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PubMed2005

Active life expectancy of older people in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Social and economic development together with demographic changes and health interventions have resulted in an increase in life expectancy and a rapidly ageing population in Mexico. Whether people will live longer active and independent lives is still, however, unknown. We will address this question, providing the first estimates of active life expectancy by age, sex and local regional area in Mexico. METHODS: Active life expectancy was calculated using the Sullivan method with abridged life tables. Information on the older Mexican population covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) and the number of deaths for the same group in the year 2000 was obtained from the Office for Health Statistics and Information at IMSS in Mexico. Information on ability to perform basic activities of daily living was obtained from the National Survey on Ageing carried out in IMSS during 1998-99. RESULTS: For males and females combined, active life expectancy decreased from 26.9 years at 60 years to 5.7 years at 85 years. Women's life expectancy exceeded that of men but women lived more years dependent. Similarly, older people in geographical areas with longer life expectancy spent a lower proportion of remaining life active. CONCLUSION: The success in increasing life expectancy above average in some groups of older people covered by IMSS has been accompanied by increments in the proportion of remaining years dependent upon others for help in basic self-care activities.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Government size, demographic changes, and economic growth.

"This paper examines the effect of government size on the growth rate of per capita output by incorporating demographic variables. Evidence from more than 86 countries suggests that the demographic variables not only affect economic growth, but also determine the size of government. Both the young and the old age dependency ratios were positively related to the size of government, while population density and population size were negatively related to the size of government. Moreover, when the demographic variables are included in the growth equations, the effect of government size on the growth rate of per capita output became insignificant rather than, as prior studies showed, significantly negative."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Extraction studies of Tabernanthe iboga and Voacanga africana.

The root bark of Tabernanthe iboga contains ibogaine as its predominant alkaloid and has been an important source of it. Ibogaine is used experimentally to interrupt drug addiction and allow therapeutic intervention, but is currently unaffordable to doctors in less economically developed countries. To meet this need, an extraction of alkaloids from T. iboga root bark was optimized and simplified to use only diluted vinegar and ammonia, and was successfully applied to related alkaloids from Voacanga africana bark also. The alkaloids were converted to their hydrochlorides and purified, and the minor alkaloids were recovered.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Occupational health care in small and medium sized enterprises--How many doctors do we need and how do we ensure good care?

The translation of the framework directive 89/391/EEC (Council Directive 89/391/EEC) into national law aims at supplying occupational protection and health care to all employees of large, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) likewise, depending on assessed exposure. Prior incomplete protection of the German workforce with bias against the SMEs requires an assessment of quantitative and qualitative adequacy of present occupational health care practice and also of future needs. Therefore, the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of Germany initiated a study to evaluate the present state of occupational health care in 4 regions with different geographic and economic structure. Based on these data the future demand for adequately trained occupational physicians will be estimated by employing a statistical method that allows for including a large number of modifying variables (economic development, demographic change, etc.). Expected result of the applied technique are the estimated minimal and maximal number of occupational physicians that have to be trained to meet future demand. In the same study models of best practice will be identified and evaluated for general application. The project started in October 1997 and will be finished by January 2000.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2005

Emerging infectious diseases: the Bunyaviridae.

The Bunyaviridae are a large group of viruses that infect a diversity of arthropod vectors and animal hosts. They have a worldwide distribution and can be the cause of human illness ranging from mild asymptomatic infection to hemorrhagic fever and fatal encephalitis. The growth of the human population, the expansion of agricultural and economic development, climatic changes, and the speed and frequency of global transportation all favor the emergence of bunyaviruses and other arthropod borne viruses. International monitoring of the Bunyaviridae and a greater understanding of their ecology and biology are needed to prepare for future outbreaks.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working together for health and human rights.

The right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being is being denied to vast numbers of people all over the world through increasing disparities in income and in wealth. In the name of economic development, a number of international and national policies have increased the grossly uneven distribution of income, with ever-growing numbers of people living in poverty as well as in increasing depths of poverty. Globalization, crippling levels of external debt, and the 'structural adjustment' policies of international agencies have expanded the numbers and the suffering of people living in poverty and have resulted in the neglect of government-funded social programs, of regulations protecting the environment, and of human development. Access to medical care, an essential element in the protection of health, is difficult for many, including the 44 million people in the United States who lack insurance coverage for the cost of medical care services. Working together for health and human rights also requires promotion of the right to peace. The right to life and health is threatened not only by the existence and active deployment of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and anti-personnel landmines, but also other weapons. The twentieth century has been the bloodiest in human history, with an estimated 250 wars, more than 110 million people killed, countless people wounded and at the least 50 million refugees. Health workers must work together with people in our communities for the promotion of health and human rights, which, in Sandwell and elsewhere, are inextricably intertwined.

Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex ratio at birth, polygyny, and fertility: a cross-national study.

The sex ratio at birth may reflect frequency of intercourse that affects the timing of conception. If so, cross-national variation in polygyny and fertility might account for country differences in secondary sex ratios. Consistent with the timing of intercourse hypothesis, the birth sex ratios of 148 countries declined with total fertility rates and polygyny intensity, and increased with contraception use in correlational analysis. Regression analysis confirmed that polygyny was a negative predictor of the sex ratio (and contraception was a positive predictor), with level of economic development and mother's age controlled, but the effects disappeared with total fertility added to the equation. The sex ratio evidently declines with increases in fertility because more children are born at a later birth order when frequency of intercourse is lower.

Birth Order↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utilizing technology: the challenges and opportunities facing "substance abuse" professionals in rural communities.

Many rural communities are actively pursuing technology as a resource for solving education, health care, and economic development issues. These communities are establishing a technology and telecommunication infrastructure that makes them appealing to individuals and companies from urban communities. But this has created a challenge and an opportunity for the mental health industry in general, and more specifically, "substance abuse" professionals. The opportunity for the "substance abuse" profession is to design and use new services using the exact same technologies that may precipitate the need for the services.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Social and contextual etiology of coronary heart disease in women.

We explored the social and contextual etiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention and management in women. Social and contextual influences on CHD risk include such factors as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, cultural mores, working conditions including work overload, multiple role responsibilities, and social isolation. Women, particularly economically disadvantaged women, occupy lower levels on the social status hierarchy and, therefore, experience more stressful life experiences, less favorable living conditions, and less opportunity to affect positive health behavior and outcomes. Women are often discriminated against economically, politically, and socially, and this discrimination may adversely affect their efforts at CHD health promotion and treatment. Multiple role responsibilities within the family and psychosocial factors, including chronic life stress, are critical to an understanding of the health status of women, particularly poor and minority women. Although community-based interventions appear to be ideal for addressing the contextual risks related to CHD in women, a number of issues need to be considered, for example, the limited acknowledgment of secular trends in economic development that influence lifestyle decisions and health promotion efforts. Directions for research and interventions include recognition of the full spectrum of CHD risk in women, recognition of culturally competent interventions, and recognition of the need for empowerment of women.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Nutrition survey in Tabasco, Mexico: patterns of infant feeding.

Information on infant feeding was collected from 149 mothers of 744 children born over a period of 25 yr in an area of Tabasco, Mexico which has experienced rapid economic development. From 1953 to 1978, there was an increase in bottle-feeding, primarily as a supplement to breast-feeding, while the proportion of infants exclusively breast-fed declined from 69 to 48%. This trend was accompanied by a decrease in the average duration of lactation: the percentage of infants breast-fed 12 months or more declined from 73 to 45%. Mothers living within the area of an agricultural development project completed in 1973 were more likely to bottle-feed than mothers outside the project. The consequences of supplemental bottle-feeding for continued lactation, infant health, and child spacing require further investigation.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1998

Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat?

The percentage of energy from dietary fat is widely believed to be an important determinant of body fat, and several mechanisms have been proposed to account for such a relation. Comparisons of both diets and the prevalence of obesity between affluent and poor countries have been used to support a causal association, but these contrasts are seriously confounded by differences in physical activity and food availability. Within areas of similar economic development, regional intake of fat and prevalence of obesity have not been positively correlated. Randomized trials are the preferable method to evaluate the effect of dietary fat on adiposity, and are feasible because the number of subjects needed is not large. In short-term trials, a modest reduction in body weight is typically seen in individuals randomly assigned to diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat. However, compensatory mechanisms appear to operate because in trials lasting > or = 1 y, fat consumption within the range of 18-40% of energy appears to have little if any effect on body fatness. Moreover, within the United States, a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat consumed during the past two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity. Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959-1999.

In economically developed countries, mortality increases distinctly during winter. Many causes have been suggested, including light-dark cycles, temperature/weather, and infectious agents. The authors analyzed monthly mortality in the United States during the period 1959-1999 for four major disease classes. The authors isolated the seasonal component of mortality by removing trends and standardizing the time series. They evaluated four properties: coincidence in mortality peaks, autocorrelation structure and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, magnitude, and age distribution. Peak months of mortality for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus coincided appropriately with peaks in pneumonia and influenza, and coefficients of autocorrelation and ARIMA models were essentially indistinguishable. The magnitude of the seasonal component was highly correlated with traditional measures of excess mortality and was significantly larger in seasons dominated by influenza A(H2N2) and A(H3N2) viruses than in seasons dominated by A(H1N1) or B viruses. There was an age shift in mortality during and after the 1968/69 pandemic in each disease class, with features specific to influenza A(H3N2). These findings suggest that the cause of the winter increase in US mortality is singular and probably influenza. Weather and other factors may determine the timing and modulate the magnitude of the winter-season increase in mortality, but the primary determinant appears to be the influenza virus.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Non-industrialised countries and affluence.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly in all non-industrialised populations. By 2025, three-quarters of the world's 300 million adults with diabetes will be in non-industrialised countries, and almost a third in India and China alone. There is strong evidence that this epidemic has been triggered by social and economic development and urbanisation, which are associated with general improvements in nutrition and longevity, but also with obesity, reduced physical exercise and other diabetogenic factors. There is evidence too that fetal growth retardation and growth failure in infancy, both still widespread in non-industrialised populations, increase susceptibility to diabetes. An additional factor may be intergenerational effects of gestational diabetes occurring in mothers who grew poorly in early life and become obese as adults. Prevention of type 2 diabetes will require measures to promote exercise and reduce obesity in adults and children, alongside programmes to achieve healthy fetal and infant growth.

Cost of Illness↗