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PubMed1996

Speeded detection of vowels: a cross-linguistic study.

In four experiments, listeners' response times to detect vowel targets in spoken input were measured. The first three experiments were conducted in English. In two, one using real words and the other, nonwords, detection accuracy was low, targets in initial syllables were detected more slowly than targets in final syllables, and both response time and missed-response rate were inversely correlated with vowel duration. In a third experiment, the speech context for some subjects included all English vowels, while for others, only five relatively distinct vowels occurred. This manipulation had essentially no effect, and the same response pattern was again observed. A fourth experiment, conducted in Spanish, replicated the results in the first three experiments, except that miss rate was here unrelated to vowel duration. We propose that listeners' responses to vowel targets in naturally spoken input are effectively cautious, reflecting realistic appreciation of vowel variability in natural context.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cultural and linguistic factors in audiovisual speech processing: the McGurk effect in Chinese subjects.

The "McGurk effect" demonstrates that visual (lip-read) information is used during speech perception even when it is discrepant with auditory information. While this has been established as a robust effect in subjects from Western cultures, our own earlier results had suggested that Japanese subjects use visual information much less than American subjects do (Sekiyama & Tohkura, 1993). The present study examined whether Chinese subjects would also show a reduced McGurk effect due to their cultural similarities with the Japanese. The subjects were 14 native speakers of Chinese living in Japan. Stimuli consisted of 10 syllable (/ba/, /pa/, /ma/, /wa/, /da/, /ta/, /na/, /ga/, /ka/, /ra/) pronounced by two speakers, one Japanese and one American. Each auditory syllable was dubbed onto every, visual syllable within one speaker, resulting in 100 audiovisual stimuli in each language. The subjects' main task was to report what they thought they had heard while looking at and listening to the speaker while the stimuli were being uttered. Compared with previous results obtained with American subjects, the Chinese subjects showed a weaker McGurk effect. The results also showed that the magnitude of the McGurk effect depends on the length of time the Chinese subjects had lived in Japan. Factors that foster and alter the Chinese subjects' reliance on auditory information are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cross-linguistic comparisons in the integration of visual and auditory speech.

We examined how speakers of different languages perceive speech in face-to-face communication. These speakers identified synthetic unimodal and bimodal speech syllables made from synthetic auditory and visual five-step /ba/-/da/ continua. In the first experiment, Dutch speakers identified the test syllables as either /ba/ or /da/. To explore the robustness of the results, Dutch and English speakers were given a completely open-ended response task. Tasks in previous studies had always specified a set of alternatives. Similar results were found in the two-alternative and open-ended task. Identification of the speech segments was influenced by both the auditory and the visual sources of information. The results falsified an auditory dominance model (ADM) which assumes that the contribution of visible speech is dependent on poor-quality audible speech. The results also falsified an additive model of perception (AMP) in which the auditory and visual sources are linearly combined. The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) provided a good description of performance, supporting the claim that multiple sources of continuous information are evaluated and integrated in speech perception. These results replicate previous results found with English, Spanish, and Japanese speakers. Although there were significant performance differences, the model analyses indicated no differences in the nature of information processing across language groups. The performance differences across languages were caused by information differences due to different phonologies in Dutch and English. These results suggest that the underlying mechanisms for speech perception are similar across languages.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Infants' association of linguistic labels with causal actions.

Six experiments examined infants' ability to associate nonsense words with 2 causal actions: pushing and pulling. Although Experiment 1 found that 14-month-olds failed to form word-action associations, 18-month-olds in Experiment 2 provided reliable evidence of doing so. Additional experiments explored why 14-month-olds may not have formed such an association. Experiment 3 examined 14-month-olds' ability to discriminate a change in either the action or the label when the other element was held constant. Infants discriminated the change in label but not the change in action. When the language labels were replaced with music (Experiments 4-6), 14-month-old infants responded in terms of and discriminated between pushing and pulling. These results, in comparison with those from Experiments 1 and 3, suggest that for 14 month-olds, attempting to associate labels with actions may interfere with their discrimination of similar actions.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differences in linguistic representation of 10- to 12-year-old boys of divorced and not divorced parents].

Twenty-eight 10- to 14 years old boys from divorced families (separation of the parents was two years before the investigation) were compared with 26 10- to 14 years old boys from two-parent families on the basis of interviews about attachment related themes and daily situations, and by means of the California Child Q-Sort (CCQ). The interviews were analyzed with regard to coherence of language, emotional problems, reflectivity, supportive representation of their parents, verbal and nonverbal emotional openness and social network, as well as for personality variables. The boys of the divorced group did barely talk about relations, had problems in coping with emotional stress, and were less reflective about themselves and others. They felt insufficiently supported by their parents and did not show their emotions openly. They talked about themselves as dependent from their social environment and as less adaptive to new situations. These indications suggest an insecure attachment representation predominantly as a result of the parents' behavior leading to divorce (Table 1). The results show that separations and family disruptions, as a group effect, strongly affect pre-adolescent boys' state of mind. A minority of boys from the parental divorce group, however, show secure mental representations, comparable to a majority in the control group. Tables 2-5 show, independent of parental divorce, the major differences between boys with secure and boys with insecure mental representations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of the Portuguese version of MOS SF-36. Part I. Cultural and linguistic adaptation].

No one aims at applying generic measures as substitutes for other more traditional clinical procedures. The whole history of the evolution of these types of measures has been based on comparisons with clinical measures, always seen by researchers as ways to validate health outcome measures and as a process to be recognized by clinicians as a way to detect changes in time not always detected by the usual measures. The measurement instrument presented in this paper is the Portuguese version of the MOS SF-36, originally a result of the Medical Outcomes Study, a study carried out by Rand Corporation researchers in the 80's. One of the objectives of these researchers was precisely to develop instruments to be used in continuous monitoring of outcomes. This paper describes the first time MOS SF-36 was culturally adapted to Portuguese, validated and implemented. The first part mentions some of the foundations and developments of the original instrument as well as some results obtained from some specific applications. The second part introduces operational definitions for each of the eight scales and describes the SF-36 measurement model as well as the factor structure with two dimensions. Next, we present the design used by us to transform the data from the time they are collected from the respondents to the time they are ready to be further used. Finally, the methodology used to culturally adapt the MOS SF-36 and create a Portuguese version which is culturally equivalent are presented.

Humans↗