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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Testing of work environments for electromagnetic interference.

A challenge for pacemaker therapists is whether a patient working in an environment with the potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) can return to their work after a pacemaker has been implanted. Common practice has been to prohibit pacemaker patients from using electric welding machines. Twelve work environments and a new method for monitoring the pacemaker rhythm in the presence of EMI were tested. The new method uses a special memory called the event record found in several Siemens Pacesetter pacemaker models. Surface ECGs with a marking system, intracardiac electrograms, and a digital monitor were used to verify the results with event records. The results from several sources of EMI are reported. Twenty-one in vivo and in vitro tests were performed in the work environments of 12 patients. Event records were useful and accurate both in vivo and in vitro. Electric are welding machines up to 225 A did not affect these pacemakers. Arc welding machines using 1,000 A or more inhibited the in vitro test system within 1 or 2 meters of the weld or power generator. Electric welding machines with high frequency voltage superimposed on the welding current affected the pacemaker when it was within 2 meters of the power unit and 1 meter of the weld. Very large industrial degaussing coils affected pacemakers within 2 meters. The test method using event records was found to be an effective addition to monitoring the pacemaker. These results are specific for the pacemaker models tested. Such testing allows the physician to make a knowledgeable decision regarding return to work for the pacemaker patient in a high EMI environment.

Electricity↗
PubMed2004

The irritable bowel syndrome has origins in the childhood socioeconomic environment.

BACKGROUND: The childhood socioeconomic environment has been linked to adult health status in several studies. However, its role in the pathogenesis of adult irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains unknown. We aim to assess the influence of the childhood environment on adult IBS, using data from a New Zealand birth cohort study. METHODS: The Dunedin birth cohort was assembled in 1972-1973 and has been followed prospectively to age 26 (n = 980). IBS was classified according to both Rome and Manning criteria, using self-reported symptom data obtained at age 26 yr. Childhood social class was used as a proxy measure of the quality of the childhood socioeconomic environment and was assigned according to the highest average socioeconomic (SES) level of either parent from interviews across the first 15 yr of life. RESULTS: Childhood social class was significantly associated with IBS according to Manning Criteria (p = 0.05) and Rome II Criteria (p = 0.05). The prevailing trend was identical for both measures of IBS in the sex-adjusted models: this trend can be characterized as a general, and near-linear decrease in the odds of IBS across decreasing levels of social class. Contrasts with the reference group were significant on all comparisons for Manning Criteria IBS (high vs upper middle, p = 0.04; lower middle, p = 0.04; low, p = 0.01), and on comparisons involving the two lower social class groups for Rome II Criteria IBS (high vs lower middle, p = 0.03; low, p = 0.03). The associations were attenuated, but not eliminated by further adjustment for adult social class. CONCLUSIONS: An affluent childhood environment is an independent risk factor for adult IBS.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

International standards for the indoor environment.

UNLABELLED: On the international level, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) are writing and reviewing standards relating to the indoor environment on a regular basis. This presentation will focus on the development of standards for the indoor thermal environment and indoor air quality (ventilation). In the future, recommendations for acceptable indoor environments will be specified as classes. This allows for national differences in the requirements as well as for designing buildings for different quality levels. Several of these standards have been developed mainly by experts from Europe, North America and Japan. Are there, however, special considerations relating to South-East Asia (lifestyle, outdoor climate, economy) that are not dealt with in these standards and that will require the revision of existing standards? Critical issues are: adaptation, the effect of increased air velocity, humidity, type of indoor pollutant sources, etc. This paper will present an overview of existing methods, and discuss areas where revision of present standards or the development of new standards, are needed. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The international standards for the indoor environment provide the designer with criteria, which are internationally recognized, for the design of buildings and systems.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Cold but comfortable? Application of comfort criteria to cold environments.

UNLABELLED: Fanger defined two physiological criteria that are basic requirements for people's perception of thermal neutrality and, eventually, thermal comfort. Mean skin temperature and evaporative heat loss are defined as functions of metabolic rate. The equations are derived from experiments in light clothing at or close to normal indoor climate. Relations between skin temperature and sweating on the one hand and thermal sensation and comfort on the other are well recognized; the precise description of the relationships vary and may differ from normal indoor environments to more extreme thermal stress. In moderately cold environments (around +10 degrees C) ISO/DIS 7730 and ISO/DIS 11079 prescribe significantly different responses. Evaluation of the rationale behind the comfort criteria and the basic heat transfer equations in the two models reveals some clear differences. By modification of the sweating criteria and some of the heat transfer equations, predictions become much more similar. It is concluded that the basic comfort criteria may apply also to moderately cold and cold environments, but must consider the complex heat transfer through multilayer clothing in a more adequate way. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The suggested, modified comfort criteria incorporated either in the PMV-index or in the IREQ-index, provide more realistic and reliable prediction of heat balance and conditions for comfort in cool and cold environments.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2004

Swedish pre-school children's UVR exposure - a comparison between two outdoor environments.

BACKGROUND: Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in childhood is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Shady environments are recommended as one method of protection. METHODS: Environmental exposure to UVR and environmental protection were assessed by dosimeter measurements on 64 children aged 1-6 years at two geographically close and topographically similar pre-schools outside Stockholm. Outdoor play constructions of site 1 (34 children) were mainly exposed to the sun, and those of site 2 (30 children) were mainly shaded. Dosimetry was carried out during 11 work days in May-June 2002 under clear weather conditions. The reliability of dosimeters was tested with meteorologically modelled data from SMHI, and with stationary dosimeters exposed to free sky, and compared with other UV instruments. The differences between children's outdoor stays were adjusted for. RESULTS: The children's average daily exposures were approximately 200 J(CIE)/m(2) erythemally effective UVR. The average relative UVR exposure (% total available UVR 08:30-18:30) was 6.4% (7.0% at site 1, 5.7% at site 2). Fractions of available UVR during outdoor stay were 14.4% (both sites), 15.3% (site 1), and 13.3% (site 2). In terms of relative differences, 5-6-year-old children at site 2 were exposed to 41% less UVR, and 1-4-year-old children 6% less than those at site 1. CONCLUSION: The difference can be explained by the children's outdoor pre-school environments, and the behaviors linked to these environments. It is recommended to consider the attractiveness of shady environments in the design of children's pre-school playgrounds, particularly if these are extremely exposed to the sun.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Structure of amyloid beta fragments in aqueous environments.

Conformational studies on amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in aqueous solution are complicated by its tendency to aggregate. In this study, we determined the atomic-level structure of Abeta(28-42) in an aqueous environment. We fused fragments of Abeta, residues 10-24 (Abeta(10-24)) or 28-42 (Abeta(28-42)), to three positions in the C-terminal region of ribonuclease HII from a hyperthermophile, Thermococcus kodakaraensis (Tk-RNase HII). We then examined the structural properties in an aqueous environment. The host protein, Tk-RNase HII, is highly stable and the C-terminal region has relatively little interaction with other parts. CD spectroscopy and thermal denaturation experiments demonstrated that the guest amyloidogenic sequences did not affect the overall structure of the Tk-RNase HII. Crystal structure analysis of Tk-RNase HII(1-197)-Abeta(28-42) revealed that Abeta(28-42) forms a beta conformation, whereas the original structure in Tk-RNase HII(1-213) was alpha helix, suggesting beta-structure formation of Abeta(28-42) within full-length Abeta in aqueous solution. Abeta(28-42) enhanced aggregation of the host protein more strongly than Abeta(10-24). These results and other reports suggest that after proteolytic cleavage, the C-terminal region of Abeta adopts a beta conformation in an aqueous environment and induces aggregation, and that the central region of Abeta plays a critical role in fibril formation. This study also indicates that this fusion technique is useful for obtaining structural information with atomic resolution for amyloidogenic peptides in aqueous environments.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Creating a caring learning environment.

This article discusses creating a caring learning environment for undergraduate nursing students. The purpose is to apply the results of a research study in which students described their lived experience with caring in the nursing environment. Students (N = 23) shared caring and uncaring stories about their curricula. The study identified two patterns: "The Power of the Faculty" and "Creating a Caring Learning Environment." The authors discuss the implications of these patterns for developing caring faculty practices and a caring learning environment.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1980

The use of contact lenses in wet or damp environments.

The adhesion between the eye and a contact lens was recorded when influenced by water with varying salt concentrations. Both active removal and spontaneous loss of hard and soft contact lenses applied to the eye were investigated. In environments with saline less than 9 0/00 the risk of a soft contact lens falling out from the eye is almost negligible. In environments with saline greater than or equal to 9 0/00 the risk increase since adhesion in active removal decreased considerably. In reality, based upon the investigations of spontaneous loss of contact lenses in an underwater environment, well fitted soft lenses still do not however fall out of the eye. It should therefore be possible to use well fitted soft contact lenses without any significant risk even in working conditions which may include splashing of water upon the eye and regardless of the various salt concentrations of naturally occurring water in Sweden. For hard contact lenses, independent of salt concentration, adhesion in the underwater environment is extremely low and such lenses cannot therefore be used on an unprotected eye in conjunction with, for example, swimming. The risk of them falling out under splashing with water upon the eye is clearly greater than for soft lenses.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1998

Survival strategies for microorganisms in hypersaline environments and their relevance to life on early Mars.

There are two groups of microorganisms that live and grow in hypersaline (>10-15% NaCl) environments: the halophilic Archaea and the halotolerant Bacteria and algae. In order to grow and reproduce in such high-salt, low-water activity environments, these organisms have made basic biochemical adaptations in their proteins, osmoregulation mechanisms, nucleic acids, and lipids. The environment of the halophiles and especially how the halophilic Archaea have adapted to that environment are reviewed in this paper. Along with this review is a brief description of how these adaptations could be important in the detection of life on early Mars assuming similar types of salts and a carbon-based life.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2003

The micromechanical environment of intervertebral disc cells determined by a finite deformation, anisotropic, and biphasic finite element model.

Cellular response to mechanical loading varies between the anatomic zones of the intervertebral disc. This difference may be related to differences in the structure and mechanics of both cells and extracellular matrix, which are expected to cause differences in the physical stimuli (such as pressure, stress, and strain) in the cellular micromechanical environment. In this study, a finite element model was developed that was capable of describing the cell micromechanical environment in the intervertebral disc. The model was capable of describing a number of important mechanical phenomena: flow-dependent viscoelasticity using the biphasic theory for soft tissues; finite deformation effects using a hyperelastic constitutive law for the solid phase; and material anisotropy by including a fiber-reinforced continuum law in the hyperelastic strain energy function. To construct accurate finite element meshes, the in situ geometry of IVD cells were measured experimentally using laser scanning confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. The model predicted that the cellular micromechanical environment varies dramatically between the anatomic zones, with larger cellular strains predicted in the anisotropic anulus fibrosus and transition zone compared to the isotropic nucleus pulposus. These results suggest that deformation related stimuli may dominate for anulus fibrosus and transition zone cells, while hydrostatic pressurization may dominate in the nucleus pulposus. Furthermore, the model predicted that micromechanical environment is strongly influenced by cell geometry, suggesting that the geometry of IVD cells in situ may be an adaptation to reduce cellular strains during tissue loading.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[A basic study of Vibrio vulnificus infection: serotyping and drug sensitivity test of environment-derived strains and human clinical isolates].

In attempt to elucidate the route and source of Vibrio vulnificus infection. serotyping and drug sensitivity tests of environment-derived strains and human clinical isolates were performed. 1) Serotyping of isolates from the two types of source were determined. Of environment-derived strains, 72.5% were classified into 18 types, and O7 was the most frequent type, accounting for 73.1%, and the second frequent type was O4, accounting for 6.1%. Of human clinical isolates, 87.1% were classified into eight types, and O4 was the most frequent, accounting for 73.5%, and O7 was the secondly most frequent, accounting for 12.9%. 2) Serotypes were investigated by regions. In eastern Japan, 69.2% were classified into 18 types, and O7 and O4 accounting for 44.6% and 5.7%, respectively. In western Japan, 64.8% were classified into eight types, and O7 was the most frequent, accounting for 20.4%, and secondly frequent type was O4, accounting for 11.1%. 3) Regarding the relationship between biotypes and serotypes, environment-derived biotype-I strains were widely distributed in the serotypes, but most biotype-I human clinical isolates were distributed in serotypes O1-O7, showing a difference between the two types of sources. However, many biotype-II strains from the two types of sources included in the serotype O7 group. 4) Drug sensitivity was compared based on MIC90 between strains from the two types of sources. Environment-derived strains were sensitive to ABPC, PIPC, CPZ, CTX, LMOX, MEPM, GM, EM, TC, DOXY, MINO, CP, NA and CPFX, but some strains were resistant to CER, CET, CTX, CMZ, KM and LCM. Human clinical isolates were sensitive to EM, TC, DOXY, MINO, CP, NA and CPFX, but some strains were resistant to ABPC, PIPC, CER, CET, CPZ, CTX, CMZ, LMOX, MEPM, KM, GM, AMK and LCM.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2003

CERR: a computational environment for radiotherapy research.

A software environment is described, called the computational environment for radiotherapy research (CERR, pronounced "sir"). CERR partially addresses four broad needs in treatment planning research: (a) it provides a convenient and powerful software environment to develop and prototype treatment planning concepts, (b) it serves as a software integration environment to combine treatment planning software written in multiple languages (MATLAB, FORTRAN, C/C++, JAVA, etc.), together with treatment plan information (computed tomography scans, outlined structures, dose distributions, digital films, etc.), (c) it provides the ability to extract treatment plans from disparate planning systems using the widely available AAPM/RTOG archiving mechanism, and (d) it provides a convenient and powerful tool for sharing and reproducing treatment planning research results. The functional components currently being distributed, including source code, include: (1) an import program which converts the widely available AAPM/RTOG treatment planning format into a MATLAB cell-array data object, facilitating manipulation; (2) viewers which display axial, coronal, and sagittal computed tomography images, structure contours, digital films, and isodose lines or dose colorwash, (3) a suite of contouring tools to edit and/or create anatomical structures, (4) dose-volume and dose-surface histogram calculation and display tools, and (5) various predefined commands. CERR allows the user to retrieve any AAPM/RTOG key word information about the treatment plan archive. The code is relatively self-describing, because it relies on MATLAB structure field name definitions based on the AAPM/RTOG standard. New structure field names can be added dynamically or permanently. New components of arbitrary data type can be stored and accessed without disturbing system operation. CERR has been applied to aid research in dose-volume-outcome modeling, Monte Carlo dose calculation, and treatment planning optimization. In summary, CERR provides a powerful, convenient, and common framework which allows researchers to use common patient data sets, and compare and share research results.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2001

Effects of consonant environment on vowel formant patterns.

A significant body of evidence has accumulated indicating that vowel identification is influenced by spectral change patterns. For example, a large-scale study of vowel formant patterns showed substantial improvements in category separability when a pattern classifier was trained on multiple samples of the formant pattern rather than a single sample at steady state [J. Hillenbrand et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3099-3111 (1995)]. However, in the earlier study all utterances were recorded in a constant /hVd/ environment. The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether a close relationship between vowel identity and spectral change patterns is maintained when the consonant environment is allowed to vary. Recordings were made of six men and six women producing eight vowels (see text) in isolation and in CVC syllables. The CVC utterances consisted of all combinations of seven initial consonants (/h,b,d,g,p,t,k/) and six final consonants (/b,d,g,p,t,k/). Formant frequencies for F1-F3 were measured every 5 ms during the vowel using an interactive editing tool. Results showed highly significant effects of phonetic environment. As with an earlier study of this type, particularly large shifts in formant patterns were seen for rounded vowels in alveolar environments [K. Stevens and A. House, J. Speech Hear. Res. 6, 111-128 (1963)]. Despite these context effects, substantial improvements in category separability were observed when a pattern classifier incorporated spectral change information. Modeling work showed that many aspects of listener behavior could be accounted for by a fairly simple pattern classifier incorporating F0, duration, and two discrete samples of the formant pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Survival of human parainfluenza viruses in the South Polar environment.

The survival of human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 was measured in both indoor and outdoor environments at South Pole Station, Antarctica, in an effort to determine the long-term survival of these viruses in this environment and to identify the possible source of respiratory tract illnesses which occurred in this isolated population in 1978 after 10 and 27 weeks of total social isolation. Viruses were applied to plastic petri plate surfaces which were then stored in indoor (21.4 degrees C; water vapor density, 1.50 g of water per m3) and outdoor environments (-22.4 to -33.2 degrees C; water vapor density, 0.706 and 0.247 g of water per m3). Parainfluenza virus type 1 at an initial titer of 3.75 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml was inactivated after 4 days at room temperature and after 7 days outside. Parainfluenza virus type 2 and 3 at initial titers of 5.58 and 5.38 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml were inactivated after 7 and 12 days, respectively, at room temperature and after 17 days of storage outside. Results indicate that the long-term survival of parainfluenza virus in either environment for up to 10 weeks is unlikely and probably did not provide the source of infectious virus responsible for the midisolation outbreaks of parainfluenza virus-related respiratory tract illnesses observed in this population during the 1978 winter season.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1988

Conjugal transfer of R68.45 and FP5 between Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in a freshwater environment.

Recent concern over the release of genetically engineered organisms has resulted in a need for information about the potential for gene transfer in the environment. In this study, the conjugal transfer in Pseudomonas aeruginosa of the plasmids R68.45 and FP5 was demonstrated in the freshwater environment of Fort Loudoun Resevoir, Knoxville, Tenn. When genetically well defined plasmid donor and recipient strains were introduced into test chambers suspended in Fort Loudoun Lake, transfer of both plasmids was observed. Conjugation occurred in both the presence and absence of the natural microbial community. The number of transconjugants recovered was lower when the natural community was present. Transfer of the broad-host-range plasmid R68.45 to organisms other than the introduced recipient was not observed in these chambers but was observed in laboratory simulations when an organism isolated from lakewater was used as the recipient strain. Although the plasmids transferred in laboratory studies were genetically and physically stable, a significant number of transconjugants recovered from the field trials contained deletions and other genetic rearrangements, suggesting that factors which increase gene instability are operating in the environment. The potential for conjugal transfer of genetic material must be considered in evaluating the release of any genetically engineered microorganism into a freshwater environment.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1989

Characteristics of woodland rhizobial populations from surface- and deep-soil environments of the sonoran desert.

A collection of 74 rhizobial isolates recovered from nodules of the desert woody legumes Prosopis glandulosa, Psorothamnus spinosus, and Acacia constricta were characterized by using 61 nutritional and biochemical tests. We compared isolates from A. constricta and Prosopis glandulosa and tested the hypothesis that the rhizobia from a deep-phreatic rooting zone of a Prosopis woodland in the Sonoran Desert of southern California were phenetically distinct from rhizobia from surface soils. Cluster analysis identified four major homogeneous groups. The first phenon contained slow-growing (SG) Prosopis rhizobia from surface and deep-phreatic-soil environments. These isolates grew poorly on most of the media used in the study, probably because of their requirement for a high medium pH. The second group of isolates primarily contained SG Prosopis rhizobia from the deep-phreatic rooting environment and included two fast-growing (FG) Psorothamnus rhizobia. These isolates were nutritionally versatile and grew over a broad pH range. The third major phenon was composed mainly of FG Prosopis rhizobia from surface and dry subsurface soils. While these isolates used a restricted range of carbohydrates (including sucrose) as sole carbon sources, they showed better growth on a range of organic acids as sole carbon sources and amino acids as sole carbon and nitrogen sources than did other isolates in the study. They grew better at 36 degrees C than at 26 degrees C. The FG Acacia rhizobia from surface-soil environments formed a final major phenon that was distinct from the Prosopis isolates. They produced very high absorbance readings on all of the carbohydrates tested except sucrose, grew poorly on many of the other substrates tested, and preferred a 36 to a 26 degrees C incubation temperature. The surface populations of Prosopis rhizobia required a higher pH for growth and, under the conditions used in this study, were less tolerant of low solute potential and high growth temperature than were phreatic-soil isolates. SG Prosopis rhizobia from phreatic and surface soils were physiologically distinct, suggesting adaptation to their respective soil environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Development and use of field application vectors to express nonadaptive foreign genes in competitive environments.

Many potential applications of genetically engineered microorganisms in environmental and agricultural biotechnology involve introducing genetic capabilities into nonsterile competitive environments in which they provide no advantage to the host. Field application vectors have been designed for the purpose of creating a temporary niche for the host in such environments. This technique involves the addition to the target environment of a selective substrate readily utilizable by the host microorganism but unavailable to most indigenous species. Thirteen nonionic and anionic detergents, representing a wide range of structural complexities and molecular weights, were screened as potential selective substrates. Competition experiments in soil, using Warburg respirometry, indicated that isolates from six different detergent enrichment cultures were more active on their corresponding detergents than the indigenous microorganisms. Detergents of intermediate structural complexities and molecular weights were most effective for use as selective substrates. A field application vector that utilizes 1.0% Igepal CO-720 (detergent) as the selective substrate and Pseudomonas paucimobilis 1IGP4 as the host was tested for its ability to increase the presence of nonadaptive tetracycline resistance marker genes in soil. In soil amended with the selective substrate, strain 1IGP4 plate counts increased by three orders of magnitude and tetracycline-resistant transformant (pRK293) counts increased from 1.8 x 10/g of soil to 4.3 x 10/g in 2 days. Inoculation in the absence of substrate amendment or amendment with a nonselective substrate did not result in growth of strain 1IGP4. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of field application vectors for increasing the concentration of nonadaptive genes in competitive environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Catechol 2,3-dioxygenases functional in oxygen-limited (hypoxic) environments.

We studied the degradation of toluene for bacteria isolated from hypoxic (i.e., oxygen-limited) petroleum-contaminated aquifers and compared such strains with other toluene degraders. Three Pseudomonas isolates, P. pickettii PKO1, Pseudomonas sp. strain W31, and P. fluorescens CFS215, grew on toluene when nitrate was present as an alternate electron acceptor in hypoxic environments. We examined kinetic parameters (K(m) and Vmax) for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C230), a key shared enzyme of the toluene-degradative pathway for these strains, and compared these parameters with those for the analogous enzymes from archetypal toluene-degrading pseudomonads which did not show enhanced, nitrate-dependent toluene degradation. C230 purified from strains W31, PKO1, and CFS215 had a significantly greater affinity for oxygen as well as a significantly greater rate of substrate turnover than found for the analogous enzymes from the TOL plasmid (pWW0) of Pseudomonas putida PaW1, from Pseudomonas cepacia G4, or from P. putida F1. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of C23O from strain PKO1 suggests that this extradiol dioxygenase belongs to a new cluster within the subfamily of C23Os that preferentially cleave monocyclic substrates. Moreover, deletion analysis of the nucleotide sequence upstream of the translational start of the meta-pathway operon that contains tbuE, the gene that encodes the C230 of strain PKO1, allowed identification of sequences critical for regulated expression of tbuE, including a sequence homologous to the ANR-binding site of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. When present in cis, this site enhanced expression of tbuE under oxygen-limited conditions. Taken together, these results suggest the occurrence of a novel group of microorganisms capable of oxygen-requiring but nitrate-enhanced degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in hypoxic environments. Strain PKO1, which exemplifies this novel group of microorganisms, compensates for a low-oxygen environment by the development of an oxygen-requiring enzyme with kinetic parameters favorable to function in hypoxic environments, as well as by elevating synthesis of such an enzyme in response to oxygen limitation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗