Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Computing Methodologies”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Medicare program; changes to the inpatient rehabilitation facility prospective payment system and fiscal year 2004 rates. Final rule.

In this final rule, we are establishing the prospective payment rates for inpatient hospital services furnished under Medicare by inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) for Federal fiscal year (FY) 2004, as required under section 1886(j)(3)(C) of the Social Security Act (the Act). As required by law and regulations, we are specifying the classification and weighting factors for the IRF case- mix groups and providing a description of the methodology and data used in computing the prospective payment rates for FY 2004. These rates are applicable to discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2003 and before October 1, 2004. In addition, we are revising and clarifying policies governing the payment for inpatient hospital services furnished by IRFs under the IRF PPS.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed2005

Medicare program; inpatient rehabilitation facility prospective payment system for FY 2006. Final rule.

This final rule will update the prospective payment rates for inpatient rehabilitation facilities for Federal fiscal year 2006 as required under section 1886(j)(3)(C) of the Social Security Act (the Act). Section 1886(j)(5) of the Act requires the Secretary to publish the classification and weighting factors for the inpatient rehabilitation facilities case-mix groups and a description of the methodology and data used in computing the prospective payment rates for that fiscal year. In addition, we are implementing new policies and are changing existing policies regarding the prospective payment system within the authority granted under section 1886(j) of the Act.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed2006

Recent population trends in amphetamine use in New Zealand: comparisons of findings from national household drug surveying in 1998, 2001, and 2003.

AIM: To track recent trends in the population prevalence, availability, price, and harm of amphetamine in New Zealand. DESIGN: National household drug surveys were conducted in 1998, 2001, and 2003 using the same Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) methodology. General population random digit dial samples of 15-45 year olds were compared between the three survey waves (n=5475 in 1998; n=5504 in 2001; n=3042 in 2003). FINDINGS: The proportion of the sample who had ever used amphetamine increased in 2001 compared to 1998 (11.0% versus 7.6%, p<0.0001) and then decreased in 2003 compared to 2001 (9.0% versus 11.0%, p=0.0066). The last year use of amphetamine increased in 2001 compared to 1998 (5.0% versus 2.9%, p<0.0001) and then did not significantly change in 2003 compared to 2001 (4.0% versus 5.0%, p=0.0466). The proportion of last year amphetamine users who said that the availability of amphetamine had become 'harder' compared to 12 months ago was higher in 2003 compared to 2001 (24.5% versus 12.4%, p=0.0284). Approximately 3 out of 10 amphetamine users reported harm to at least one area of their life from amphetamine use in 2001 and 2003. Harm to 'energy and vitality', 'financial position', and 'health' were the areas of life most commonly reported harmed from amphetamine use in both 2001 and 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Amphetamine remains a drug of serious concern in New Zealand. There is evidence of a levelling out in the prevalence of use and some evidence of a relative decline in availability. After 2001, wider public awareness of the health risks associated with methamphetamine use, and increasing law enforcement and legislative focus on methamphetamine, may have contributed to the stabilisation of the situation by 2003.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Analyses of non-linear systems and their application to biology: a review.

In this review article, Wiener's analyses of non-linear systems and other topics on non-linear noise and non-stationary signals are introduced. Firstly, application and limitation of linear aspects on a biological system and a background of introduction of the Wiener's theory to non-linear analysis are briefly mentioned. The practical applications, however, were not so successful for several reasons. We shall see how these problems are solved under collaboration between biologists and engineers who have a knowledge of the subject and utilizing computational facility. Several aspects of the methodology involving non-linear systems, non-linear noise and non-stationary signals are also reviewed.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1997

[Undergraduate curriculum reform at the Pontifical Catholic University Medical School: aims, methodology and advance status].

The Medical School of the Pontifical Catholic University is devoted to a reform process aiming to adequate undergraduate training to scientific, technological, cultural and social changes in medical practice in Chile and to incorporate novel teaching methodology. One of the main modifications is the change of the resulting professional from "a general physician capable of resolving most medical problems of rural or urban populations" to "a physician with a solid general training but qualified for a subsequent specialization". This requires curricular flexibility to obtain different professional profiles. Other important changes are a reduction in curricular contents and their vertical and horizontal integration, modernization of teaching methodologies with the incorporation of computing techniques and problem oriented teaching and the incorporation of new subjects such as molecular biology, clinical genetics, health economics. To achieve these objectives, a semi-flexible curriculum was devised, the curricular mesh has been modified extensively, an outpatient and a nine months elective internship were added. Most modifications have been implemented, remaining changes in 4th and 5th years. These changes required a reorganisation of academic structure, the use of new selection, training and perfecting criteria for teachers, better salaries for outstanding professors and improvement of teaching infrastructure. This reform must be seen as a medium term integral change in the context of an integral academic development plan.

Chile↗
PubMed1998

Brownian dynamics simulation of protein-protein diffusional encounter.

Protein association events are ubiquitous in biological systems. Some protein associations and subsequent responses are diffusion controlled in vivo. Hence, it is important to be able to compute bimolecular diffusional association rates for proteins. The Brownian dynamics simulation methodology may be used to simulate protein-protein encounter, compute association rates, and examine their dependence on protein mutation and the nature of the physical environment (e.g., as a function of ionic strength or viscosity). Here, the theory for Brownian dynamics simulations is described, and important methodological aspects, particularly pertaining to the correct modeling of electrostatic forces and definition of encounter complex formation, are highlighted. To illustrate application of the method, simulations of the diffusional encounter of the extracellular ribonuclease, barnase, and its intracellular inhibitor, barstar, are described. This shows how experimental rates for a series of mutants and the dependence of rates on ionic strength can be reproduced well by Brownian dynamics simulations. Potential future uses of the Brownian dynamics method for investigating protein-protein association are discussed.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1994

The use of the computer as a tool for assessment and research in pastoral care.

Numerous articles have been written that are critical of the pastoral care and chaplaincy profession for its failure to utilize quantitative instruments for clinical care and research. This paper presents an instrument and methodology for collecting data using the computer as an assessment tool. It also presents initial research data indicating the constructive relationship between religious faith and healing.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2005

Genome-wide identification of the regulatory targets of a transcription factor using biochemical characterization and computational genomic analysis.

BACKGROUND: A major challenge in computational genomics is the development of methodologies that allow accurate genome-wide prediction of the regulatory targets of a transcription factor. We present a method for target identification that combines experimental characterization of binding requirements with computational genomic analysis. RESULTS: Our method identified potential target genes of the transcription factor Ndt80, a key transcriptional regulator involved in yeast sporulation, using the combined information of binding affinity, positional distribution, and conservation of the binding sites across multiple species. We have also developed a mathematical approach to compute the false positive rate and the total number of targets in the genome based on the multiple selection criteria. CONCLUSION: We have shown that combining biochemical characterization and computational genomic analysis leads to accurate identification of the genome-wide targets of a transcription factor. The method can be extended to other transcription factors and can complement other genomic approaches to transcriptional regulation.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2003

Chick-embryo culture techniques employed at Karnatak University in Dharwad, India, for studying cellular and molecular aspects of morphogenesis.

The objective of the courses which this syllabus describes is to expose developmental biologists to embryo culture and embryo manipulation techniques and applications in quantitative analyses. The laboratory program complements classroom teaching by exposure to both inductive and deductive methodologies. Developmental biology teaching requires good background in cell biology, molecular biology and genetics. Developmental biology research requires computer literacy and an aptitude for quantitative methodology and graphics.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interpreting computational neural network quantitative structure-activity relationship models: a detailed interpretation of the weights and biases.

In this work, we present a methodology to interpret the weights and biases of a computational neural network (CNN) quantitative structure-activity relationship model. The methodology allows one to understand how an input descriptor is correlated to the predicted output by the network. The method consists of two parts. First, the nonlinear transform for a given neuron is linearized. This allows us to determine how a given neuron affects the downstream output. Next, a ranking scheme for neurons in a layer is developed. This allows us to develop interpretations of a CNN model similar in manner to the partial least squares (PLS) interpretation method for linear models described by Stanton. The method is tested on three datasets covering both physical and biological properties. The results of this interpretation method correspond well to PLS interpretations for linear models using the same descriptors as the CNN models, and they are consistent with the generally accepted physical interpretations for these properties.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Policy analysis using patient flow simulations: conceptual framework and study design.

How do we know that innovations in healthcare delivery would work? In this paper, we discuss the idea of applying the methodology of group-randomized intervention studies to evaluation of surgical care policies using data from simulation experiments. We argue that a new interdisciplinary framework, which links health services research, operations research, and computer sciences, is required. Specifically, the methodological rigor of evaluative studies should be applied to the analysis of simulation experiments. In turn, the evaluation of policy initiatives should include the simulation of health-system operations. We introduce the framework and study design to evaluate methods for improving the peri-operative process with the use of patient flow simulations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Thermoacoustic computed tomography using a conventional linear transducer array.

We report on methodology for employing a conventional linear transducer array as a thermoacoustic detector in a thermoacoustic computed tomography (TCT) device, which has been designed for imaging small animals, e.g., athymic nude mice. We tested this concept using a 5 MHz, 128-element linear array (Acuson model L538). Thermoacoustic emissions were induced in a tissue-mimicking phantom using a Nd:YAg laser, operated at 1064 nm. Two-dimensional, axial "slice" images were formed using a filtered-backprojection algorithm. In-plane spatial resolution was measured as better than 200 microns with a slice thickness of 1.5 mm (full width at half maximum). The same detector, when operated as a conventional phased array, produced conventional ultrasound images in perfect registration with the TCT images.

Elasticity Imaging Techniques↗
PubMed2002

A distributed simulation technique for multiple input multiple output systems.

Distributed computing concepts have been attempted in the realm of real-time process control for a long time. This started with the systolic arrays of processors and an enormous amount of research has been done in this field. This paper proposes a methodology by which a multiple input multiple output system representing a plant and defined in terms of connected blocks of transfer functions can be decomposed into a set of parallel simulation processes in a message passing environment viz. a network of work stations. The paper also analyzes the scope of optimization of the processing time associated with each task. The methodology includes online reconfiguration of the system.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Ligand-based computer-aided pesticide design. A review of applications of the CoMFA and CoMSIA methodologies.

An overview is given of the CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) methodologies that are established ligand-based molecular design tools widely used by medicinal and pesticide chemists. In the absence of a three-dimensional structure of the target biopolymer, CoMFA and CoMSIA often provide a practical solution to an otherwise intractable problem of proper characterization of ligand-receptor interactions. These techniques are especially important in agrochemistry, where the number of known molecular structures of pesticide targets is limited. The use of CoMFA and CoMSIA in the agrochemical field for modelling the interactions of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and herbicide safeners with their target binding sites is illustrated by using some selected published work. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models developed have been used successfully to map the properties of unknown receptors, construct hypotheses for ligand-receptor interactions, optimize lead structures, design novel active compounds, and predict biological activities. The application of CoMFA by the present authors for deriving a binding site hypothesis for dichloroacetamide-type herbicide safeners is described in somewhat more detail.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1995

Computer-assisted quality improvement in an ambulatory care setting: a follow-up report.

BACKGROUND: The Quality Care Program (QCP), introduced into the Swedish Family Medicine Clinic in 1992, is a comprehensive computer-assisted program of quality improvement for the medical office. Its goal is to improve specific aspects of ambulatory patient care: disease prevention, cancer detection, immunization compliance, risk management, outcomes monitoring, and patient education. METHODOLOGY: The QCP uses a computer-generated worksheet that is attached to the medical record at each patient visit. It is a multipurpose worksheet that displays important clinical information and functions as part of an overall strategy to manage key aspects of the patient's care. The system enhances patient and physician performance of health maintenance and continuity of care, and it allows for the quantification and display of performance indicators without exclusive reliance on chart review. RESULTS: Physician reliability in recommending health maintenance interventions has improved to nearly 100%, and patient compliance with these recommendations has significantly increased. The test results tracking system has found test data that would have otherwise been lost, and the outcomes monitoring has resulted in measurable system improvements. There has been a modest increase in provider workload to meet these aggressive QCP goals, but measures of provider satisfaction have increased nonetheless. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory care, increasingly the focus of attention in the United States, can be difficult to perform well. The QCP, part of an overall quality improvement initiative, gathers and displays clinical information, reminds patients and physicians to do health maintenance, and refuses to let physicians and patients forget about specific aspects of patient care.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Peripheral quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral measurement using a new special QCT-scanner. Methodology, normal values, comparison with manifest osteoporosis].

Some years ago we designed a special purpose gamma-ray QCT scanner for bone mineral measurements at the forearm. Currently, the first commercially built scanners (Stratec SCT 900) are being tested and clinically evaluated. The scanner uses an 125I photon source with a multidetector translate rotate fan beam geometry and newly developed semiconductor crystals. Quantification of trabecular bone and total bone at a standardized radial cross section gives an in-vivo reproducibility of less than 1%, which is superior compared to all other bone mineral measurement techniques. In-vitro reproducibility is between 0.2 and 0.4%, measured with calibration phantoms. The high in vivo reproducibility is ensured by automatic contour finding algorithms to determine the bone mass within a forearm cross sectional slice. A number of healthy men (n = 201) and women (n = 400) were examined to obtain a reference population for comparison to patients with generalized bone disease. We compared 182 osteoporotic females with healthy subjects. The high precision of the device and the high sensitivity of the measurement site considering changes of trabecular bone mass provide a very powerful means for monitoring bone mineral loss or changes due to therapy, as well as high diagnostic sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Advances in statistical methodology and their application in critical care.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review some of the major advances in statistical methodology of the past two decades and their application to investigations in critical care. RECENT FINDINGS: The introduction of new technologies and the ready availability of advanced computer resources have led to significant developments in statistical methodology. These include the development of computationally intensive methods, improved methods for modeling correlated outcome data, and new methods for handling missing data. Although many of these tools are available in standard statistical software, they remain underutilized in the medical literature. SUMMARY: By becoming familiar with advances in statistical methodology, researchers and clinicians can enhance collaboration with their statistical colleagues, toward the goal of better study design and analysis.

Critical Care↗
PubMed1980

Matching substance abuse patients to appropriate treatments: a conceptual and methodological approach.

The paper describes a non-intrusive, computer assisted, program evaluation design for matching sub-types of substance abuse patients to appropriate treatment programs in any multi-modal treatment network. The design incorporates the methodological advantages of an experimental paradigm without the administrative and clinical problems of random patient assignment, and untreated control groups. The specific objectives of this design are: (1) The development of a generalizable evaluation process to efficiently match patients with programs. (2) An overall increase in treatment success through improvement of treatment assignment procedures. (3) A general improvement in cost-effectiveness through reductions in patient drop-out, recidivism, and treatment overlap.

Computers↗