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PubMed1979

Mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons in zoobenthos of Lake Päijänne, Finland.

The average amounts of mercury, PCBs, and sigma DDT (primarily DDE), found in macrozoobenthos, on the wet basis, in Lake Päijänne, Finland, for the time period 1972-1974, were 79 ng/g, 29 ng/g, and 8 ng/g, respectively. Lindane was found in negligible amounts in only 2% of the samples examined; aldrin was present in 10% of the samples; no dieldrin was detected. Mercury and PCB concentrations varied regionally in the lake. PCB and sigma DDT concentrations were greater in the predatory bottom animals than in the herbivores or detritus feeders, and the amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons were greater in profundal animals than in littoral animals. No significant correlation was apparent between the amount of residues found and the weight of the animal (e.g. Anodonta). A significant positive correlation was evident in the amounts of PCBs and sigma DDT in most of the taxonomical groups. Spongilla lacustris and Anodonta piscinalis were excellent species for monitoring purposes.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Uptake of PCBs from sediment by Nereis virens and Crangon septemspinosa.

The concentration of PCB, as Aroclor 1254, accumulated from sandy sediment by Nereis virens is directly related to PCB concentration in sediment and to exposure time, and is inversely related to worm size. There was no indication of equilibrium concentrations being attained during 32 days' exposure. Concentration factors at 32 days ranged from 10.8 for 0.6-g worms to 3.8 for 4.7-g worms. There was no obvious excretion of PCB by N. virens during 26 days' post exposure. Accumulation of PCB by Crangon septemspinosa is directly related to PCB concentration in sediment and inversely related to animal size. Concentration factors at 32 days ranged from 3.5 for 0.1-g shrimp to 1.9 for 2.9-g shrimp. Field collected N. virens ranging in weight from 1.3 to 20.0 g were analyzed for PCB, sigma DDT and dieldrin. Smaller worms had accumulated more per unit weight of each compound than larger worms.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Geographic variation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in burbot (Lota lota) from remote lakes and rivers in Canada.

The variation in levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (sigma PCBs), chlorobenzenes and chlorinated pesticides was studied in burbot (Lota lota) from eight remote locations along a northwesterly transect from northwestern Ontario to the Mackenzie River delta in Canada. Significant declines in concentrations of PCB congeners, DDT isomers (sigma DDT), lindane, dieldrin, and mirex in burbot liver were found with increasing north latitude. Mean sigma PCB concentrations ranged from 1,290 ng/g (lipid wt) at Lake 625, a remote lake in northwestern Ontario, to 301 ng/g in samples from the Mackenzie River at Arctic Red River, N.W.T. No significant differences in mean concentrations of toxaphene, alpha-HCH, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls were observed between southern and northern sampling sites. Toxaphene was the predominant organochlorine residue in northern fish samples averaging 1,400 ng/g (lipid wt) at the three most northerly sites and 1,723 ng/g at Lake 625. Airborne contamination was the only likely source of organochlorines for most of the locations surveyed. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that inputs of semi-volatile organochlorines to northern aquatic ecosystems decrease with increasing north latitude and distance from North American sources.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental contaminant concentrations in biota from the lower Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina.

Planned harbor expansion and industrial developments may adversely affect the economically important aquatic resources of the lower Savannah River, including those at the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge. To establish the present level of chemical contamination in this system, we collected a total of 102 samples of nine species of fish and fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) from eleven sites in the lower Savannah River and on the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, and analyzed them for concentrations of organochlorine chemicals, aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons, and 13 elemental contaminants: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Residues of DDT (mainly as DDE), trans-nonachlor, dieldrin, Aroclor 1260, mirex, and petroleum hydrocarbons were common in fish from the lower Savannah River, but concentrations were below those warranting environmental concern. In general, the concentrations of elemental contaminants also were low; however, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were elevated in fish from river stations near the city of Savannah, and lead was elevated in samples from the National Wildlife Refuge. Contamination of the lower Savannah River by organic and elemental contaminants, as indicated by concentrations in fishes and fiddler crabs, did not appear to pose a hazard.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Contamination of milk and milk products with chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Westphalian area. II. Results and discussion].

During the time of August 1972 til end of January 1974 samples of butter from 20 dairies from the westfalian area were investigated with regard to their content of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In all samples of milk and butter could be proved: HCB, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-BHC, Heptachlorepoxid (HE), DDT, DDE, DDD, Dieldrin and PCB's, not however, Aldrin, Heptachlor and o,p'-DDT. With HCB, alpha- and gamma-BHC a dependance on the season was observed with maximum values during the winter months. With DDT, DDE and HE the variations were less. With PCB's dependencies on the season or influences of the location were not be recognised. The structure of farming seems to have a significant influence on the contents of HCB. In the course of butter processing the content on chlorinated hydrocarbons related to milk fat is not changed, metabolization does not play a role, either. With the start of lactation the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons especially of PCB's are increased as could be shown with single samples.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1991

Seasonal and geographical variation of organochlorine residues in birds from northwest Mexico.

Eight species of birds (129 individuals) were collected from three agricultural areas with long histories of pesticide use in northwestern Mexico. Plucked carcasses were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). DDE was found in all of the samples and at higher levels than other OCs. Mean (geometric) DDE concentrations varied from 0.04 (microgram/g) ppm in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) to 5.05 ppm in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in 95% of the samples, but at lower levels than DDE. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) residues were detected more frequently in birds from Mexicali (62%, p less than 0.05) than in those from Yaqui and Culiacan. HCH and HCB concentrations were significantly higher in birds from Mexicali during the winter than in the summer (p less than 0.05), indicating accumulation of these compounds during that period. Other OCs such as DDT, DDD, dieldrin, oxychlordane, heptachlor expoxide, endosulfan, and endrin were found at lower levels and less frequently. PCBs (quantitated as Aroclor 1260) were found mostly in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and cormorants at the three locations. Overall, concentrations of OCs were higher for Mexicali than for Yaqui and Culiacan (p less than 0.01). In a few cases, DDE levels were above those that might adversely affect birds.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in fat tissue: analyses of residues in healthy children, tumor patients, and malformed children.

The content of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) was determined by means of capillary column gas chromatography in samples of fat tissue from 183 healthy children, 46 children with malignant tumors and 33 children with benign tumors or congenital malformations. The highest concentrations were found for total polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) (mean = 1.614 ppm), followed by the DDT group (mean = 0.556 ppm, HCB (mean = 0.097 ppm), the HCH isomers (mean = 0.083 ppm), dieldrin (mean = 0.020 ppm) and total heptachlor (mean = 0.010 ppm). Neonates displayed high concentrations in the adipose tissue before the first uptake of food. In the first six months of life, the concentrations of total PCB, the individual PCB components as well as DDT and HCB decreased significantly. In the second year of life, they rose again to the initial values and then remained relatively constant during the rest of childhood. The regional differences with regard to total CHC residues were slight, so that the CHC exposure cannot be reduced by a change of domicile within West Germany (FRG). Children with congenital malformations or benign or malignant tumors do not display raised concentrations of CHC.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1989

Comparative sensitivity of sea urchin sperm bioassays to metals and pesticides.

A simple sperm/fertilization bioassay, primarily using sea urchin gametes, has been developed and used by a variety of laboratories. This assay was recently refined into a standard test and is now being used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others for toxicity testing in marine waters. One factor that has lagged behind the development of this assay is the comparison of its sensitivity to various common toxicants as compared to other bioassay systems and life stages of other marine organisms. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of a standardized sea urchin sperm/fertilization assay to the responses of embryo, larval, and adult marine organisms to metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) and pesticides (DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endosulfan) added to natural seawater. The results, although highly variable, generally showed that sperm/fertilization and embryo assays were quite sensitive to the metals tested, but that the larval and adult assays were more sensitive to the pesticides. These comparative data, together with other studies of complex effluents, show that the standardized sperm/fertilization bioassay is an especially quick and useful tool for biomonitoring of marine waters.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Organochlorine pesticide analysis in oil seeds and vegetable oil: simplification of silica gel clean-up and elimination of chlorinated solvents.

For the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in vegetable oils and oil seed samples, a solid-phase extraction method is described, modified from that developed by Steinwandter, with silica gel columns activated with a 10% water content. In comparison to the method developed by Steinwandter, we reduced the amount of solvents and chemicals required for sample preparation and substituted dichloromethane by the much less toxic tert-butylmethyl ether in the eluent mixture. In this manner the sample preparation technique becomes more convenient, cheaper and ecologically more justifiable. Under the specified sample preparation and elution conditions 1 g silica gel retained about 16 mg triglycerides whereas the OCPs were quantitatively eluted. The recoveries for hexachlorobenze, (HCB) alpha-HCH, Lindane (gamma-HCH) gamma-HCH, Heptachlor, Heptachlorepoxid, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, Dieldrin, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT were between 75 and 90%. The reproducibility of the total method was excellent as well as its ruggedness.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1990

A host-mediated in vivo/in vitro assay with peritoneal murine macrophages for the detection of carcinogenic chemicals.

We have developed a host-mediated assay system for the detection of the transforming action of chemical carcinogens on peritoneal macrophages. Directly as well as indirectly acting carcinogenic substances administered intraperitoneally to NMRI mice could be examined in this way. Resident macrophages were recovered by peritoneal lavage from treated and untreated mice and were cultured in soft agar. After 5-6 days normal and transformed cells could be distinguished. Statistical analysis comparing cells, for example, from alpha-naphthylamine or diphenylhydantoin-treated animals with those from control mice proved that the test is positive at least on a significance level of 5% using the t-test. Further substances revealing a cell-transformation potential were benzene, benz(a)pyrene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, N-nitrosodimethylamine, ethidium bromide, aflatoxin B1,N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, 2-naphthylamine, dieldrin, suramin and trichloroethylene. A weak transforming potential was found for chlorambucil as well as for tetrachloroethylene. With toluene or azidothymidine no cell transformation could be observed. Several immortal cell lines could be established form NMRI mice treated with alpha-naphthylamine or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Athymic nu/nu mice injected subcutaneously with these cells developed tumors, establishing the oncogenic potential of these cell lines.

1-Naphthylamine↗

PubMed1991

Heavy metals, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

The concentrations of lead in blood and of cadmium and mercury in kidney tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in cases in SIDS and a control group containing cases of known causes of death. SIDS cases were split into groups from urban and rural areas and areas highly polluted with lead and zinc (sites of lead and zinc works). Neither the concentration of lead in blood (median 26.5 to 50.0 micrograms/l), nor the concentration of cadmium (median 24.0 to 44.0 micrograms/kg ww) or mercury (43.0 to 69.0 micrograms/kg ww) showed significant differences between the groups. In addition the concentrations of persistent chlorohydrocarbons (hexachlorbenzene; alpha, beta and gamma hexachlorcyclohexane; heptachlorepoxide; dieldrine; total DDT; polychlorinated biphenyls) were measured in subcutaneous fatty tissue in SIDS cases from rural and urban areas and in a control group. These substances also showed no significant concentration differences in cases of SIDS.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1977

Deposition of heavy chlorinated hydrocarbons from the atmosphere.

A sensitive method for the measurement of deposition fluxes of volatile and aerosol chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) is presented. Fluxes of CHC ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) g m-2 day-1 for the 54% chlorine PCB mixture were measured at La Jolla, California (average: 3 x10(-7) g m-2 day-1) during February, 1972. PCB fluxes are correlated with the component of the wind trajectory in the direction of Los Angeles weighted by the reciprocal of the wind speed. Chlorinated pesticide fluxes (DDT and dieldrin) are correlated with winds from agricultural areas inland from the measuring site.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1975

[Residues of organochlorine insecticides in sediments of a high estuary of Fleuve St-Laurent].

In order to determine the distribution and levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in sediments of the upper estuary of the St. Lawrence River, we have carried out the first analyses in Quebec of these compounds in samples from different parts of this region. The recovery of these residues was conducted by continuous Soxhlet extraction of the samples with 100 ml of a mixture of acetone and n-hexane (50:50). The insecticide-containing extract was cleaned up by column chromatography on activated florisil. Elution with 100 ml of n-hexane and then 150 ml of a mixture of n-hexane and ether (85:15) gave two fractions. The analyses were performed by gas liquid chromatography using an electron-capture detector with a radioactive 63Ni source. In the two series of samplings (June and July 1973), DDT and its metabolites were detected in appreciable amounts at nearly all sampling sites while the other insecticides: alpha-BHC, gamma-BHC, heptachlor and dieldrin, were found only in a few and at very low concentrations: beta-BHC, aldrin and heptachlor epoxide were absent at all sites. In general, the insecticide levels at the various sites show a slight variation in time. However, in some, the concentration of organochlorine insecticides is much lower than in others; in these cases it is presumed that this is due to a greater rate of sedimentation in the absence of current and also to local agriculture and sediment texture.

Canada↗

PubMed1992

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the bone marrow of children: studies on their association with leukaemia.

Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined by capillary column gas chromatography in samples of bone marrow from 38 children with leukaemia (16 samples/pools) and 15 control (5 pools). The highest mean and median concentrations were detected for total PCB (mean = 3.568 mg/kg fat basis/median 2.904 mg/kg) followed by the sum of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (1.775/1.059 mg/kg), hexachlorobenzene 0.354/0.260 mg/kg), the sum of the hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (0.133/0.093 mg/kg) and dieldrin (0.109/0.063 mg/kg). The CHC and PCB concentrations in bone marrow were two- to threefold higher than in fat tissue. Comparing children with and without leukaemia similar concentrations of CHC and PCB were found.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1991

Selection of high-level abamectin resistance from field-collected house flies, Musca domestica.

Abamectin is a novel, highly promising insecticide with activity against many pests. To determine if resistance to abamectin could occur, we collected house flies from several New York dairies and selected them in the laboratory. Resistance developed rapidly and to a high level (36 or greater than 60,000-fold, depending upon test technique and/or adjuvant) that could not be overcome by the synergists piperonyl butoxide or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate. There was no increase in (cross)resistance to crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, dieldrin or lindane following abamectin selection. Our results suggest the potential for abamectin resistance is high, at least in house flies, and that the judicious use of abamectin will be needed to prolong its usefulness as an insecticide.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. I. Hartbeespoort Dam, Transvaal and Voëlvlei Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa.

Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and some metals were determined in two South African lakes, Hartbeespoort Dam and Voëlvlei Dam. Water, bottom sediments, aquatic plants, aquatic insects, fish, fish-eating birds and their eggs were collected. Insecticides and PCB's were analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Analysis of metals was accomplished with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metals included arsenic, cadmium, copper, mangenese, lead, zinc, and mercury. The insecticide residue most commonly found in both dams were DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin. Hartbeespoort had higher levesl than Voëlvlei of insecticides and PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's having six or more chlorines increased with an increase in the trophic level. Concentrations of PCB's in the brains of the African birds were greater than the average total concentration of insecticides while the opposite was true for carcasses. Biological magnification of insecticides and PCB's occurred in both lakes. Hartbeespoort Dam had higher levels than Voëlvlei for all metals examined in bottom sediments and birds, except for copper in bird carcasses. Mercury levels in bird carcasses ranged from 2- to 5-fold greater than in fish while lead concentrations ranged from 2- to 10-fold greater.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Residues of PCB's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem.

Fish from western Lake Superior (1972-73) contained DDT and PCB residues at concentrations greater than o.1 ppm. The most predominant PCB's were those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, and GLC data indicated that the mixtures were most like the commercial product Aroclor 1254(2). Other chlorinated contiminants identified by GC/MS analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane, which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm. The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be 0.8 ng/L in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged from 10(5) to 10(6). The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for these chemicals in fish tbe used for human consumption.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Immunocytochemistry of a novel GABA receptor subunit Rdl in Drosophila melanogaster.

Following our recent cloning of a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit gene Resistance to dieldrin or Rdl form cyclodiene resistance locus in Drosophila melanogaster, we were interested in defining its pattern of expression during development. Here we report the raising of an anti-Rdl polyclonal antibody that recognizes a single protein of the expected 65 kDa size in immunoblots of Drosophila head homogenates. In situ hybridization using Rdl cDNA probes and the anti-Rdl antibody shows that Rdl message and protein are highly expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of 15-17 h embryos. Interestingly, despite the use of GABA in both the peripheral and CNS of insects, Rdl GABA receptor subunits appear to be confined to the CNS. Detailed immunocytochemistry of Drosophila brain sections showed particularly strong anti-Rdl antibody staining in the optic lobes, ellipsoid body, fan shaped body, ventrolateral protocerebrum and the glomeruli of the antennal lobes. Results are compared with the distribution of staining observed in the insect CNS with antibodies against GABA itself and synaptotagmin, a synaptic vesicle protein.

Animals↗