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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Thoughts on cross-cultural studies on the epidemiology of depression.

A considerable number of studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of depression across cultures. These studies have relied on two basic research methods: treated cases and untreated cases. However, limitations in these two methods make it impossible to arrive at any substantive conclusions about ethno-cultural variations in the rates of depression. The treated cases approach fails to control for the fact that individuals in a culture do not have equal access to psychiatric facilities nor equal motivation to psychiatric care. The untreated cases approach, which is based on community surveys, is limited by differences in the definition of depression, the diagnostic signs used to identify depression, and variations in the degree of professional contact with the potential "cases.' In addition, current cross-cultural depression studies are faced with the problems of poor diagnostic reliability for depressive disorders and profound differences in the manifestation and experience of depression among different ethno-cultural groups. Many ethno-cultural groups do not demonstrate any of the psychological components of depression associated with its presence among Western groups. An entirely new approach to the cross-cultural study of depression appears warranted. Four steps are suggested to facilitate future studies: (1) An emic determination of disorder categories in different cultures; (2) The establishment of symptom frequency, intensity, and duration baselines, (3) Objective symptom pattern determination through multivariate data processing techniques: (4) Comparative studies using similar methodologies with culturally relevant definitions of disorder.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1997

Automation comes to the aid of credentialing efforts.

Virtually every hospital and managed care plan performs credentialing for every physician, and it can be a labor-intensive--and redundant--effort. But administrative software tools are being developed and expanded to better gather and keep track of vital information about physicians. Some providers and health plans are also working together to centralize the process by electronically sharing the information.

Chicago↗
PubMed1995

Synchronous high-frequency oscillations in cat area 18.

The present study extends knowledge of the basic properties of correlated oscillatory activity patterns in the visual cortex of anaesthetized cats. Recordings with multiple electrodes were performed in area 18 and the correlations of multi-unit activity in the frequency range 35-80 Hz were determined using the coherence function. Statistical analysis revealed that the multi-unit correlations depended on the cortical distance between the recording sites, the orientation selectivity of the neurons and their cortical layer. On average, correlations dropped to chance level within several millimetres and were higher in lower than in upper cortical layers. Similar results were found by analysing the correlations of oscillatory patterns in local field potentials recorded from the same electrodes. Correlations of neurons with similar orientation preferences were higher than those of neurons with different orientation preferences. Comparison to a matched sample from area 17 showed that the correlations in areas 18 and 17 depended on similar properties of the neurons. The dependences of correlated oscillations resembled the known pattern and specificity of intra-areal fibre connections, suggesting that the correlations were intracortically established. Since correlations were specifically and not randomly related to the response properties of cortical neurons and were prominent in a visual area other than area 17, the findings suggest that correlated oscillatory activity provides a potential neural code supporting sensory information processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A complete computer monitoring and control system using commercially available, configurable software for laboratory and pilot plant Escherichia coli fermentations.

The advent of inexpensive computers and associated control and data acquisition software makes possible the development of sophisticated, configurable, integrated monitoring and control systems for small-scale laboratory and pilot-scale fermentors at low cost. We describe here the implementation of such a system, the interfacing of off-line instruments to enhance real time data analysis, low level process control and several substrate feeding protocols.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2002

Electronic document management systems: an overview.

For over a decade, most health care information technology (IT) professionals erroneously learned that document imaging, which is one of the many component technologies of an electronic document management system (EDMS), is the only technology of an EDMS. In addition, many health care IT professionals erroneously believed that EDMSs have either a limited role or no place in IT environments. As a result, most health care IT professionals do not understand documents and unstructured data and their value as structured data partners in most aspects of transaction and information processing systems.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1992

Claims submission leads electronic advances.

To increase and accelerate reimbursement, providers are increasingly establishing electronic linkages with payers at all points in the patient accounting process where labor costs can be reduced and accuracy of information can be improved. The greatest advances are being seen in claim submission, as manual data entry of claims information is being replaced by electronic data interchange. Cleaner claims, faster payment, and reduced staff are just some of the results.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Decision aid for clinical trials and epidemiological surveys].

Today all the pharmaceutical managers are convicted of the need for quality in clinical trials. The reliability of trials is conditioned by the quality of conception, accomplishment and data collection. By an example of realization, the authors describe a computerized system for the management of all clinical trials and epidemiology studies whatever the type and the phase of trials and studies. They also describe standard systems for the optimal management of trials with decision analysis to secure a continuity in data process from the investigator to the registration authorities' files.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2005

The possible role of spike patterns in cortical information processing.

When the same visual stimulus is presented across many trials, neurons in the visual cortex receive stimulus-related synaptic inputs that are reproducible across trials (S) and inputs that are not (N). The variability of spike trains recorded in the visual cortex and their apparent lack of spike-to-spike correlations beyond that implied by firing rate fluctuations, has been taken as evidence for a low S/N ratio. A recent re-analysis of in vivo cortical data revealed evidence for spike-to-spike correlations in the form of spike patterns. We examine neural dynamics at a higher S/N in order to determine what possible role spike patterns could play in cortical information processing. In vivo-like spike patterns were obtained in model simulations. Superpositions of multiple sinusoidal driving currents were especially effective in producing stable long-lasting patterns. By applying current pulses that were either short and strong or long and weak, neurons could be made to switch from one pattern to another. Cortical neurons with similar stimulus preferences are located near each other, have similar biophysical properties and receive a large number of common synaptic inputs. Hence, recordings of a single neuron across multiple trials are usually interpreted as the response of an ensemble of these neurons during one trial. In the presence of distinct spike patterns across trials there is ambiguity in what would be the corresponding ensemble, it could consist of the same spike pattern for each neuron or a set of patterns across neurons. We found that the spiking response of a neuron receiving these ensemble inputs was determined by the spike-pattern composition, which, in turn, could be modulated dynamically as a means for cortical information processing.

Action Potentials↗