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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Repellent and toxic effects of plant extracts on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

The effects of four plant extract formulations on the orientation and survival of subterranean termites were tested. In choice experiments, extract-treated filter paper had a significantly repellent effect on groups of Reticulitermes santonensis De Feytaud, R. virginicus (Banks), Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and Schedorhinotermes intermedius Breinli. There was no species-specific difference in avoidance behavior toward the tested concentrations. No-choice experiments revealed toxic properties of all investigated extracts by contact or airborne compounds against R. santonensis. However, high termite mortality was only achieved by forced direct or forced indirect exposure to the plant material, Feeding deterrence or digestive toxicity could not be judged in these experiments. One of the extracts was efficiently used for soil treatments to protect a food substrate against R. santonenis infestation. Extract-treated barriers in the experiments did not affect mortality compared with control trials but prevented termites from penetrating treated soil.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on x-ray induced chromosomal translocations in Anopheles albimanus. III. Effect of the release of translocation males on the dynamics of cage populations.

Anopheles albimanus males carrying an Y-autosome translocation were continuously released into a cage population at a ratio of 1:5 in favor of translocation males. The release caused a significant decrease in the absolute density of cage populations. Virtually complete replacement of wild type Y chromosome by translocated Y chromosome was observed after four generations. The results obtained from the cage experiments encourage actual field trials for the control of this vector species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Technical reasons for the re-emergence of sleeping sickness].

In the 1920s the epidemic outbreak of human African trypanosomiasis was so deadly that government authorities decided to take large-scale action. It was by giving Jamot absolute administrative and financial autonomy to apply his ideas that the disease was successfully controlled. After Jamot determined efforts against the disease continued so that, by the dawn of decolonization, many considered the problem of sleeping sickness as resolved. Control programs progressively slowed and virtually ceased. Neglected and all but forgotten, the disease has able to make a natural and forceful comeback. Obvious attempts have been made to explain this comeback in terms of poor commitment on the part of health authorities, disappearance of competent work groups, and lack of money and personnel. True as these issues may be, it is just not that simple. Many other problems prevent disease management from being delegated to primary healthcare workers including the difficulty of clinical, serological, and parasitological diagnosis, inability to implement effective widespread vector control, paucity of therapeutic modalities, and irrationality of vaccination. Under these conditions, re-emergence of the disease was unavoidable and future control efforts will be difficult.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Toxicity and repellency of hot pepper extracts to spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.

Increasing concern about persistence and environmental impact of synthetic pesticide residues require development of biodegradable and environmentally safe alternatives. The potential of using fruit extracts of hot pepper as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study. Twenty-four Capsicum accessions (Solanaceae) were screened for their toxicity and repellency to the spider mites. Crude extracts from fruits of C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were prepared in methanol and tested for their acaricidal properties. Spider mite mortality was greatest (45%) when fruit extract of accession Grif-9169 (C. annuum) was used. Results from diving board bioassays indicated that mites avoided filter paper strips treated with hot pepper extracts from accessions PI-596057 (C. baccatum), PI-195299 (C. annuum), and Grif- 9270 (C. annuum). This investigation suggests that methanolic extracts of these three accessions may have a great potential for repelling spider mites and should be field-tested on a large-scale to assess their value in managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic acaricides. An attempt was made to correlate repellency with chemical constituents of fruit extracts of the most repellent accessions to identify chemical sources of repellency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity or repellency, indicating that these are not likely related to the toxicity or repellency of the pepper fruit extracts. Other, unidentified chemicals are likely responsible for toxicity and repellency to the two-spotted spider mite.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Seven-up, the Drosophila homolog of the COUP-TF orphan receptors, controls cell proliferation in the insect kidney.

Morphogenesis of the insect kidney, the Malpighian tubules, is controlled in Drosophila by a single large cell, the tip cell. It has been postulated that this cell sends out a mitogenic signal that induces the division of neighboring cells. The signal and the molecules that receive it have remained elusive. We show that the COUP-TF-related nuclear orphan receptor Seven-up is a key component that becomes induced in response to mitogenic EGF receptor signaling activity emanating from the tip cell. Seven-up in turn is capable of regulating the transcription of cell cycle regulators.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Review of the methods of control of pathogenetic arthropods of medical and veterinary importance].

Chemical and biological methods of the title arthropod pests control, during the past 1985-1989, have been reviewed. Among insecticides the chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorous compounds, carbamates and particularly pyrethroids played still the outstanding role. Juvenoids, chitin synthesis inhibitors and semi-chemicals such as pheromones and feeding deterrents were discussed. WHO recommended insecticides for mosquito, housefly, cockroach Pharaoh's ant, flea, and bedbug control in Poland have been listed. Some biological methods applied against agricultural pests were mentioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Principles of the eradication or control of tsetse flies.

The success of attempts to control African trypanosomiasis afflicting both men and animals through the destruction of the tsetse vector depends on a realistic assessment of human and ecological factors in infested regions. The complete eradication of tsetse is at present possible only in limited areas, and elsewhere the advantages of periodic control campaigns have to be weighed carefully against their cost.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

[Reproductive disorders in Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in forested areas of Ivory Coast].

Study of reproductive disorders were carried out through the dissection of 11,012 tsetse flies caught over a period of one year in forested different habitats of Glossina palpalis palpalis of Daloa in Ivory Coast. The proportion of females with reproductive disorders was very low and estimated at 0.79%. Out of 87 tsetse files with reproductive disorders, 93.10% were abortions, 5.77% were ovular blockage and 1.13% was uterine pupaison. Reproductive disorders were recorded from all age groups: 0.78% in young parous (out of 6,398 tsetse flies examined) and 0.80% in old parous (out of 4,614 tsetse flies dissequed). Our results show that reproductive disorders occur at any stage of the female pregnancy cycle. Amplifying these reproductive disorders using chemical compounds is proposed as a way of improving the efficacy of insecticide-impregnated targets (pour-on, traps and screens) of tsetse control in rain-forest areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fire and insects in northern and boreal forest ecosystems of North America.

Fire and insects are natural disturbance agents in many forest ecosystems, often interacting to affect succession, nutrient cycling, and forest species composition. We review literature pertaining to effects of fire-insect interactions on ecological succession, use of prescribed fire for insect pest control, and effects of fire on insect diversity from northern and boreal forests in North America. Fire suppression policies implemented in the early 1900s have resulted in profound changes in forest species composition and structure. Associated with these changes was an increased vulnerability of forest stands to damage during outbreaks of defoliating insects. Information about the roles that both fire and insects play in many northern forests is needed to increase our understanding of the ecology of these systems and to develop sound management policies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Combined heat and controlled atmosphere quarantine treatments for control of western cherry fruit fly in sweet cherries.

Nonchemical quarantine treatments, using a combination of short duration high temperatures under low oxygen, elevated carbon dioxide atmospheric environment were developed to control western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, in sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L.). The two treatments developed use a chamber temperature of 45 degrees C for 45 min and a chamber temperature of 47 degreesd C for 25 min, both under a 1% oxygen, 15% carbon dioxide, -2 degrees C dew point environment. Both these treatments have been shown to provide control of all life stages of western cherry fruit fly while preserving commodity market quality. There was no definitive egg or larval stage, which was demonstrated to be the most tolerant to either controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system treatment. Efficacy tests for both treatments resulted in 100% mortality of >5000 western cherry fruit flies in each treatment. These treatments may provide, with further study, quarantine security in exported sweet cherries where western cherry fruit fly is a quarantine concern and fumigation with methyl bromide is not desired.

Animals↗