SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Data Science”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Evaluating GPAs and MCAT scores as predictors of NBME I and clerkship performances based on students' data from one undergraduate institution.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationships among undergraduate student characteristics, standardized indicators of medical school academic performance, and clinical performances in an institution where the undergraduate grading system was not a confounding factor. METHOD: In 1993 data were collected retrospectively for the classes of 1990-1993 in the University of California, Riverside (UCR)/University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Program, in which all the students completed their undergraduate studies at UCR. Data were collected on the students' demographic characteristics, undergraduate grade-point averages (UGPAs), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, National Board of Medical Examiners Part I (NBME I) scores, and clinical performances as measured by core clerkship grades. Regression analyses were used to evaluate (1) the relationship between clinical performances and data available at admission and (2) the relationship between NBME I scores and the same variables. The top and bottom 25% of each class were identified by UGPAs and compared by their NBME I scores and clinical performances to determine whether differences noted at admission continued to separate the students. Differences were tested using independent two-tailed t-tests. RESULTS: Of the 92 students, data were available for 88 (96%); 39% were female and 38% were foreign-born. The sample was fairly heterogeneous in terms of UGPAs, MCAT scores, clinical performance grades, and NBME I scores. Results of the first regression analysis indicated that mean clinical performance was not related to any of the undergraduate predictors of performance or to the students' demographics. The second regression analysis indicated that MCAT scores and cumulative science UGPAs were related to performance on the NBME I, as were country of origin and sex. The students in the top and bottom 25% differed significantly in their scores on the NBME I, but not in their clinical performances. CONCLUSION: Although UGPAs and MCAT scores are good indicators of NBME I performance, they are still not useful in predicting clinical performance, even when the students' data are taken from the same undergraduate institution.

California↗

PubMed2003

Assessing the variability in GeneChip data.

INTRODUCTION: Oligonucleotide and cDNA microarray experiments are now common practice in biological science research. The goal of these experiments is generally to gain clues about the functions of genes by measuring how their expression levels rise and fall in response to changing experimental conditions. Measures of gene expression are affected, however, by a variety of factors. This paper introduces statistical methods to assess the variability of Affymetrix GeneChip data due to randomness. METHODS: The variation of Affymetrix's GeneChip signal data are quantified at both chip level and individual gene level, respectively, by the agreement study method and variance components method. Three agreement measurement methods are introduced to assess the variability among chips. Variation sources for gene expression data are decomposed into four categories: systematic experiment variation, treatment effect, biological variation, and chip variation. The focus of this paper is on evaluating and comparing the last two kinds of variations. RESULTS: Measurement of agreement and variance components methods were applied to an experimental data, and the calculation and interpretation were exemplified. The variability between biological samples were shown to exist and were assessed at both the chip level and individual gene level. Using the variance components method, it was found that the biological and chip variation are roughly comparable. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program for doing the agreement studies can be obtained from the correspondence author.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Using text generation to access clinical data in a variety of contexts.

MedView is a joint project with participants from oral medicine and computer science. The aim of the project is to build a large database from patient examinations and produce computerised tools to access data in various ways. One way to access data is to read case descriptions generated from stored cases. We give a description of how documents are generated from data and how these are used in a variety of contexts to supply useful information.

Dental Records↗

PubMed2003

Family physician continuity of care and emergency department use in end-of-life cancer care.

BACKGROUND: Despite cancer patients preferring to spend their last days out-of-hospital, many make difficult visits to the emergency department (ED). Family physician continuity of care has been shown in some clinical situations to reduce ED utilization. OBJECTIVE: To determine if greater family physician continuity of care for cancer patients during the end-of-life is associated with less ED utilization. METHOD: This retrospective, population-based study involved secondary analysis of linked administrative data files for 1992 to 1997. Sources included the Nova Scotia Cancer Registry, Vital Statistics, the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center Oncology Patient Information System and Palliative Care Program (PCP), Hospital Admissions/Separation data, and Physician Services information. Subjects included adults with a recorded date of cancer diagnosis who died of cancer and who had made at least three visits to a family physician during their last 6 months of life. The relationship between total ED visits and family physician continuity of care, developed using the Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI), was examined using negative binomial regression with adjustments for survival, year of death, sex, age, cancer type, region, PCP admission, specialty visits, hospital days, death location, income quintile, and total ambulatory visits. RESULTS: In total, 8702 subjects made 11,551 ED visits (median = 1.0); median MMCI was 0.83. Adjusted results indicate those experiencing low continuity (MMCI < 0.5) made 3.9 times more ED visits (rate ratio [RR] = 3.93; 95% CI [CI] = 3.57-4.34) than those experiencing high continuity (MMCI > or = 0.8) and patients experiencing moderate continuity (MMCI = 0.5-0.8) made twice as many ED visits (RR = 2.28; CI = 2.15-2.42). CONCLUSION: Given this significant association between family physician continuity of care and ED visits during the end-of-life, and given international trends to reform primary care, active planning of strategies to facilitate such continuity should be encouraged.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[Analysis of the pathologic diagnoses of 1300 autopsies].

1300 autopsies in this hospital between 1949-1989 were reviewed, and the variation of the autopsy rate was analysed, giving an average rate of 20.7%. In 1258 cases with complete data, the consistency between clinical and pathological diagnoses reached 76.6%. Clinical misdiagnoses and uncertain diagnoses were found to be 19.2% and 4.1% respectively. The statistical figures indicated that infections diseases occupied a dominant position in 1950s, while in recent years cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors have become the major diseases. Reasons of clinical misdiagnoses and lowering down of autopsy rate are discussed. Furthermore, statistical data cited in this article clearly demonstrate that autopsy is still of extreme importance in investigations of modern medical sciences.

Autopsy↗

PubMed2005

Formocresol and ferric sulfate have similar success rates in primary molar pulpotomy. In carious primary molars does a pulpotomy performed with ferric sulphate, compared with formocresol, result in greater clinical/radiographic success?

DATA SOURCES: Medline Ovid Library, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index (SCI) and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE). STUDY SELECTION: Reviews, full reports, or research abstracts of prospective, retrospective, comparative, and/or radiographic studies were included, while case reports and letters were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: A total of 13 studies (three randomized clinical trials and 10 clinical trials) contributed to the meta-analysis, one randomized clinical trial and one clinical trial were analyzed by the direct technique, and all 13 trials were analyzed by the indirect technique. Data from trials were divided into clinical and radiographic data, and separate statistical analyses were conducted using the direct technique. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to compare the relative success of ferric sulphate and formocresol. Data homogeneity was tested using the chi(2)-test of consistency on the ORs for each trial. RESULTS: Clinical data indicated that ferric sulphate was significantly more successful than formocresol (OR=1.95; CI=1.01-3.80). Radiographic data indicated no difference between medicaments (OR=0.90; CI=0.58-1.39). Medicaments did not differ with t-tests of clinical (P>0.10) and radiographic (P>0.50) data. CONCLUSIONS: In human carious primary molars with reversible coronal pulpitis, pulpotomies performed with either formocresol or ferric sulphate are likely to have similar clinical/radiographic success.

Comment↗

PubMed2026

Low-carbohydrate diet score subtypes and all-cause mortality in general and chronic disease populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of overall, healthy and unhealthy low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) scores with all-cause mortality in general and chronic disease populations. Healthy and unhealthy subtypes were compared with assess whether the observed associations depend on macronutrient quality rather than carbohydrate restriction alone. DESIGN: Systematic review and pairwise category meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical Database and Web of Science Core Collection were searched from inception to 12 May 2026. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Prospective cohort studies of adults assessing LCD adherence using a validated three-macronutrient composite score and reporting HRs for all-cause mortality were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Random-effects meta-analyses compared each higher reported LCD category with the lowest category, stratified by LCD score subtype and population type. Certainty of evidence was assessed using NutriGrade. RESULTS: 18 prospective cohort studies included 779 158 participants and 219 457 deaths; all scored 7-9/9 on the NOS. In chronic disease populations, the highest healthy LCD category was associated with lower mortality than the lowest category (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.76; I²=0%; high certainty), as was the highest overall LCD category (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.96; I²=68%; high certainty). In the general population, the highest healthy LCD category was not associated with lower mortality than the lowest category (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.01; I²=69%; moderate certainty), and neither was the highest overall LCD category (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; I²=87%; low certainty). Unhealthy LCD scores were not associated with mortality in either population. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy LCD adherence was associated with lower all-cause mortality, particularly among individuals with chronic diseases. Unhealthy LCD scores were not associated with mortality in either population, suggesting that macronutrient quality and source may matter more than carbohydrate reduction alone.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex in HIV-infected individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, treatment, and prophylaxis of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in HIV-infected individuals. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE (January 1966-July 1997) and AIDSLINE (January 1980-July 1997) search of basic science articles pertinent to the MAC infection in HIV-infected patients. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles were considered for possible inclusion in the review. Pertinent information, as judged by the authors, was selected for discussion. DATA SYNTHESIS: The organism, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of disseminated MAC are discussed for background. A review of clinical trials for the treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated MAC are presented, along with unresolved issues concerning these topics. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of disseminated MAC has increased dramatically with the AIDS epidemic. The infection can lead to increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Treatment regimens for patients with a positive culture for MAC from a sterile site should include two or more drugs, including clarithromycin. Prophylaxis against disseminated MAC should be considered for patients with a CD4 cell count of less than 50/mm3.

4-Quinolones↗

PubMed2004

Computer science education for medical informaticians.

The core curriculum in the education of medical informaticians remains a topic of concern and discussion. This paper reports on a survey of medical informaticians with Master's level credentials that asked about computer science (CS) topics or skills that they need in their employment. All subjects were graduates or "near-graduates" of a single medical informatics Master's program that they entered with widely varying educational backgrounds. The survey instrument was validated for face and content validity prior to use. All survey items were rated as having some degree of importance in the work of these professionals, with retrieval and analysis of data from databases, database design and web technologies deemed most important. Least important were networking skills and object-oriented design and concepts. These results are consistent with other work done in the field and suggest that strong emphasis on technical skills, particularly databases, data analysis, web technologies, computer programming and general computer science are part of the core curriculum for medical informatics.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2005

Genomics research in the UK--the social science agenda.

We sketch the development of UK genetics and genomics research, and emphasize the UK's key role in the international genetics and genomics research community. We highlight in particular the part played by the UK's Research Councils and other funders. With the move from genomics to post-genomics research, the field is diversifying, and interdisciplinarity becomes increasingly important, as traditional disciplinary boundaries become blurred, or break down, in the face of newly emerging sciences. We consider the changing nature of health and ill health in the developed and developing world, and questions about the complex nature of the relationships between genes and the environment, and their future implications for human health and human populations. We describe the ESRC's activities, stressing the importance of both the social, ethical and legal issues raised by these emerging disciplines, and of public engagement. Finally, we link the data handling and analysis issues raised by these emerging sciences, with other new research areas, in particular the UK's e-Science programme.

Biological Specimen Banks↗

PubMed1994

A deductive database system for analyzing human nucleotide sequence data.

The analysis of the human genome is one of the most significant topics in both biology and medical science. There is a growing need for a well-designed database system for searching and analyzing the human genome data. We developed a deductive database system to search and analyze nucleotide sequence data derived from the GenBank primates data. A deductive database system is a next generation one and it contains an inference mechanism that can handle problems beyond the capabilities of classical database systems. Database queries are described in logical rules. These rules are simple even for molecular biologists who are not experts in computer programs because they are declarative and do not require the procedural commands that are usually used in computer programs. Furthermore, queries based on logical rules are powerful enough to express complicated biological problems. Particularly, recursive rules are suitable for examining secondary structures of nucleotide sequences. In our analysis of TfR's IRE, we noted five stem-and-loop structures.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2006

Perioperative morbidity associated with bariatric surgery: an academic center experience.

HYPOTHESIS: As the demand for bariatric surgery increases, it becomes increasingly important to define predictors of morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that specific clinical variables predict postoperative morbidity after bariatric surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: This is a retrospective review of 452 patients undergoing inpatient bariatric surgery at an academic tertiary care institution. INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent open or laparoscopic gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, from 2000 to 2003. Patient data were prospectively entered into a database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative morbidity and mortality were analyzed among all patients, and logistic regression was used to identify clinical predictors of morbidity. RESULTS: Major and minor morbidity rates were 10% and 13%, respectively; mortality was 0.9%. Age was associated with postoperative complications (odds ratio = 1.056 for each additional year). Duodenal switch was also associated with higher morbidity than gastric bypass (odds ratio = 2.149). Body mass index, sex, diabetes, surgical approach, and surgeon experience did not predict complications. CONCLUSIONS: Increased age is a predictor of complications after bariatric surgery. Duodenal switch is also associated with a higher morbidity rate than gastric bypass. Surgeons should caution older patients (>/=60 years) of a higher risk of postoperative complications, and a higher risk associated with duodenal switch. Large multicenter studies will be necessary to accurately define other clinical predictors of morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Mammalian sperm-egg recognition: does fertilin beta have a major role to play?

The advent of simple in vitro fertilisation techniques has provided the reproductive biologist with an invaluable system for assaying sperm fertilising ability. In particular, they provide a useful way of identifying and characterising gamete-specific proteins that play a role in sperm-egg interactions, and in recent years, a growing number of sperm surface proteins have been identified that appear to be involved in these processes. Fertilin beta was one of the first sperm membrane proteins to be implicated in egg interactions and it has been proposed that this is mediated by means of binding of its disintegrin-like domain to cognate integrin receptors on the egg plasma membrane. A recent paper in Science by Cho and colleagues [Cho et al. 1998. Fertilisation defects in sperm from mice lacking fertilin beta. Science 281: 1857-1859 (Ref. 1)] provides preliminary data on a fertilin beta knockout mouse. Whilst fertilin beta null males had greatly reduced fertility, somewhat surprisingly, this could be largely attributed to causes other than impaired binding to the egg plasma membrane.

ADAM Proteins↗

PubMed2006

DNA profiling of shahtoosh.

The population of the Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) has recently declined dramatically due to the illegal trade in its wool. The animal lives at high altitude and is protected from the extremely cold climate due to a coat of very fine wool. These hairs are highly sought for weaving a shawl called shahtoosh. The large-scale poaching of the antelope has resulted in the species being placed on CITES Appendix I. We report on a method of DNA profiling on a confiscated shahtoosh using the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to produce a test that will identify unambiguously the presence of P. hodgsonii. Two shahtoosh samples were provided by the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, and ten shawl samples of sheep wool (Ovis aries), cashmere from the Kashmir goat (Capra hircus), and pashmina from the Himalayan goat (C. hircus) were collected from local stores for comparison. Two primer pairs were used to amplify a 271 bp fragment of cyt b gene which would distinguish these three species. The resulting amplification products were directly sequenced. When the DNA sequences were compared with the sequences registered in GenBank and EMBL databases, the sequences with the highest homology were the cyt b genes of P. hodgsonii, C. hircus, and O. aries. This study demonstrates that there is still sufficient DNA present in the finished wool of a shahtoosh shawl to allow DNA typing and the method established was highly plausible to identify the CITES protected species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

The Natural History of Residual and Recurrent Disease in Advanced Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review explores the natural history of residual and recurrent juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) to inform clinical decision-making. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to February 20, 2025 and was re-run on September 21, 2025. Studies included patients with advanced JNA and documented follow-up of residual or recurrent disease. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared analysis, and analysis of variance were used to evaluate treatment outcomes across different modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, gamma knife surgery, and medical therapies. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies encompassing 131 male patients (mean age 16.3 years) were included. Residual or recurrent disease demonstrated complete involution in 41%, stable disease in 29%, and reduction in size in 25% of cases. Only 2% of patients had progressive disease. A statistically significant association was observed between treatment modality and outcome (p = 0.015), with radiotherapy, either alone, or as part of a multimodal approach, showing the highest rates of spontaneous involution. CONCLUSION: Residual and recurrent JNAs often remain stable or regress without further intervention. Close surveillance with imaging is a safe and effective strategy for asymptomatic patients, minimizing the risks of additional treatment in a young patient population with disease near critical anatomical structures.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A new generation of the IMAGIC image processing system.

One of the aims of modern microscopy is to quantify two-, three-, or even four-dimensional phenomena in biology, medicine, and material sciences. The requirements imposed on software by such data processing are exemplified by the design considerations of the IMAGIC-5 software system. This system includes facilities for multivariate statistical analysis of large data sets, for correlation averaging of two-dimensional crystals, and for three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecular structures. The molecules may be arranged as two-dimensional crystals, as helices, or as single particles with arbitrary pointgroup symmetry. IMAGIC's novel angular reconstitution approach allows for the rapid determination of three-dimensional structures of uncrystallized molecules to high resolution. The general organization, user interaction strategy, file structure, and extendibility of IMAGIC are discussed and illustrated with some practical examples.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Lipid matrix-based vaccines for mucosal and systemic immunization.

For more than a decade our laboratories have been combining concepts in biochemistry, virology, and immunology in order to develop a conceptual basis for vaccine design. Our long-term goals have been to construct simple and well-defined immunogens that would stimulate specific immune responses in vivo. Using this approach, we hypothesized that it should be possible to define the structural and biochemical parameters of an immunogen that are necessary and sufficient to stimulate designated effector arms of the immune system. Through the use of covalently coupled peptide complexes, we have been able to define minimal requirements for the induction of humoral immune responses (Mannino et al., 1992). This represents a significant advance in eliciting an immune response to peptides, because it requires only peptides and phospholipids in the absence of additional adjuvants. It is different from the previous use of peptides and liposomes since here the peptides are covalently linked to a hydrophobic anchor and integrated into the phospholipid complex, rather than passively adsorbed or encapsulated. The presentation of peptide as part of a peptide-phospholipid complex (in contrast to encapsulation or nonspecific absorption) may be more similar to the natural presentation of an epitope in the context of an in vivo antigenic challenge. This technology also allows us to incorporate B and Th epitopes in a number of forms--as a single peptide, as two peptides in the same liposome, or as a peptide with viral glycoproteins in the same liposome. These data also demonstrate that Th epitopes do not have to be covalently linked to the B-cell epitope in order to provide help for that epitope. The implications of the data reported here are significant for both basic science and applied technologies. In basic science, the peptide-phospholipid complexes are potentially useful for analyzing the cooperative effects of B- and T-cell epitopes in the in vivo immune response. Since the peptide-phospholipid complexes are totally synthetic and highly immunogenic, they may be constructed in any formulation required to answer questions on the roles of B and T cells in promoting an immune response. Furthermore, since the number of antigenic sites is limited only by the number of peptides included in the peptide-phospholipid complexes, these constructs may be useful in producing antisera or monoclonal antibodies to weakly antigenic regions of a large protein, since the lack of antigenic competition should enhance the immunogenicity of these regions. Clinically, this technology will expand the potential for subunit vaccines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2004

Land management in the American southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity.

State-and-transition models are increasingly being used to guide rangeland management. These models provide a relatively simple, management-oriented way to classify land condition (state) and to describe the factors that might cause a shift to another state (a transition). There are many formulations of state-and-transition models in the literature. The version we endorse does not adhere to any particular generalities about ecosystem dynamics, but it includes consideration of several kinds of dynamics and management response to them. In contrast to previous uses of state-and-transition models, we propose that models can, at present, be most effectively used to specify and qualitatively compare the relative benefits and potential risks of different management actions (e.g., fire and grazing) and other factors (e.g., invasive species and climate change) on specified areas of land. High spatial and temporal variability and complex interactions preclude the meaningful use of general quantitative models. Forecasts can be made on a case-by-case basis by interpreting qualitative and quantitative indicators, historical data, and spatially structured monitoring data based on conceptual models. We illustrate how science- based conceptual models are created using several rangeland examples that vary in complexity. In doing so, we illustrate the implications of designating plant communities and states in models, accounting for varying scales of pattern in vegetation and soils, interpreting the presence of plant communities on different soils and dealing with our uncertainty about how those communities were assembled and how they will change in the future. We conclude with observations about how models have helped to improve management decision-making.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗