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Reconstruction of a functional and esthetic nail.

The most common cause of nail bed deformity is trauma, but other causes are infection, tumor, ischemia, or congenital anomalies. This article includes discussions of nonadherence, split nail, reconstruction of the eponychium, crooked and hooked nail, bony irregularity, pachyonychia, ischemic deformities, and absence of the nail. New problems are encountered daily and other deformities have no method of correction recorded in the literature. For these cases, we provide suggested treatments based on the anatomy and physiology of the nail.

Amputation, Traumatic↗

[Pre-implant esthetic study].

The first dental prostheses used on Branemark implants were aesthetically disappointing both for the dentists and their patients. Therefore the authors will consider the various aesthetic problems encountered when treating loss of teeth with implant systems. The problems related to resorption are numerous: large bone losses are resolved by adapting removable acrylic, carrying out bone transplants immediately fixed by the implants, using filling materials, or complete dentures fixed with attachments supported by the implants. Periodontal surgery often provides a solution to the problem of gum visibility at the level of the maxillary anterior teeth. The problems related to the site where implants emerge can often be avoided by consultation between the surgeon and the prosthodontist and by flexing a surgical guide compiled from a pre-prosthetic analysis of the clinical situation. The aesthetic problems related to the actual implant systems are dependent on three factors: When the prosthesis is directly screwed onto the implant, the axis of the implant determines the axis of the dental prosthesis and can lead to the emergence of the screw on the buccal surface; With angulated cores, orientated screws provide the required solution. The implant material, when metallic leads to an unsightly border at the gingival level. Ceramic implants, or the "ceraming" of titanium, provide a solution to this problem. In case of diastema the use of an implant system gives the best choice in comparison to the more conventional treatments. In conclusion, the authors point out the importance of pre-implant analysis which must give an evaluation of the aesthetic result. The fragility of the aesthetic evaluation should encourage dentists to obtain the "clear and written consent" of their patients, accepting the risks run by treatment of this kind.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗

[Comparative analysis of different types of "implant-prosthesis" connection. Esthetic effect, prosthetic techniques].

Thanks to the combined evolutions of surgery and of the concept of implantology it is now possible in the case of prosthetical rehabilitation to associate function, aesthetics and phonetics. The pre-prothetical analysis makes it possible to determine the various stages of an all-inclusive treatment namely: periodontics, surgery, prosthetics and occlusal equilibration, so as to obtain the appropriate results. The surgical problems caused by bone resorption in the toothless places are worsened by mechanical ones due to a deficiency in the parallelism of implants. Nevertheless the post-implants will be placed in the prosthetical corridor chosen before surgery. The aim of this article is to study the different types of junctions, permitting to link the implants to the prosthesis, whether it will be cemented of screwed. Depending on the clinical case, the choice of a connector, hence of a system of implants is determined by a number of questions such as: will it be easy to place the post-implants in the prosthetical corridor and to parallel them? Will it be possible to use systems permitting ductility or not? Is there any risk of the connector going loose? To what extent will the aesthetic function be respected? (Screw heads in the case of removable prostheses as well as gingival finishing lines of the superstructures).

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗

[Implant-ceramometal prosthesis relation: esthetic and technical improvements].

Two major concerns characterize the difficulties encountered with prostheses on implants. 1--The difference in orientation between the implant, imposed by anatomical requirements, and the restoration anatomy. It should be kept in mind that a sufficient occlusal space is required to house the restoration. The regularization of the occlusal curve of the opposite arch, in the example given, was obtained by bonding ceramic overlays. 2--The visibility of the abutment at the gingival level. In this clinical case, after removing the old prosthesis, it is observed that the position of the screws is unsuitable, as one of them emerges into the embrasure. A solution to these problems may be found in building an intermediate screwed core. The technical protocol requires the use of long screwed transfers, a specific impression method and plastic preforms. The intermediate core is formed by the combination of two hollow dowel cores into which a conventional metal ceramic bridge is incorporated. Aesthetically speaking, the prosthetic construction is characterized by the absence of metal visibility. The use of the pterygoid bone radically transforms prosthetic indications. It is advisable that the extremity of the implant remains accessible. Linking to the restoration can be carried out with a screwed telescopic substructure. It is not necessary, at the level of the pterygoid bone situated outside the limits of the arch, to carry out any dental morphology. A smooth, polished construction situated below the plane of occlusion is sufficient.

Dental Abutments↗