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Results for “Lactose Intolerance”

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"Colic"--primary excessive crying as an infant-environment interaction.

This article defines "colic" as excessive crying in young infants and suggests some specific diagnostic criteria. The three main theories of single causes are reviewed: feedings, psychosocial environment, and problems in the infant. In place of these oversimplified explanations, this article proposes an interactional model that considers both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Recommendations for management include suggestions for handling the infant, the environment, and their interaction. Some suggestions are then offered for improving the quality of future research.

Animals↗

Irritable bowel syndrome: a little understood organic bowel disease?

Irritable bowel syndrome affects 10% of adults with an unexplained female predominance. Although only a few people see their family doctor, the disease causes reduced quality of life and represents a multi-billion pound health-care problem. The disorder clusters in families, which is possibly because of intra-familial learning and a genetic predisposition. Visceral hypersensitivity is a key feature in most patients. Results of imaging studies of regional cerebral blood flow during rectal distension suggest underlying disturbances of central processing of afferent signals, though this is not unique to the disorder, since it is seen in other chronic pain syndromes. Environmental factors that are strongly implicated in at least some patients include gastrointestinal infection and inflammation and chronic stress. Diagnosis is based on positive symptoms and absence of any alarm indicators. Treatment remains unsatisfactory and hinges on an excellent doctor-patient relationship, with drugs for symptom exacerbations. Cognitive behavioural treatment, psychotherapy, and hypnosis could provide long-lasting benefit in some patients. Tricyclic antidepressants in low doses seem to be the most effective class of drugs for the disorder on the basis of limited data.

Brain↗