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PubMed1988

Sero-diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle.

An antigen was prepared from metabolic products which were produced by maintaining Fasciola hepatica adults in RPMI tissue culture medium for 24 h. The antigen compared favourably with a soluble extract of adult flukes when used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Experimentally infected calves were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the test and a survey from areas of both traditionally high and low incidence of the disease was carried out. Evidence is presented which suggests that this metabolic antigen could be used for the sero diagnosis of naturally occurring infections. In addition the use of a microcomputer to read, file and analyse the results enabled a very large number of samples to be processed daily.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Efficacy and safety of albendazole against experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections in goats.

Forty 8-week-old goats were allocated to five groups of equal size to determine the optimal dosage of albendazole against experimentally induced 14-week-old Fasciola hepatica infections. Albendazole suspension given orally at 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 15 mg kg-1 of body weight was 73.3, 88.2, 88.3 and 95.9% effective, respectively, when compared to untreated controls. Mean number of F. hepatica in the untreated control goats was 75.4. No signs of toxicity were observed. When albendazole was given to eight, 8-week-old goats orally at 75 mg kg-1 (five times the optimal dosage), no signs of toxicity were observed.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1988

Efficacy of a fenbendazole-triclabendazole combination against Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.

A fenbendazole and triclabendazole combination was tested against experimentally induced 6-and 14-week-old infections of Fasciola hepatica and naturally acquired infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Forty-eight sheep were divided randomly into six treatment groups of eight animals each. At 7.5 and 10.0 mg kg-1 body weight (BW) (3.75 and 5.0 mg kg-1 BW of each drug), the drug combination was 98.3 and 99.7% effective against 6-week-old F. hepatica infections, and 100 and 99.9% effective against 14-week-old infections. At the same drug dosages, the drug combination was effective against naturally acquired adult Ostertagia spp. (97.3-100%) and adult Nematodirus spp. (90.3-99.9%). No adverse effects associated with treatment were noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The efficacy of triclabendazole (Fasinex) against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica in experimentally infected cattle.

Eighteen Chinese cattle were experimentally infected with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica and randomly assigned to 6 groups. Five groups of cattle were treated with a single oral dose of triclabendazole at a dose rate of 12 mg kg-1. At necropsy, the reduction in fluke burden compared with the untreated group was 85, 99.6, 99.8, 100 and 100% for cattle treated 2, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after infection, respectively. Data are also presented on body weight changes during the experimental period and on serum gamma-GT activity in cattle from selected groups. Triclabendazole is considered to be safer and more efficacious than currently available fasciolicides in China.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dynamics of elimination of the eggs of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in the faeces of cattle in the Porma Basin, Spain.

In order to contribute to the knowledge of the epizootiological conditions in which fasciolosis develops in the León mountains, the elimination of Fasciola hepatica eggs in 10% of the total number of cattle (1301 samples) at five locations in the Porma river basin was recorded at monthly intervals between March 1986 and March 1987. The parasite was found in cattle [29.5% prevalence, average of 51.6 +/- 4.5 eggs g-1 (e.p.g.) faeces] throughout the year. The main egg elimination period was winter-spring, with maximum prevalence in January and maximum e.p.g. in February-March. Prevalence of infection in cattle generally increased with the host's age, whilst the average e.p.g. varied between different age groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

High resistance to experimental infection with Fasciola gigantica in Javanese thin-tailed sheep.

Innate resistance of Javanese thin-tailed sheep to Fasciola gigantica was investigated in animals infected with single doses of 150 or 500 metacercariae and killed 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks after infection. Infected and non-infected sheep had similar values for packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, serum glutamate dehydrogenase, serum gamma glutamyl transferase and serum aspartate transferase throughout the trial, except for one animal infected with 500 metacercariae from which the highest recovery of flukes (55) was made. This animal developed pathologically altered values from 12 weeks post infection, coincident with the period of greatest hepatic haemorrhage and destruction of hepatic tissue by migrating flukes and their entry into bile ducts. However, values were altered much less than those reported in other sheep given as few as 200 metacercaria of F. gigantica. Both susceptibility to infection with F. gigantica, as indicated by percentage take of metacercariae and the severity of pathological changes were low in this study in comparison with reports involving other breeds of sheep infected with this parasite. These findings support the conclusion that Javanese thin-tailed sheep have a high innate resistance to F. gigantica.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of thiophanate and albendazole against natural infections of Dicrocoelium dentriticum, Fasciola hepatica, and gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes in sheep.

The anthelmintic efficacy of thiophanate and albendazole was compared in sheep with heavy infestations of Dicrocoelium dentriticum. The effectiveness of each drug was determined by counting the numbers of D. dentriticum in animals killed 21 days after treatment. In one group, the dose of thiophanate recommended for use against gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes (50 mg kg-1 live weight) was found to be 74.4% effective against D. dentriticum. Two tablets (each containing 76 mg of active ingredient) of albendazole per 30 kg live weight were given to a second group and the dose repeated after 1 week. Under this regime, albendazole was found to be 12.7% effective against D. dentriticum. The effect of each drug on other parasites was as follows; thiophanate had no effect against Fasciola hepatica or cestodes, while albendazole was 71.5% effective against F. hepatica and 100% effective against cestodes. Both drugs were highly effective against GI nematodes.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1992

Influence of ivermectin and clorsulon treatment on productivity of a cow-calf herd on the southern Oregon coast.

The reproductive performance of beef cows and the weight gain of their calves was evaluated after oral administration of clorsulon or clorsulon in combination with the subcutaneous administration of ivermectin. One hundred and fifty pregnant cows harboring infections of Fasciola hepatica were assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group 1 comprising 50 unmedicated controls; Group 2, 50 cows treated with clorsulon orally at 7 mg kg-1; Group 3, 50 cows treated with clorsulon orally at 7 mg kg-1 and ivermectin subcutaneously at 200 micrograms kg-1. Weights and body condition scores of the cows were measured and fecal and blood samples were taken at trial initiation and days 158 and 270. Pregnancy status was also determined at day 270. Weights and body condition scores were measured for the calves at days 158 and 270. Adjusted 205 day weaning weight of the calves was calculated and analyzed for differences between treatment groups. Four sets of tracer calves were used periodically throughout the trial to monitor the helminth challenge to the herd. Both gastro-intestinal nematodes and liver flukes were transmitted to the tracer calves during the entire trial. Even in the face of continual helminth challenge, beef cows treated with combined clorsulon/ivermectin conceived approximately 2 weeks earlier than their untreated counterparts and their calves had better body condition scores and weights than untreated calves.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Host influence on the banding profiles of whole-body protein and excretory-secretory product of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) by isoelectric focusing.

Various protein separation techniques have been used as alternative means of differentiating species and strains of parasites. Of these techniques, isoelectric focusing (IEF) has proved to be specific and reproducible with cestodes, protozoa and trematodes. As with the traditional morphological approach, there is, however, the potential for host influence. For a particular separation technique to be useful, it is important that banding profiles differentiating parasites be consistent, regardless of host species. To test for host influence, Fasciola hepatica were maintained in four definitive hosts. Soluble proteins of flukes from different hosts and their respective excretory-secretory product (ESP) were then subjected to IEF together with respective host tissues, and the resulting banding patterns were compared. Protein banding profiles of fluke body protein from llama, rat and mouse were very similar, while those of flukes from calves were distinct. Banding patterns of fluke ESP from different hosts were dissimilar. Overall banding patterns of body protein and ESP of flukes from different hosts were distinct from those of respective host tissues. The unique banding patterns of the body protein of flukes from calves indicate that there was host influence in their protein banding patterns, and the uniqueness of the calf fluke is discussed relative to host's resistance to the fluke.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Humoral and cellular immune responses in rats during a primary infestation with Fasciola hepatica.

The antibody and lymphocyte responses to Fasciola hepatica were studied in rats. Infested rats were shown to produce antibodies against excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult flukes as early as the first week after infestation. Immunoblotting revealed fractions of ES products of adult flukes to which antibodies were progressively produced during the course of the infestation. Proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenocytes and thymocytes when incubated with different mitogens (Concanavalin A (ConA) or Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or different liver fluke antigens (metacercariae antigen (EM) or ES products of adult flukes) have been studied. In response to these mitogens or antigens, splenocytes were stimulated on the second and fourth weeks after infestation. Thymocytes were significantly activated by PWM on the second week but peripheral blood lymphocytes did not show any statistically significant response. Results obtained in antibody production, immunoblotting and lymphocyte proliferation suggested sequential releases of F. hepatica substances and the existence of common proteins between adult and juvenile parasite stages. Cellular and humoral responses observed in this work did not seem to confer a complete resistance to liver fluke primary infestation on the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detection of stable diagnostic antigen from bile and feces of Fasciola hepatica infected cattle.

Diagnostic antigens in bile and feces from Fasciola hepatica infected cattle were detected and characterized by enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB) techniques. As sources of antigen, samples of bile, intestinal contents and feces were collected from five uninfected calves and from 10 calves with known Fasciola hepatica burdens. A band detected by EITB using a densitometer in the area corresponding to 26 kDa reacted with rabbit anti-fresh fluke antigen and infected cattle sera but not with fluke-negative rabbit sera, rabbit anti-Fasciola hepatica egg sera, Fascioloides magna positive or negative cattle sera. This band was not detected by Coomassie blue in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels or by Ponceau-S stained nitrocellulose strips. Band groups located at 104-66, 66-42, 42-26 and 25-16 kDa reacted inconsistently with the above sera. Sera from mice hyperimmunized with Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory (ES) products detected only the 26 kDa band by EITB, without cross-reactivity with bands in the other molecular weight (MW) ranges. The results suggest that the 26 kDa antigen may consist of a stable component of ES products and/or tegument-related worm antigen. Diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica through detection of specific, stable antigens in feces of infected animals offers potential advantages over serum-based tests of better sample accessibility, discrimination between previous and current infections, and possible semi-quantitation of fluke burdens.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fasciola hepatica: comparison of flukes from Korea and the United States by isoelectric focusing banding patterns of whole-body protein.

Comparisons were made between the flukes from Chonnam, Korea and Oregon, USA by isoelectric focusing (IEF) of whole-body protein. Adult Fasciola hepatica were recovered from bile ducts of Korean native cattle. Whole-body protein of the flukes was subjected to IEF, and the banding patterns of the fluke protein were compared with those of North American F. hepatica recovered from experimentally infected calves. The overall banding pattern of F. hepatica from Korea was essentially identical to that of F. hepatica from the United States. These results provide further support for the usefulness of this technique in differentiating Fasciola species in other geographical areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Experiments on anthelmintic control of Fasciola hepatica in Brazil.

Two separate field trials involving naturally infected cattle were carried out on two farms known to have a history of Fasciola hepatica infection. On the first farm, 15 animals per group were allocated as follows: G1, triclabendazole (TCBZ) four times a year; G2, TCBZ twice a year (May and September); G3, untreated control. All groups grazed together and after 3.5 years the animals were slaughtered and their livers examined by federal meat inspectors who condemned 100% of livers in G3 and 8.3% in G2 owing to the presence of lesions of fasciolosis. In G1 no livers were condemned. Significant differences in weight gains were not detected and fluke counts remained at low levels in the treated groups. Also, in the control group, egg counts started to decrease when animals were 2 years old. On the second farm, groups of 20 animals were treated as follows: G1, TCBZ three times a year (May, September and December); G2, TCBZ twice a year (May and September); G3, nitroxynil twice a year (May and September); G4, rafoxanide twice a year (May and September); G5, untreated controls. All animals were weighed and faecal samples examined at approximately 28-day intervals. During the period of the study, larger weight gains were detected in the TCBZ treated groups than in the others. TCBZ treatment kept F. hepatica egg counts at a lower level for longer periods than the other drugs and significant differences in weight gains were only obtained between the group receiving TCBZ three times a year and the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Parasitic gastritis in a llama (Lama glama) associated with inhibited larval Teladorsagia spp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea).

A 7-year-old female llama was experimentally infected with 500 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae then turned out onto pasture also grazed by domestic sheep. The llama was necropsied approximately 22 weeks post infection. Routine examination of the gastrointestinal tract revealed diffusely coalescing, umbilicated nodules covering the caudal one-fifth of the third stomach compartment. Microscopically, the mucosa was irregularly thickened. Numerous nematode larvae were present in glandular lumens, often extending to the base of the glands. Where nematodes were most numerous, decreased numbers of parietal cells, attenuation of glandular epithelium and increased collagen within the lamina propria were evident. Of a total of 6510 adult nematodes in the third stomach compartment, 51% were Teladorsagia spp., 47% were Trichostrongylus axei, and 2% were Camelostrongylus mentulatus. Except for C. mentulatus, three sheep that had grazed with the llama and were necropsied at approximately the same time, harbored the same nematode species. The total number of larvae in the llama was 56,710, with more than 97% being ostertagiine early fourth-stage larvae. Ostertagiine larvae were also present in the sheep. Based on the composition of the adult populations in the llama and sheep, the larvae were considered to be species of Teladorsagia. Additionally, the larger numbers of early fourth-stage larvae indicated that the development of Teladorsagia spp. in the llama is inhibited.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Kinetic responses of parasite-specific antibody isotypes, blood leucocyte pattern and lymphocyte subsets in rats during primary infestation with Fasciola hepatica.

Antibody responses, blood leucocyte and splenic lymphocyte subset patterns were studied during a primary infection with Fasciola hepatica in the rat. The infection induced parasite-specific IgM by 2 weeks after infection. High levels of IgM antibodies were maintained for many weeks. The IgE response was biphasic with peaks at 5 and 9 weeks after infection which were correlated with different phases in the development of F. hepatica in the rat. Both IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies were detected but the titre of IgG2a augmented slightly and rose more slowly than did that of IgG1. There was a rise in neutrophil and eosinophil numbers. Neutrophils did not increase before the fourth week but eosinophil numbers were raised by the second week after infection and remained high during the whole migratory phase of the parasite. In the spleen, the percentage of B lymphocytes increased and there was a decrease in the percentages of CD4+ and CD(8+)-like T lymphocytes. These results suggested that, in the rat infested with F. hepatica, TH2-like lymphocytes could be preferentially stimulated, as has been reported in murine schistosomiasis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Fasciolosis in cattle in Louisiana. II. Development of a system to use soil maps in a geographic information system to estimate disease risk on Louisiana coastal marsh rangeland.

A geographic information system (GIS) model of habitat for Lymnaea bulimoides, the snail intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica and the rumen fluke, Calicophoron microbothrioides, on the Chenier Plain of southwest Louisiana was revised to incorporate broad (greater than 100 m) chenier (relict beaches) along with adjacent marsh and transitional soils associated with spatial distribution of L. bulimoides habitat. The proportion of farmland comprised of soils of the GIS model coincided with actual habitat from a previous survey with a sensitivity of 91.3% and a specificity of 80.1%, and regressed significantly against the proportion of farmland comprised of L. bulimoides habitat (n = 12, P = 0.01, r2 = 0.50, slope = 0.015). A soil model index was calculated to incorporate (1) the proportion of farmland comprised of soils of the GIS model and (2) stocking rate. Fluke egg shedding indices (mean egg count multiplied by prevalence) were calculated for each fluke species on nine farms at four sampling times over a 2-year period. The maximum egg shedding indices for each farm, taken to indicate potential fluke transmission intensity, were correlated for the two fluke species on herds not recently treated for fasciolosis (n = 9, P = 0.004, r2 = 0.72, slope = 0.2), although at no one sampling period were shedding indices of the two fluke species significantly correlated. Egg shedding of C. microbothrioides by cattle correlated with the proportion of farmland comprised of soils included in the GIS model (n = 9, Spearman's rank coefficient was 0.7, P = 0.05). We conclude that (1) the maximum of several observations of the C. microbothrioides egg shedding index may be useful as a surrogate for F. hepatica in estimating risk from snail habitat on a farm when regular flukicide treatment interferes with F. hepatica egg shedding, and (2) the GIS model may estimate site-specific differences in fasciolosis risk to cattle operations in the Chenier Plain based on the association of certain soils with snail intermediate-host habitat.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Detection of excretory-secretory circulating antigens in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica and with Schistosoma mansoni and F. hepatica.

Two groups of sheep were exposed to Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma mansoni/F. hepatica infections, respectively, to determine the time of appearance of F. hepatica circulating excretory-secretory (FhES) antigens. Five sheep were infected orally with 400 F. hepatica metacercariae. Five additional sheep were infected first percutaneously with 5000 S. mansoni cercariae, and 10 weeks later orally with 400 F. hepatica metacercariae. Antigen detection was performed in the two groups by a double antibody microELISA. In the group infected with F. hepatica, circulating FhES antigens were detected in all five animals. In the group infected first with S. mansoni none of the sera had positive optical density values for FhES antigens throughout the 10 week period following infection. After F. hepatica challenge, FhES antigens were detected in all animals. Thus, sheep infected with S. mansoni did not develop detectable F. hepatica circulating antigens during the 10 week period following Schistosoma infection. Anti-FhES antibodies were detected by FAST-ELISA, and all animals infected with F. hepatica were positive. In the group infected with S. mansoni, cross-reactive antibodies to F. hepatica were detected by 4-6 weeks post infection. All sheep with double infections showed high antibody levels by 2 weeks after infection with F. hepatica.

Animals↗