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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Genetic analysis of some behavioral and physiologic characters in hybrids between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Analysis of the nature of the inheritance].

As a result of crosses between the SHR rats (spontaneously hypertensive strain) and WKY rats (normotensive strain), the F1 and F2 hybrids and the B1 and B2 backcrosses were obtained. Analysis of genetic control nature in these generations revealed that the WKY genes responsible for the level of arterial pressure, sensitivity to the electric current stimulation and salt (sodium and potassium) appetite characteristics were dominant. The heterosis effect was found for the body mass. Analysis of dynamics of different types of exploratory activity (in a shuttle box, in "horizontal plane", in an open field) demonstrated specificity of their genetic formulae and peculiarities of changes in their genetic control during the test.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Genetics of a nonoptimal behavior: oviposition preference of Drosophila mauritiana for a toxic resource.

Among three sibling species of the D. melanogaster subgroup, two are generalists (D. simulans and D. mauritiana), while the third, D. sechellia, specializes on a single toxic resource, the fruit of Morinda citrifolia. D. sechellia, resistant to the toxics, prefers to oviposit on morinda; D. simulans, which is very sensitive, is strongly repelled. D. mauritiana exhibits an aberrant behavior since it prefers to lay its eggs on morinda, where its embryos are killed. Oviposition behavior, studied in parental species, F1 hybrids, and backcrosses, was mostly an additive genetical trait. Further investigations were made with D. mauritiana and D. simulans carrying recessive markers. The X and second chromosomes had no effect, while a clear effect was found for chromosome 3. Since the toxicity of morinda is due to middle-length fatty acids, the behavior of the three species toward various acids was investigated. We found that D. sechellia exhibited a general oviposition preference for acids, while D. simulans was repelled by acids with at least four carbons. Surprisingly D. mauritiana exhibited behavior quite similar to that of D. simulans. Preference for morinda in D. sechellia and D. mauritiana could be mediated by different chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative genetics of natural variation of behavior in Drosophila melanogaster: the possible role of the social environment on creating persistent patterns of group activity.

Using a set of nine effectively isogenic lines collected from nature in 1998, we observed unperturbed behaviors of mixed-sex groups of Drosophila melanogaster. We repeatedly scanned replicated groups of genetically identical individuals, five females and five males, and recorded the behavior of each individual (i.e., walking, feeding, grooming, flying, courting, mating, fighting, or resting). From these behaviors, we made a composite variable of activity for our quantitative genetic analysis. Genotypes differed in activity, explaining 14.41% of the variation in activity; 8.60% of the variation was explained by a significant genotype x sex interaction, which signifies genetic variation for sexual dimorphism in behavior. Phenotypic plasticity explained 11.13% of the variation in activity. Different genotypes and sexes within genotypes had different rank orders of the component behaviors that contribute to activity. We found no effect of common rearing environment. Instead, differences between replicate groups within genotype accounted for 19.47% variation in activity, and activity was significantly repeatable across scans. This emergent group behavior is likely caused by differences between groups of interacting individuals, even though individuals were genetically identical across groups. Thus, emergent group behavior explained almost as much variation in activity as the combined sources of genetic variation (23.01%), and this is an additional level on which selection could operate: individuals and groups. We discuss how differences among groups could change patterns of additive genetic variation available for evolution. Furthermore, because the behavior of an individual is influenced by conspecifics, genotype interactions between individuals could contribute to indirect selection. Finally, if we consider activity as a syndrome governing all component behaviors with strong genetic correlations among behaviors within an individual, then these component behaviors cannot evolve independently. These results suggest that reductionist approaches of molecular behavior genetics may be incomplete and/or misleading when considering similar phenotypes at the population level or when trying to understand how behaviors evolve.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Repetitive audiogenic seizures cause an increased acoustic response in inferior colliculus neurons and additional convulsive behaviors in the genetically-epilepsy prone rat.

Previous studies indicate that daily repetition of audiogenic seizures (AGS) leads to audiogenic 'kindling' with increased seizure duration and additional seizural behaviors. The present study examined the neuronal correlates of this phenomenon. Extracellular single neuron firing and concomitant convulsive behaviors associated with 14 repetitive AGS were evaluated in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat severe seizure strain (GEPR-9). An increase in the number of acoustically-evoked action potentials in neurons of the central nucleus of inferior colliculus (ICc) was observed by the second day of AGS repetition, and peaked at day four. The ICc responses remained at similar enhanced level through day 14. ICc neuronal responses were completely absent for approximately two min post-ictally after a single AGS in all animals, but 80% of the animals undergoing repetitive AGS consistently exhibited neuronal firing in this post-ictal period. Post-tonic clonus and an increased duration of post-ictal behavioral depression were also observed with repetitive AGS. The increased ICc neuronal firing was observed prior to the appearance of the post-tonic clonus component of repetitive AGS. This suggests that the ICc neuronal firing increase may subserve, at least, the initial increase in AGS severity. However, changes in neuronal firing in nuclei of the neuronal network for AGS efferent to the ICc may be responsible for the increased AGS severity that occurs after the fourth day of AGS repetition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Association of genetic differences in social behavior and cellular immune responsiveness: effects of social experience.

We have recently demonstrated that selective breeding of ICR mice for differences in social behavior (i.e., high versus low levels of social isolation-induced aggression) are related to increased susceptibility to tumor development and reduced levels of natural killer (NK) cell activity. In the present investigation, we sought to extend examination of the line differences in immune status to T and B cell responsiveness. In addition, we also sought to determine if social experience contributes to line differences in immune responsiveness. A cosibial design was used to examine whether single vs group housing modified the magnitude of line differences in immune status. Compared to aggressive (NC900) mice, nonaggressive (NC100) mice had significantly lower T cell proliferative responses to concanavalin A, lower IL-2 and gamma-interferon production, as well as significantly lower NK activity. Of the various measures of cellular immune responsiveness, housing condition was found to have a significant effect only on NK activity. No significant line by housing interactions were found for any of the immune measures tested. The present data demonstrate that the genetic selection for differences in social behavior is associated with line differences in several parameters of cellular immune responsiveness. These mouse lines provide a valuable research model to examine the association between selection for genetic differences in social behavior and differences in immune responsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Expression profile-defined classification of lung adenocarcinoma shows close relationship with underlying major genetic changes and clinicopathologic behaviors.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to gain insight into the relationship between expression profiles and underlying genetic changes, which are known to be important for the pathogenesis of lung cancers. METHODS: Expression profiles of 18,175 unique genes and three major targets for genetic changes, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and K-ras, were investigated in 149 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, including 90 patients with adenocarcinoma to determine their relationships with various clinicopathologic features and Gene Ontology (GO) terms. RESULTS: This study successfully established a basis for expression profile-defined classification, which can classify adenocarcinomas into two major types, terminal respiratory unit (TRU) type and non-TRU type. Our GO term-based identifier of particular biologic processes, molecular functions, and cellular compartments clearly showed characteristic retention of normal peripheral lung features in TRU type, in sharp contrast to the significant association of non-TRU type with cell cycling and proliferation-related features. While significantly higher frequency of EGFR mutation was observed in TRU type, we found that the presence of EGFR mutations was a significant predictor of shorter postoperative survival for TRU type, independent of disease stage. We were also able to identify a set of genes in vivo with significant upregulation in the presence of EGFR mutations. CONCLUSION: This study has shed light on heterogeneity in lung cancers, especially in adenocarcinomas, by establishing a molecularly, genetically, and clinically relevant, expression profile-defined classification. Future studies using independent patient cohorts are warranted to confirm the prognostic significance of EGFR mutations in TRU-type adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

A comparison between house mouse lines selected for attack latency or nest-building: evidence for a genetic basis of alternative behavioral strategies.

House mouse lines bidirectionally selected for either nest-building behavior or attack latency were tested for both attack latency and nest-building behavior under identical conditions. Male mice selected for high nest-building behavior had shorter attack latencies, i.e., were more aggressive, than those selected for low nest-building behavior and their randomly bred control lines. Conversely, male wild house mice selected for short attack latency showed more nest-building behavior than those selected for long attack latency when tested at 110 days of age. These findings imply a common genetic basis for control of aggression and nesting and support earlier proposals as to how animals may exhibit fundamentally different responses to environmental challenges, either reacting actively to aversive situations (aggressive and high-nesting animals: active copers) or adopting a passive strategy (nonaggressive and low-nesting animals: passive copers).

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

The genetic liability to stress and postweaning isolation have a competitive influence on behavioral organization in rats.

Rats housed in social isolation postweaning (isolates) show profound behavioral and neurobiological differences when compared to socially housed rats (socials). Fischer rats (F344) relative to Lewis rats are hyperresponsive and significantly more susceptible to stressful stimuli. This investigation tested the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of postweaning isolation are more pronounced in a strain of rats with high susceptibility to stress compared to a strain with low susceptibility to stress. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley, Lewis, and F344 rats were housed individually or in groups at weaning on Day 21 and tested on Day 85 in the Behavioral Pattern Monitor. There was no interaction between strain and postweaning isolation for measures of locomotor activity and exploratory behavior (holepoking). However, the postweaning isolation-induced increase in the frequency of repetitive straight movements, a measure of behavioral organization, was more pronounced in Lewis isolates compared to Sprague-Dawley and F344 isolates. These results do not support the hypothesis that rats with a higher susceptibility to stress show more pronounced changes in behavior following postweaning isolation; instead, increased susceptibility to stress may counteract the repetitive movement patterns induced by social isolation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis.

Gene-environment interaction is likely to be a common and important source of variation for complex behavioral traits. Often conceptualized as the genetic control of sensitivity to the environment, it can be incorporated in variance components twin analyses by partitioning genetic effects into a mean part, which is independent of the environment, and a part that is a linear function of the environment. The model allows for one or more environmental moderator variables (that possibly interact with each other) that may i). be continuous or binary ii). differ between twins within a pair iii). interact with residual environmental as well as genetic effects iv) have nonlinear moderating properties v). show scalar (different magnitudes) or qualitative (different genes) interactions vi). be correlated with genetic effects acting upon the trait, to allow for a test of gene-environment interaction in the presence of gene-environment correlation. Aspects and applications of a class of models are explored by simulation, in the context of both individual differences twin analysis and, in a companion paper (Purcell & Sham, 2002) sibpair quantitative trait locus linkage analysis. As well as elucidating environmental pathways, consideration of gene-environment interaction in quantitative and molecular studies will potentially direct and enhance gene-mapping efforts.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1994

Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: a genetic model of anxiogenic behavior.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is released in response to various stressors and regulates adrenocorticotropin secretion and glucocorticoid production. In addition to its endocrine functions, CRF acts as a neuromodulator in extra-hypothalamic systems and has been shown to play a role in behavioral responses to stress. CRF overproduction has been implicated in affective disorders such as depression and anorexia nervosa. A transgenic mouse model of CRF overproduction has been developed in order to examine the endocrine and behavioral effects of chronic CRF excess. CRF transgenic animals exhibit endocrine abnormalities involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis such as elevated plasma levels of ACTH and glucocorticoids. The present series of experiments tested the hypothesis that chronic overproduction of CRF throughout the life-span of these animals may lead to an anxiogenic behavioral state. CRF transgenic mice and normal littermate controls were tested by measuring locomotor activity in a novel environment and through the use of an elevated plus-maze as indices of anxiety. CRF transgenic animals exhibited an increase in anxiogenic behavior, an effect known to occur following central administration of CRF in mice and rats. Injection of the CRF antagonist alpha-helical CRF 9-41 into the lateral cerebral ventricles reversed the anxiogenic state observed in the CRF transgenics. This finding supports the possibility that central CRF overproduction may mediate the anxiogenic behavior exhibited in this animal model. Thus, CRF transgenic mice represent a genetic model of CRF overproduction that provides a valuable tool for investigating the long-term effects of CRF excess and dysregulation in the CNS.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1990

The role of inheritance in behavior.

Inheritance plays a major role in behavior as shown by selection and strain studies for animal behavior and by twin and adoption studies for human behavior. Unlike simple Mendelian characteristics, genetic variance for behavioral dimensions and disorders rarely accounts for more than half of the phenotypic variance, and multiple genes with small effects appear to be involved rather than one or two major genes. Genetic research on behavior will be transformed by techniques of molecular biology that can be used to identify DNA sequences responsible for behavioral variation. However, the importance of nongenetic factors and the multigenetic control of behavior require new strategies to detect DNA markers that account for small amounts of behavioral variation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Schistosoma mansoni infection in diapausing Biomphalaria glabrata snails: studies of temperature and genetic influences on diapausing behavior.

Snails that are capable of undergoing diapause can circumvent unfavorable environmental conditions, including long periods of drought. Studies were performed to investigate possible temperature and/or genetic factors that may trigger lamella formation and diapausing behavior. The influence of diapause in Biomphalaria glabrata snails on susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni infection and levels of cercarial production was also investigated. Rearing temperatures of 23 degrees C or higher did not induce lamella formation or diapause, regardless of the parental phenotype. However, substantial percentages of progeny from lamellated or lamellated/diapausing parental snails developed lamellae at 18 degrees C and underwent diapause. Only a small percentage of offspring from nonlamellated parents formed lamellae at this temperature. Juvenile snails exposed just prior to diapause, or immediately following a diapause period of three weeks, were highly susceptible to infection by S. mansoni miracidia. Snails that underwent diapause produced comparable or only slightly fewer cercariae than did nondiapausing snails. These studies indicate that diapause in B. glabrata does little to decrease a snail's ability to act as an intermediate host for S. mansoni or to interrupt the development of the parasite. For these reasons, we believe that greater attention should be given to diapausing snail populations when planning field surveys or mollusciciding programs.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Refining the link between REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegeneration: Genetic correlation, Mendelian randomization, and colocalization evidence.

Observational studies have proposed a link between isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and several neurodegenerative diseases. We employed genome-wide linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), standard two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), and colocalization analysis to assess the causal links between iRBD and these neurodegenerative conditions. iRBD demonstrated a positive causal association with Alzheimer disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.03, P = 1.10E-02), Parkinson disease (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.16, P = 2.96E-03), and multiple sclerosis (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 1.61E-02). A strong positive genetic correlation with dementia with Lewy bodies was observed (rg = 1.6313, P = .0002), along with a causal association (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03-2.06, P = 3.53E-02), further supported by colocalization analysis. No significant causal relationship was identified between iRBD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (all P > .05). Additionally, reverse Mendelian randomization analyses did not reveal any causal relationships between the neurodegenerative diseases studied and iRBD. Our findings provide robust genetic evidence supporting a causal relationship between iRBD and the risk of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the potential for shared pathophysiological mechanisms.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Role of genetic factors in human sexual behavior based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives.

Most significant variations in the expression of human sexuality are considered to be the result of learned behavior or psychological problems. Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, hereditary tic and disinhibition disorder sometimes associated with compulsive use of obscene words (coprolalia) and previously reported to be occasionally associated with exhibitionism. To further explore the relationship between the Gts genes and sexual behavior, questions concerning a wide range of such behaviors were administered to 1,040 subjects, 14 years of age or older, consisting of 358 TS probands, 101 non-proband relatives with TS, 359 non-TS first degree relatives, 79 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands, 70 unaffected relatives of the ADHD probands, and 73 controls. The behaviors included magnitude of sex drive, sex orientation, exhibitionism, transvestitism, transsexualism, sadism, masochism, pedophilia, fetishism, aversion to being touched, and aversion to sex. While most of these behaviors occurred in a distinct minority of TS subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between each behavior examined and the degree of genetic loading for the Gts gene(s). The nature of these behaviors and their association with TS suggests many are variants of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Studies in animals indicate that changes in serotonin and dopamine play a significant role in the sexual behavior and many lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that TS is due to genetic changes in serotonin and dopamine metabolism. These studies suggest that genetic factors play a much greater role in a wide range of forms of sexual expression than previously thought.

Adolescent↗