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PubMed2003

Cytoprotective properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) when used prior to wearing contact lenses treated with cationic disinfecting agents.

PURPOSE: Disinfecting agents found in current multipurpose solutions (MPS) may produce low-grade ocular surface insults. This study investigates the potential for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to chemically complex residual disinfectants in situ. METHODS: The chemical availability of the MPS disinfectant polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) was examined using a spectrophotometric assay. PHMB bioactivity was assessed by survival of bacteria in the presence of MPS with varying amounts of added CMC. RESULTS: Chemical availability of PHMB in water or MPS was reduced within 10 minutes of adding CMC. With the addition of CMC to MPS, survival rates for bacteria improved substantially, depending on the bacterial species, concentration, and exposure time. CONCLUSIONS: Carboxymethylcellulose rapidly binds PHMB and reduces its chemical availability and bioactivity. These results suggest a potential cytoprotective effect of CMC on the ocular surface when used before lens insertion.

Biguanides↗
PubMed2002

Constructing scientific authorities: issue framing of chlorinated disinfection byproducts in public health.

The practice of chlorine disinfection of drinking water to reduce microbial risks provides substantial benefits to public health. However, increasing concern around potential risks of cancer associated with exposure to chlorinated disinfection byproducts confuses this issue. This article examines the science agenda regarding chlorinated disinfection byproducts (CDBP) and cancer in Canada and the United States, focusing on the social construction of scientific knowledge claims and evidence. Data for this analysis were obtained from published documents as well as from in-depth interviews with epidemiologists and toxicologists centrally involved with the issue in both countries. Results of the analysis suggest that toxicological scientists want to close the door on the "chloroform issue" due to increasing evidence that chloroform is safe at low doses, because epidemiological scientists can no longer move forward the cancer science until significant improvements can be made in assessing human exposures, and because the scientific foci of research on DBP have shifted accordingly. Further, a distinction emerges in terms of how scientific uncertainties are interpreted when they cross-cut disciplines in the context of human health risk assessment. We suggest this tension reflects a balance of how uncertainty and authorities are managed in a mandated science-policy domain. Sufficient evidence was provided to keep the DBP issue on the regulatory agenda and to generate additional research, yet authorities and concomitant interpretations of uncertainty were contested. Such science generation and contestation inevitably influences complex risk assessment processes with respect to what water-related health risks are addressed and how.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary studies on the amoebicidal efficacy of contact lens disinfection systems.

PURPOSE: This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of contact lens disinfection systems against Acanthamoeba castellanii, tested with and without co-incubation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS: First, disinfection systems containing 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.00005% polyaminopropyl biguanide or 0.001% polyquaternium were challenged with A. castellanii for 72 h. Surviving cells were enumerated. Second, A. castellanii were co-incubated with P. aeruginosa for 48 h, then exposed to the disinfectants for 6 h. RESULTS: There was zero survival of A. castellanii in hydrogen peroxide and variable survival in multipurpose systems. Following co-incubation, A. castellanii survival increased significantly (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Multipurpose systems have variable anti-amoeba activity and storage cases contaminated by bacteria may enhance amoeba survival.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of hydrogen peroxide contact lens disinfection systems and solutions against Acanthamoeba polyphaga.

Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba causing a potentially blinding infection of the cornea. Contact lens wearers are most at risk and account for some 95% of cases. Hydrogen peroxide is used for contact lens disinfection due to its broad antimicrobial activity. Lenses must be neutralized before use to avoid pronounced stinging and possible corneal damage. Neutralization is achieved by adding a catalyst during the disinfection process (one-step) or afterwards (two-step). Here, the activities of commercial peroxide systems and individual solutions against trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga were compared. All disinfection systems were active against trophozoites, giving a > or = 3-log (99.9%) kill within 1 h. Of the four one-step systems, only one showed some cysticidal activity, giving a 1.28 +/- 0.41-log reduction. Both two-step systems were cysticidal, giving a > or = 3-log kill at 4 h. All system peroxide solutions were cysticidal, giving a > or = 3-log kill by 4 to 6 h. Variation in the cysticidal rate was observed with two solutions that gave a 1.8- to 2.1-log kill at 4 h compared with 3.0 to 4.0 for the rest (P < 0.05). No cysticidal activity was found with the peroxigen sodium perborate or the contact lens protein remover subtilisin A. Two-step systems are cysticidal providing contact times of at least 4 h are employed. Variation in cyst killing occurs between peroxide solutions, possibly due to formulation differences. One-step systems are less effective against Acanthamoeba cysts due to rapid peroxide neutralization. The cysticidal activity of one-step systems could be improved if neutralization rates were retarded.

Acanthamoeba↗
PubMed1975

Experiments on terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor in the case of smallpox.

The usually recommended terminal disinfection by formaldehyde vapor is unable to completely inactivate vaccinia viruses embedded in scabs. In view of our results, we recommend doubling the concentration of formaldehyde (10 g of formaldehyde per m3 of space) and prolonging the time of exposure to 24 h for terminal disinfection in the case of smallpox. Subsequent disinfection by scrubbing assumes special importance, since no complete inactivation of the scabs occurs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Disinfection of dental impressions and occlusal records by ultraviolet radiation.

As chemical disinfection of dental impressions may cause adverse effects on materials and the dental personnel this study examined disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. Alginate, addition silicone rubber and red wax contaminated by Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum and five other bacteria in different suspension media were radiated for up to 18 min, and the number of colony forming units was compared to non-radiated controls. The effect of ultraviolet radiation differed among bacterial species and depended on the organic content in the suspension. Generally, the bacterial reduction after ultraviolet radiation was below 4 log steps and thus insufficient for disinfection of dental impressions.

Alginates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Review of standard for evaluating the effectiveness of contact lens disinfectants.

A new standard has been developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for evaluating contact lens disinfectants. This paper reviews the ISO 14729 standard and applies it to marketed products. The historical significance, justifications, scope, interpretations, application, and worthiness are discussed. The standard provides a more consistent procedure and a higher standard for contact lens disinfectants. As a result, more effective contact lens disinfectants have been marketed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Symptomatic accidental introduction of disinfectant electrolytic chloroxidizer solution into the peritoneal cavity of CAPD patients. Incidence and long-term effects on ultrafiltration.

In recent years the Y-set with disinfectant [Buoncristiani et al. 1983] has been used in several continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) centers. This system has considerably improved the short- and long-term results of CAPD [Maiorca et al. 1983, Scalamogna et al. 1990]. Accidental introduction of disinfectant during the exchange is a risk associated with this system, but at the present time we have little data pertaining to incidence complication and its possible effects on peritoneal function. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of acute symptomatic accidental introduction of disinfectant in CAPD patients on the Y system and to establish whether this complication is followed by any long-term changes in peritoneal ultrafiltration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Combined use of active chlorine and coagulants for drinking water purification and disinfection].

The authors made an experimental study of the efficiency of water purification procedures based on the combined use of active chlorine and coagulants and hygienically evaluated the procedures. The study included the evaluation of water disinfection with various coagulants and active chlorine; the investigation of the processes of production of deleterious organic chlorine compounds; the assessment of the quality of water after its treatment. The coagulants representing aluminum polyoxychloride: RAX-10 (AQUA-AURATE 10) and RAX-18 (AQUA-AURATE 18), and aluminum sulfate, technically pure grade were tested. The treatment of river water with the coagulants RAX-10 and RAX-18, followed by precipitation, filtration, and chlorination under laboratory conditions, was shown to result in water disinfection to the levels complying with the requirements described in SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. RAX-18 showed the best disinfecting activity against total and heat-tolerant coliform bacteria, but also to the highly chlorine-resistant microrganisms--the spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia, phages, and viruses. Since the coagulants have an increased sorptive capacity relative to humus and other organic substances, substitution of primary chlorination for coagulant treatment may induce a reduction in the risk of formation of oncogenically and mutagenically hazardous chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2006

Is an antibacterial adhesive system more effective than cavity disinfectants?

PURPOSE: To compare the antibacterial activity of an adhesive system containing an antibacterial monomer MDPB, Clearfil Protect Bond with three different cavity disinfectants, chlorhexidine gluconate-based Consepsis, benzalkonium chloride-based Tubulicid Red and 3% hydrogen peroxide. METHODS: Materials were tested using agar well technique and a tooth cavity model. The test materials were filled in the agar wells of plates inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. After 48 hours of incubation, the zones of inhibitions were measured in millimeters. For the tooth cavity model test, cylindrical cavities were prepared in the flat occlusal dentin of human extracted molars. The teeth were left in a broth culture of Streptococcus mutans at 37 degrees C for 72 hours allowing bacteria to invade. Teeth were then randomly assigned into five groups of five teeth (10 cavity preparations) each. In the first four groups test materials were applied into the cavities following the manufacturer's instructions and the cavities in the fifth group were left untreated for control. The teeth were kept in saline for 72 hours. Standard amounts of dentin chips were obtained from the cavity walls and the number of bacteria recovered was counted. RESULTS: The results were analyzed by ANOVA, Dunnett C and Bonferroni tests. For the agar well technique, Clearfil Protect Bond primer exhibited greater inhibition zones than all three cavity disinfectants (P< 0.05). When tested by the cavity method, the application of Clearfil Protect Bond system resulted in significantly less bacterial recovery than all disinfectants (P< 0.05). For both microbiological methods, there were no significant differences between the antibacterial activities of Consepsis and Tubulicid Red (P> 0.05). They were superior to hydrogen peroxide in the cavity test method (P< 0.05).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Contact lens disinfection.

Contact lens disinfection plays an important role in both patient education and office management. Several methods of disinfection are available for protecting the contact lens wearer from contamination by a variety of organisms, but no one system is best suited to all lenses, patients, or situations. Furthermore, these disinfection agents are only one component in an effective lens care system. Essential also is thorough lens cleaning and rinsing as well as preventing lens case contamination. The practitioner needs to educate each patient for optimal lens care compliance at home, and to instruct staff on maintaining safe trial lenses in-office.

Contact Lens Solutions↗
PubMed1996

To sterilise or disinfect--that is the question.

Few hospitals have the in-house technology to sterilise heat and moisture sensitive reusable devices, yet the use of this type of equipment is increasing in all types of surgery. In general terms and because of limitations of existing technology, instruments and equipment have been divided into three categories based on the degree of risk of infection involved in their use: 1. Instruments and equipment which come into contact with intact skin must be cleaned before they are used. 2. Instruments and equipment which come into contact with non-sterile tissue (other than intact skin) must be disinfected before they are used. 3. Instruments and equipment which enter, or are capable of entering, the vascular system or tissue that would be sterile under normal circumstances must be sterilised before they are used. Unfortunately, some devices that should be sterilised are only disinfected in liquid chemical disinfectants. Traditional low-temperature sterilisation systems such as ethylene oxide (EtO) and low temperature steam and formaldehyde (LTSF) have many disadvantages and it is undoubtedly for this reason they have been relegated to a few specialist sterile service departments in the UK.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Disinfection of the skin of the abdomen.

The skin of the abdomen of 106 staff and 358 patients was sampled 5 min and 2 h after disinfection using contact plates. Control areas of skin were treated with water only or left untreated. A reduction of 99 per cent (log reduction factor = 2) or more in colony counts was obtained in 5 min with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol and alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and chloroxylenol/EDTA. Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.5 per cent) Savlon (5 per cent), povidone-iodine (10 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (X10 recommended concentration) also showed similar reductions. Weaker aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine (0.05 per cent), Savlon (1 per cent) and chloroxylenol/EDTA (recommended concentration) were significantly less effective than the alcoholic and the most effective aqueous solutions, although all were more effective than water. Total bacterial counts were lower from the skin of female than from male staff and lower from staff than from patients. Pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacilli) were isolated from only one member of staff in small numbers and irregularly and rarely in large numbers from patients. Few pathogens were isolated after application of any of the disinfectants.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of chlorine dioxide penetration in dairy process pipe biofilms during disinfection.

Biofilms are considered a significant health risk in the food and dairy industries because they can harbor pathogens, and direct contact with them can lead to food contamination. Biofilm control is often performed using strong oxidizing agents like chlorine and peracetic acid. Although chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is being used increasingly to control microbiological growth in a number of different industries, not much is known about disinfection in biofilms using chlorine dioxide. In this study, a microelectrode originally made for chlorine detection was modified to measure the profiles of chlorine dioxide in biofilm as a function of depth into the biofilm. In addition, discarded microelectrodes proved useful for in situ direct measurement of biofilm thicknesses. The chlorine dioxide microelectrode had a linear response when calibrated up to a ClO2 concentration of 0.4 mM. ClO2 profiles showed depletion of disinfectant at 100 microm in the biofilm depth, indicating that ClO2 may not reach bacteria in a biofilm thicker than this using a 25 mg/l solution.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1992

The effect of disinfection procedures on flexural properties of denture base acrylic resins.

This study evaluates the effects of long-term disinfection immersion on the flexural properties of denture base resins; it was conducted against a background of increasing awareness of the importance of cross-infection control in dental clinics and laboratories. The transverse bend testing procedure used followed that specified in the International Standard for denture base polymers. The results demonstrate that alcohol-based disinfectants are not suitable for use with denture base materials of non-cross-linked acrylic resin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1994

Effectiveness of a professional formula disinfectant for irreversible hydrocolloid.

In this study, the effectiveness of Professional Lysol (PL) disinfectant in both its spray and solution forms was evaluated as a surface disinfectant for irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impressions. Sixteen impressions of a typodont were made with IH, immersed in a microbial broth, and then rinsed in running tap water. The impressions were then treated as follows: four were immersed in PL for 2.5 minutes; four were sprayed by PL and stored for 10 minutes; four were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes; four were untreated. Pretest plates showed an average of 421 colonies per plate (c/p). The glutaraldehyde group showed 0.00 c/p. The PL spray group showed 1.75 c/p. The PL immersion group showed 19.00 c/p and showed evidence of surface deterioration in the IH. The untreated group showed 426.25 c/p.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the efficacy of surgical hand disinfection following a reduced application time of 3 instead of 5 min.

The guidelines of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology for the evaluation of disinfectants suggest an application time of 5 min for surgical scrub products. In a comparative investigation, which included the more important basic substances and agents, tests were carried out to investigate whether it was possible to reduce the application time to 3 min without losing efficiency in both the immediate as well as the prolonged effect of bacterial reduction. It was found that this could be achieved by certain products, depending on the formula and type of active substance. Thus, a reduced application time of 3 min can be considered for the evaluation of surgical scrub disinfectants for national and international guidelines.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1993

Preliminary study of test methods to assess the virucidal activity of skin disinfectants using poliovirus and bacteriophages.

Two tests for assessing the virucidal activity of antiseptics are proposed. These involve applying either poliovirus (vaccine strain Sabin 1 an) or Escherichia coli bacteriophage (MS2 or K1-5) to the fingertips. Both test viruses are considered safe although poliovirus may be unacceptably tolerant to antiseptics. The use of bacteriophages as test organisms precludes the need for sophisticated recovery systems and can be undertaken readily by any bacteriology laboratory. The virucidal activity of 70%, 80% and 90% ethanol, 7.5% povidone-iodine, and soap and water was assessed using these tests. Thorough cleansing, followed by disinfection with 90% ethanol, was the most effective treatment. Removal of viruses from the gloved hand was also assessed and this was found to be more easily achieved than cleaning and disinfecting the ungloved hand. Wearing gloves protects the hands from viral contamination but changing them after each patient or contact is expensive.

Administration, Topical↗