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PubMed1979

An annotated bibliography of the remarried, the living together, and their children.

This bibliography was developed by the Remarried Consultation Center of the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of New York City for our own use. Because there is a growing interest in remarriage and the new types of families this social phenomenon creates, we became convinced that the meager number of articles and books in this area would be of interest to others. We have focused our attention on the now common phenomenon of the remarried and those living together in a committed relationship situation. Some articles that were not designed as studies of remarriage situations are included because their content is pertinent to our subject. The bibliography is divided into six sections to facilitated reference use. It should be noted, however, that these sections are not rigid and that some items could readily have been included under two or more sections. Articles included cover publication dates through April 1978. The six sections are: I. Demography; II. Remarried Couples; III. Stepparents and Stepchildren; IV. Divorce as a Precursor to Remarriage; V. Children of Divorce in Relation to Remarriage; VI. Remarriage-Prophylactic and Therapeutic Aspects. Unfortunately we did not find sufficient material to warrant a section on theoretical aspects. We have tried to make this bibliography as complete as possible using two computer retrieval systems as well as our own search of the literature. If you are familiar with references we have missed, we should appreciate hearing from you.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Joint custody: an exploration of the issues.

Joint custody, an increasingly popular custody decision, allows both divorced parents to share equally the rights and responsibilities of child-rearing following their divorce. The authors discuss the potential positive and negative effects of this new and highly controversial custody decision by reviewing relevant research and theoretical concepts. Suggestions for further research are offered.

Child↗
PubMed1984

The single-parent family: an author's reflection.

In view of the dramatic rise in the divorce rate, this paper proposes that separation and divorce be viewed as normal phases of the family life cycle and be reframed in positive terms, such as a couple "being ready for a new relationship" or children "being the lucky possessors of two families instead of one." It further makes a plea for more extensive family support services, with the goal of prevention and education rather than just amelioration of problems after they have become evident.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The significance of romantic love for marriage.

In this study, 605 subjects were asked about romantic love and marriage. Married people differentiated themselves from single people with stable partners and divorced people with new partners by more frequently living together with their great love, more reciprocity in that love, and less disappointments in love relationships prior to the current relationship; but they also described themselves as less happy and satisfied than the single and divorced respondents, particularly with regard to tenderness, sex, and conversation with their partners. Independent of marital status, those who were greatly in love with their partners describe themselves as happier. Love at first sight, relative to a gradually developing love, nevertheless, did not have a worse prognosis for happiness in marriage. Being in love seems to be of greater importance for the prognosis of the marriage than marital happiness and satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Searching for a two-factor model of marriage duration: commentary on Gottman and Levenson.

Gottman and Levenson (2002) report a number of post hoc ordinary least squares regressions to "predict" the length of marriage, given that divorce has occurred. We argue that the type of statistical model they use is inappropriate for answering clinically relevant questions about the causes and timing of divorce, and present several reasons why an alternative family of models called duration models would be more appropriate. The distribution of marriage length is not bimodal, as Gottman and Levenson suggest, and their search for a two-factor model for explaining marriage length is misguided. Their regression models omit many variables known to affect marriage length, and instead use variables that were pre-screened for their predictive ability. Their final model is based on data for only 15 cases, including one unusual case that has undue influence on the results. For these and other technical reasons presented in the text, we believe that Gottman and Levenson's results are not replicable, and that they should not be used to guide interventions for couples in clinical settings.

Divorce↗
PubMed2002

Generating hypotheses after 14 years of marital followup; or, how should one speculate? A reply to DeKay, Greeno, and Houck.

Gottman and Levenson (2002) for the purpose of post hoc speculation, developed a number of ordinary least squares regressions to model the length of marriage of divorcing couples in a 14-year longitudinal study. We believe that our analyses are appropriate for our purpose. We do not agree with DeKay, Greeno, and Houck (2002) that a duration-model approach would have been more appropriate, and instead argue that the analyses used are more powerful and generate more interesting speculations. When speculating, one makes an important contribution just by being interesting, not necessarily by being right. The purpose of post hoc speculation is to generate discussion, and we are pleased that even at the outset we have accomplished this goal. In this reply to DeKay et al., we argue that the two-process model for earlier versus later divorcing that we propose is both interesting and clinically useful.

Divorce↗
PubMed1981

Parental loss and reported childhood stress in young women who attempt suicide.

For young women aged 18 to 30 years who attempted suicide, and whose suicide attempts were of widely differing physical threat to life, the experience of parental death and separation or divorce, and of reported childhood stress, was similar, irrespective of the lethality of the suicide attempt. Taken as a group, the suicide attempters reported significantly greater childhood stress and more often had experienced parental loss through separation or divorce than young women in a control group. The association between parental loss and suicidal behaviour did not appear to be an artefact of a primary relationship between parental loss and depression. Five of eight reported childhood stress factors significantly distinguished the suicidal and control subjects. Those who attempted suicide were more likely to report a childhood broken home, that their parents quarrelled often, that they had frequent disagreements with their parents, that they had poor physical health, and that they perceived their parents' character negatively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Fathers, children, and joint custody.

This survey of 40 middle-class divorced fathers, focusing on father's perceptions of their relationship with their children, suggests that those with joint custody are more likely than those with visitation rights to continue to have a high degree of involvement in and influence on their children's growth and development. It is argued that children of divorce, as do children of intact families, need loving relationships with two parents, and that joint custody arrangements should be encouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Impasses to the resolution of custody and visitation disputes.

This paper presents a typology of divorce situations that are highly vulnerable to intense and prolonged disputes over the custody and care of the children. The impasses to settling the conflicts are described and counseling/mediation implications outlined. The approach is based on a preliminary study of 80 divorcing and disputing families of multiethnic and mixed socioeconomic class that, despite mediation in the courts, were still entrenched in disputes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Effects of marital transitions on changes in dietary and other health behaviours in US male health professionals.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of change in marital status on health behaviours among men. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of repeated measures of marital status and health behaviours collected at four year intervals (1986-90; 1990-94). SETTING: US male health professionals. PARTICIPANTS: 38 865 men aged 40-75 in 1986. MAIN RESULTS: Relative to men who stayed married over four years, men who became widowed increased their alcohol consumption. Men who become divorced or widowed experienced decreases in body mass index. Compared with men who remained unmarried, men who remarried exhibited increases in body mass index along with decreased physical activity. Becoming divorced or widowed was associated with decreased vegetable intake while remarriage was linked to greater consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Marital termination may adversely affect health and dietary behaviours among men.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for active syphilis and TPHA seroconversion in a rural African population.

OBJECTIVES: Syphilis is an important cause of morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, and a cofactor for the sexual transmission of HIV. A better understanding of the prevalence and risk factors of syphilis in African populations would help to formulate effective interventions for its prevention and treatment. METHODS: The prevalence and incidence of syphilis were obtained from a cohort recruited in Mwanza, Tanzania. Two unmatched case-control studies nested within the cohort provide information on potential risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of active syphilis (TPHA positive and RPR positive any titre) was 7.5% in men and 9.1% in women, but in youths (aged 15-19 years) the prevalence was higher in women (6.6%) than in men (2.0%). The incidence of TPHA seroconversion was highest in women aged 15-19 at 3.4% per year, and around 2% per year at all ages among men. A higher prevalence of syphilis was found in those currently divorced or widowed (men: OR=1.61, women: OR=2.78), and those previously divorced or widowed (men: OR=1.51, women: OR=1.85). Among men, prevalence was associated with lack of circumcision (OR=1.89), traditional religion (OR=1.55), and reporting five or more partners during the past year (OR=1.81) while incidence was associated with no primary education (OR=2.17), farming (OR=3.85), and a self perceived high risk of STD (OR=3.56). In women, prevalence was associated with no primary education (OR=2.13), early sexual debut (OR=1.59), and a self perceived high risk of STD (OR=3.57), while incidence was associated with living away from the community (OR=2.72). CONCLUSION: The prevalence and incidence of syphilis remain high in this rural African population. More effort is needed to promote safer sexual behaviour, and to provide effective, accessible treatment. The high incidence of syphilis in young women calls for sexual health interventions targeted at adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

An overview of child custody laws.

The increasing divorce rate, the large number of women in the workforce, and the expanded role of fathers in parenting have led to a dramatic increase in child custody litigation. The law has responded to this growing problem in many ways, the foremost being to shift the emphasis of child custody laws from the rights of the parents to the needs of the child. The author traces the development of child custody laws from English common law, which granted custody to fathers, to the present best-interests-of-the-child standard. Criteria for evaluating the child's best interests, legislation to reduce postdecree litigation and child snatching, and approaches to ease the pain of family breakups, such as joint custody and divorce mediation, are among the many facets of present laws discussed by the author.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Marital transitions and mental health.

Most research identifies marital disruption as a precursor for poor mental health but is generally unable to discount the potential selection effect of poor mental health leading to marital disruption. We use data from nine annual waves of the British Household Panel Survey to examine social selection and social causation as competing explanations. Mental health is measured using the general health questionnaire. We examine mental health at multiple time points prior to and after a marital transition through separation or divorce and compare this process to those who experience widowhood. All groups transitioning out of marriage have a higher prevalence of poor mental health afterwards but for those separated or divorced, poor mental health also precedes marital disruption, lending support to both social-causation and social-selection processes. The processes both preceding and after the transition to widowhood differ, with increased prevalence of disorder centering around the time surrounding the death itself

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Basic principles in custody assessments.

The paper discusses some of the principles of custody assessments in divorce proceedings. It is felt that such assessments should be undertaken only upon the request of the judge or both lawyers. The assessment should be extensive and should include collecting and collating all available data obtained through interviews or letters. The report should include historical material, the formulation, and the reasons for the recommendations. Clinically, the important issue is to decide under whose care the child's growth and development is enhanced. Factors that help in this decision include the emotional ties between the parent and the child, the capacity of each parent to provide physically and emotionally, the preference of the child, and the need for continuity. The psychiatric and moral "fitness" of parents is critically reviewed. It is maintained that no parent should be given an inherent preference in custody rulings. Finally, it is argued that access should be expected after divorce and should be changed or eliminated only under strict conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of loneliness on mortality after retirement.

In the present study, the effect of the type and number of available objects on post-retirement mortality was examined. The hypothesis is that the fewer available objects people have upon retirement, the greater will be the mortality after the retirement. The material was divided into three groups: married (assumed to have the greatest object potential), widowed or divorced (second greatest), and single (least potential). The material consisted of men retired on old age pension in 1964. Of these, 792 were married, 119 were widowed or divorced, and 77 were single. No statistically significant differences in mortality between groups on the basis of marital status could be found, although the results tended to favour the hypothesis. The number of suicides and accidents in the group of men dying within two years of retirement exceeded the expected values, but this increase was distributed fairly evenly between groups on the basis of marital status.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Fertility, infertility and child survival of Somali women.

The relationship of reproductive patterns, some socio-economic factors and child survival was studied in 766 rural Somali women. A structured questionnaire was the method of data collection. Teenage marriage was the norm for the women, and divorce was very common. The mean number of live births was 5.2, and the mean number of surviving children was 3.7. 2/3 of the women aged 45+ had a parity of 6 or more, about one third had had at least one miscarriage and one fifth had experienced one stillbirth. Primary infertility was observed in 7% of the women aged 45+, while 20% were considered subfertile. Verbal autopsy showed that mortality was highest among infants and accounted for 63% of the child deaths. Major causes of death were neonatal tetanus, diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. Child survival and reproductive outcome ratios were found to be negatively related to the increasing age of the mother and parity. Divorce and widowhood were also found to be associated with low child survival.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2005

American marriage in the early twenty-first century.

During the past century the U.S. family system has seen vast changes--in marriage and divorce rates, cohabitation, childbearing, sexual behavior, and women's work outside the home. Andrew Cherlin reviews these historic changes, noting that marriage remains the most common living arrangement for raising children, but that children, especially poor and minority children, are increasingly likely to grow up in single-parent families and to experience family instability. Cherlin describes the economic and cultural forces that have transformed family life. Job market changes have drawn married women into the work force and deprived less-educated men of the blue-collar jobs by which they traditionally supported their families. And effective contraception and legalized abortion have eroded the norm of marriage before childbearing. Cherlin notes that sentiment in favor of marriage appears to be stronger in the United States than in other developed countries. The share of U.S. adults who are likely to marry is higher, but so is the share likely to divorce. U.S. children are also more likely to live in single-parent families at some time in their childhood. Although nearly all Americans, whether poor or well-to-do, hold to marriage as an ideal, today marriage is increasingly optional. To a greater extent than ever before, individuals can choose whether to form a family on their own, in a cohabiting relationship, or in a marriage. Given U.S. patterns of swift transitions into and out of marriage and high rates of single parenthood, American policymakers eager to promote marriage are unlikely to be able to raise U.S. family stability to levels typical of other developed countries. Consequently, a family policy that relies too heavily on marriage will not help the many children destined to live in single-parent and cohabiting families--many of them poor--during their formative years. Assistance must be directed to needy families, regardless of their household structure. Policymakers must craft a careful balance of marriage-based and marriage-neutral programs to provide adequate support to American children.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family dysfunction in adolescents with suicidal behavior and in adolescents with conduct disorders].

INTRODUCTION: The period of life known as adolescence generally refers to transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents' progress toward autonomy involves remaining connected with, as well as separated from parents. Young people and their parents usually have mixed feelings about adolescent autonomy and attachment. An estimated 50% of children born in the 80-s have spent part of their developmental years in single-parent households. Divorce is almost always a stressful event in children's lives. Youthful suicide rate has increased dramatically and is the third leading cause of death among 15-19 year olds. Conduct disorder is one of the mostfrequently diagnosed conditions in adolescents. Suicidal adolescents and adolescents with conduct disorder are much more likely than their peers to have grown up in disrupted, disorganized homes with lack of attachment between parents and their children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was carried out during 2002, 2003, and 2004. The research included 60 adolescents treated at the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Novi Sad, 30 with diagnosed conduct disorder and 30 with suicidal behavior. RESULTS: Along with other kinds of distress, suicidal adolescents have experienced an escalation of family problems a few months prior to attempted suicide. DISCUSSION: Divorce and life in singe-parent households is almost always a stressful period in children's lives. Conduct disorder and suicidal behavior represent a desperate cryfor help. Conclusion Most adolescents in both groups live in single-parent households. These young people have frequently passed into adolescence with little reason to feel that they could rely on their parentsfor support, or on their home as a place of sanctuary.

Adolescent↗