested that these two criteria might be used successfully in clinical settings to assist in the detection of simulators.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Detecting dissimulation: profiles of simulated malingerers, traumatic brain-injury patients, and normal controls on a revised version of Hiscock and Hiscock's Forced-Choice Memory Test.

A computer-administered memory test was given to normal subjects instructed to feign brain damage, normal controls, and traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients with complaints of memory dysfunction. The test, a revised version of an instrument developed by Hiscock and Hiscock (1989) employed forced, two-choice recognition of previously presented five-digit numbers. Two levels of item difficulty and three retention intervals were used. Control and TBI subjects performed at near ceiling level on easy items and items with short retention intervals. Feigning subjects performed worse than TBI and control subjects at all levels of item difficulty and all retention intervals. Subjects groups were maximally distinguishable from one another by performance on difficult items and items with the longest retention interval. All TBI patients performed at or above chance level. Only 15% of the feigning subjects performed below chance level on any section of the test. Jack-knifed discriminant function analysis correctly classified 83% of all subjects into their respective groups. Although evaluation of patient performance relative to chance probability is useful for indicating the presence of extremely exaggerated memory deficits, criteria derived from sample distributions of group scores were superior for evaluation of motivation in less obvious cases. The Victoria Revision may be useful for detecting true memory deficit as well as dissimulation.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

Psychological correlates of psychogenic seizures.

Psychological correlates of psychogenic seizures were studied. The MMPI, Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT; a forced choice measure of motivation), disability status, Face-Hand Test, and Finger Agnosia were compared in 53 patients with medically intractable seizure disorders who underwent intensive EEG monitoring. Using conventional neurologic criteria, 64% had diagnoses of epileptic seizures (ES) and 36% had psychogenic seizures (PS). PS patients were significantly higher in number of somatoform MMPI profiles and likelihood of applying for financial benefits, and significantly lower on the PDRT. PS patients made more Finger Agnosia errors. Differences on the Face-Hand Test were of borderline significance. The results support the existence of multiple psychometric correlates of PS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Determining random responding for the category, speech-sounds perception, and Seashore Rhythm tests.

A formula is presented for determining if scores from the Category, Speech-Sounds Perception, and Seashore Rhythm tests are significantly different from random responding. Confidence intervals for random responding are also presented. Results of published studies involving normative and non-normal subjects are reviewed, and the percentage of subjects responding in the random range are presented. Normative subjects' scores on the Category and Speech-Sounds Perception tests do not fall into the random range, but high percentages of their Seashore Rhythm Test scores do fall into the random range.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed2000

Chronic neurobehavioural effects of mercury poisoning on a group of Zulu chemical workers.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess the nature and severity of reported neurobehavioural symptoms of mercury poisoning, in a group of Zulu chemical workers (n = 16), employed by a mercury processing plant, exposed to neurotoxic levels of mercury, 5 years after exposure. RESEARCH DESIGN: A group-control design was adopted, where the exposed group was matched for age, sex, race, occupational and educational background. METHOD/PROCEDURES: Both groups were administered a specially selected battery of psychometric tests to measure neuropsychological functioning. OUTCOME AND RESULTS: The exposed group had significantly impaired short term verbal and spatial memory, impaired sustained and divided attention, and impaired motor speed. They also suffered from elevated clinical levels of psychiatric symptomatology, including anxiety, depression and phobic avoidance, and neurological symptoms of tremor, weakness in the limbs, and excessive sweating. CONCLUSIONS: The exposed group suffered from varying degrees of permanent neuropsychological disability, which adversely affects their ability to work and be financially independent. Psychometric measures for monitoring cognitive symptoms are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Response mode and performance on the Rey 15-item test: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of response mode and perceptual organization on performance on the Rey 15-item test. METHOD: The test was administered to 65 participants with a brain injury and 30 participants without a brain injury in a clinical setting. RESULTS: The frequency with which participants appeared to perceive the test stimuli vertically instead of horizontally was 17% in the brain injury group and 10% in the general clinical group. In both groups, those who perceived the test stimuli vertically performed significantly worse than those that perceived the stimuli horizontally. CONCLUSION: This study identified a potential performance variable that may undermine the utility of the test. Strategies are suggested for increasing the rate of horizontal perception, which may improve test performance among clinical groups, thereby reducing the likelihood of genuine respondents obtaining a low score and being misclassified as malingerers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Comparison between poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and DNA modified by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II): immunological and spectroscopic studies.

The importance of the base composition and of the conformation of nucleic acids in the reaction with the drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) has been studied by competition experiments between the drug and several double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides. Binding to poly(dG).poly(dC) is larger than to poly (dG-dC).poly(dG-dC). There is no preferential binding in the competition between poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT) and poly(dA-dG).poly(dC-dT). In the competition between poly(dG-dC).poly (dG-dC) (B conformation) and poly(dG-br5dC).poly(dG-br5dC) (Z conformation), the drug binds equally well to both polynucleotides. In natural DNA, modification of guanine residues in (GC)n.(GC)n sequences by the drug has been revealed by the inhibition of cleavage of these sequences by the restriction enzyme BssHII. By means of antibodies to platinated poly(dG-dC), it is shown that some of the adducts formed in platinated poly(dG-dC) are also formed in platinated pBR322 DNA. The type of adducts recognized the antibodies is not known. Thin layer chromatography of the products after chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of platinated poly(dG-dC) suggests that interstrand cross-links are formed. Finally, the conformations of poly(dG-dC) modified either by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) or by trans-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) have been compared by circular dichroism. Both the cis-isomer and the trans-isomer stabilize the Z conformation when they bind to poly(dG-m5dC) in the Z conformation. When they bind to poly(dG-m5dC) in the B conformation, the conformations of poly(dG-m5dC) modified by the cis or the trans-isomer are different. Moreover, the cis-isomer facilitates the B form-Z form transition of the unplatinated regions while the trans-isomer makes it more difficult.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1996

NMR solution structure of a DNA decamer containing an interstrand cross-link of the antitumor drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II).

A 10 base pairs double-stranded oligonucleotide with the sequence d(CCTCG.CTCTC). d(GAGAG.CGAGG) containing a single interstrand cross-link resulting from chelation of the N7 position of two guanine residues on the opposite strands of DNA at the d(G.C/G.C) site by a cis-diammineplatinum(II) residue was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. All the exchangeable and nonexchangeable protons resonance lines (except some H5'-H5") were assigned. NOESY spectra and chemical shifts indicated that the cross-linkage of the guanines of G.5 and G.6 induced extrahelicity of C5 and C6. Moreover, several unusual proximities were observed such as: (i) NOE cross-peaks between the H2'-H2" of G.5 or G.6 and the aromatic proton of their 5' neighbor C4 or A7 (ii) the absence of cross-peak for the steps G.5-C6, C6-T7 and C5-G4 (iii) a strong NOESY connectivity between H8(G.5) and H2(A7). All these data allowed us to describe the head to tail arrangement of the two cross-linked guanines as well as their stacking with flanking neighbor nucleotides (G.5 with T7.A7 base pair and G.6 with C4.G4 base pair). Using all the NOESY and TOCSY data (208 constraints), we have obtained a solution structure of the cross-linked duplex by using the NMR-constrained molecular mechanics program JUMNA. The reversal position of the two cross-linked guanines placed the cis-diammineplatinum(II) residue in the minor groove. The stacking of the two cross-linked guanines with the surrounding bases induced a bend of 40 degrees toward the minor groove. The locally left-helix formation, the extrusion of the cytosines and the stacking of the platinated guanines led to an unwinding of 76 degrees. This value is in good agreement with the values deduced from gel electrophoresis experiments.

Antineoplastic Agents↗