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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of external gamma radiation on shortening the life expectancy and rates of the formation of absorbed doses from incorporated 239Pu in dogs].

External gamma irradiation of dogs with doses of 103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg combined with the effect of inhaled plutonium-239 accelerates the formation of absorbed doses in secondary organs of the radionuclide deposition by 41.7 and 2.4 times, respectively, whereas the dose of 25.8 mC/kg is ineffective. As estimated by the rate of 239Pu accumulation and by the life span shortening, the minimum effective and the maximum ineffective doses are 104.8 and 80.5 cGy and 89.2 and 79.2 cGy, respectively.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Life expectancy indicator for re-sterilizable plastic materials].

Semi-disposable products in which only part of the product is disposable while another part made of plastic is designed to be reusable, are an effective counter to the increasing masses of plastic waste generated by hospitals. The major problem with such products has been the fact that the resterilizable parts could withstand only a limited number of resterilizations and the user had no means of seeing when this number had been reached. To resolve this problem, the Life-Span Indicator was developed in cooperation with Beiersdorf AG. This indicator changes colour from blue to orange after about 100 sterilizations. It is based on an azo pigment diffused into a carrier polymer, POM. Repeated heating of the slow colour change of the pigment. Not all the details of the mechanisms involved are clear, but the indicator functions reliably and reproducibly. Since the pigment is inside the polymer, the colour-change reaction is not affected by mechanical pre-cleaning or disinfection. The user can thus readily see how long he can use such products without risking malfunction. The number of resterilizations can be varied to suit the product, and the indicator can be shaped as required, for example as a nonseparable snap-in plug or a capable binder.

Color↗
PubMed1997

Causes of failure and life expectancy of the ileoanal pouch.

180 ileoanal pouches constructed over 10 years and followed for at least 2 years (154 for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and 26 for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)) were reviewed. 23 pouches have been excised to date, 8 remain defunctioned (pouch failure FAP 7.7%, IBD 18.8%). The reasons for excision were: ischemia (n = 6), pelvic sepsis (n = 5), severe stenosis (n = 3), underlying Crohn's disease (n = 3), poor function (n = 5) and fistula (n = 1). The reasons for defunction were: Crohn's disease (n = 1), pelvic sepsis (n = 5) and ileoanal stenosis (n = 2). The projected overall pouch survival rate (Life table analysis) at 5 years was 81% (confidence interval 74-87%). Beyond 7 years, the figures to calculate survival became unreliable (small numbers). There was a significant association between pouch failure and pelvic sepsis (Fisher's exact test P < 0.0001) and between failure and fistula formation (P < 0.02). Multiple regression analysis showed pelvic sepsis and recurrent pouchitis to be independent factors of pouch failure. Pouch failure can occur many years after initial operation. Long-term follow up is recommended.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Elderly women with reference to professional careers: life expectations and coping patterns].

Recent studies of retirement-patterns often concentrated on men's lives. Especially in this field of research, we have to be aware of a "gender-bias". The intention of this study is to correct this omission. The interaction between cognitive and motivational variables within the person and biographical factors were investigated. 106 women born between 1923 and 1933 participated at the follow-up study with three different measurement points. The investigation was realized by using the biographical method developed by H. Thomae. From the biographical background of the women, we could point to close associations between attitudes, motivations, and plans developed during the occupational career and coping-patterns in the process of retirement. Very strong intragroup differences were found. The process of dealing with retirement varies among women, depending on different life-perspectives. The life-perspectives depend upon biographically developed self-definitions and life-interpretations during life-course. In general, the results show that lifelong employment does not necessarily lead to a turning away from traditional gender-biased stereotypes and to a change in the identity of elderly former employed women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[A new cardiac pacemaker stimulation technology (autocapture) allows, with unchanged life expectancy, reduction of generator size by half].

Energy delivery (stimulation amplitude) of a pacemaker should be adjusted to the depolarisation threshold of the heart, which is a nonconstant magnitude. As programming of the stimulation amplitude is time-consuming, many pacemakers are never adjusted to the measured threshold referring to energy delivery. The unnecessary energy loss subsequently reduces the longevity of the implanted devices and remains the weak point of modern pacemakers. Autocapture function (automatic stimulation threshold search, subsequently automatic amplitude regulation 0.3 V above measured threshold, evoked response detection to verify the efficacy of every stimulus and back up pulse in case of loss of capture) is for the first time realized in an extremely small, rate adaptive, multiprogrammable single chamber pacemaker (Microny SR+ 2425T). The pulse generator was tested in a multicentric, european clinical investigation study. These pacemakers were implanted in 8 patients (5 male, 3 female) between December 1994 and April 1995. Automatic measurement of Autocapture threshold revealed 0.7 +/- 0.15 V at implantation, 1.5 +/- 0.3 V after 1 month, 1.3 +/- 0.14 V after 6 months and 1.3 +/- 0.14 V 1 year after implantation. A safety margin of 0.3 V is added to the threshold value to secure capture, therefore mean stimulation amplitude is 1.6 V after 12 months implantation time. The Autocapture feature minimizes current drain and that means that this extremely small generator provides a comparable life as the twice as large common generators used at present time.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Effects of offering advance directives on quality adjusted life expectancy and psychological well-being among ill adults.

Two hundred and four patients from various clinical services at the San Diego Veterans' Administration Medical Center and the University of California, San Diego Medical Center were randomly assigned to either experimental (offered the opportunity to execute an Advance Directive regarding the level of care they wanted to receive if incapacitated) or control (no Advance Directive offered) conditions. Patients were given a baseline interview and re-interviewed at specific intervals (3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after baseline, and every 6 months thereafter). Outcome measures included the Qualitty of Well-being Scale, a measure of health status, and the General Well-being Index, a measure of psychological well-being. All differences between the health status and psychological well-being of experimental and control groups 3.5 years after the randomization were non-significant. Methodological implications of including mortality as part of the outcomes are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[The life expectancy after cardial infarct regarding the social-insurance company (author's transl)].

German insurance statistics indicate that the age for admission to disablement benefit after myocardial infarct has not increased during the past ten years, which means that there has been no improvement. From among the pensioners in the workers' annuity insurance (Rheinprovinz) as many as 63.0% survived the 7 years' observation period in the case of anterior and 80.1% in the case of posterior wall infarction. While in respect of posterior wall infarction the age dependence has been less distinct, the survival rate reduced by 86.7% in case of male patients younger than 40 years to 49.4% in case of patients of 60 years and over. Minor differences only have been found to exist in respect of females. Regarding the deceased, it has been discovered that also the mean survival rate in years strongly depended on infarct locality, i.e. anterior or posterior wall. Disability benefit used to be granted already on the average 2 years after infarction which means that applications were already filed in the year when the infarct occurred or in the year thereafter. This gives rise to the conclusion that there are too many doctors to whom a myocardial infarction diagnosis creates the impression that the majority of patients will never be able to undertake any kind of professional activity again.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Prognostic factors and life expectancy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Eighteen children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were diagnosed as having Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) by either open lung biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage. Seven patients (39%) died during the acute illness. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients at the time of presentation and lactate dehydrogenase levels did not distinguish survivors from nonsurvivors. Total lymphocyte and T4 cell counts were low in children who died during the initial PCP infection but had considerable overlap with survivors. Response to phytohemagglutinin was measured in 5 of the 7 patients who died initially. In these patients, the mean phytohemagglutinin response was 1977 cpm. Of the 11 early survivors, 10 died within 27 months after PCP. Mean phytohemagglutinin response was 46,079 cpm in patients who died within 1 year, and 44,768 cpm in those who died later. Only 1 child is still alive 5 years after PCP illness. Children with AIDS and PCP infection have high initial mortality and poor long-term prognosis. Response to phytohemagglutinin is helpful in predicting who will survive initial PCP infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Life expectancy in the former USSR and mortality dynamics by cause of death: regional aspects.

"The purpose of our paper is to present recent trends of mortality in the former USSR in terms of demographic transition theory.... Analysis of data on mortality dynamics by age and cause of death allows us to consider some features of the progress of the demographic transition.... The principal causes of the discrepancy between the former USSR and Western countries appear to follow first of all from considerably lower living standards.... The second principal cause of unfavourable patterns of mortality was an unhealthy environment in the workplace and at home." The focus is on the 1980s.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a society of maturity and harmony - a new plan for achieving longer and healthier life expectancies in Japan.

Because of its rapidly increasing older population, Japan urgently needs sound and rapid progress in gerontology in order to create a new society, in which both young and old can live their active and creative lives in harmony. In order to establish such a society of maturity and harmony, the Japanese Government has begun a major national project, heralded by the establishment of a National Research Center of Gerontology. This center will begin functioning in 1995 in Nagoya, with the combined support of the National and the Aichi Prefectural Governments. This center will consist of a newly constructed research institute of 8000 m(2) with an attached animal facility, and a geriatric hospital with 500 beds for patients with dementia, those in a bed-ridden state, as well as those with various geriatric diseases. The close collaboration of the hospital and the research institute is expected to facilitate further progress in gerontology as well as in the education and training of specialized geriatricians and future leaders in gerontological research in Japan. In order to promote rapid progress in gerontology, a new foundation, the Japan Foundation for Aging and Health, has already begun its activities including the financial support of gerontological research, an international exchange program for scientists in gerontology, and the holding of international symposia in various fields of gerontology. With this accomplishment of the new Institute in 1995, activities for international collaborations will be dramatically expanded. This paper briefly covers the history as well as some future prospects of gerontology in Japan in conjugation with the establishment of the National Research Center of Gerontology.

Journal Article↗