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PubMedDate not supplied

Community-based computerized donor record systems.

Computer programs for management of donor information have been developed for the Champaign County Blood Bank, a division of the Regional Health Resource Center, Urbana, Illinois. The system provides the blood bank with reports from the donor files, incorporating the donor's last donation dates, ABO groups and Rh factors, memberships in assurance programs, and rare donor information to generate lists to meet either daily or emergency inventory needs. The system was designed to decrease time requirements for donor recruitment, improve donor base sampling, aid in support of special recruitment programs, and provide statistical profiles of the community donor base. Experiences in the development and use of the system indicate requirements for effective development of such systems include careful design, strict monitoring of performance, use of a versatile programming language, and incorporation of program modifications via staff-programmer interaction throughout implementation.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1999

The application of a computerized problem-oriented medical record system and its impact on patient care.

The present computer system is the first of its kind based on problem-oriented medical record (POMR) design developed and operated in a hospital in Hong Kong. It went live in May 1996 with two workstations installed in the medical record office (MRO). Doctors have no direct access to it. They dictate medical notes on tape using either structured or free dictation format, and the tape is brought to the MRO for processing. The principal aim of this study is to study the impact of the computer system on patient care. Retrospective review of medical records and in-depth interviews were conducted to study the quality of medical records and doctor's opinions. A total of 400 manual and 398 computerized patient records were randomly selected for review. The completeness of the manual notes and computerized notes using free dictation format were about the same. The computerized records using structured dictation format may be more complete than those using free dictation format. The in-depth interview shows that most doctors preferred structured medical records but some disagreed with too detailed a level of structuring. They were not familiar with POMR, and some even thought that breaking down the record by problem was not possible. All felt that the present system would not directly affect patient care, but some said that it would facilitate research. In conclusion, since the utility of the information mainly depends on the doctors' efforts, commitment to the agreed structure and subsequent routine audit of computerized medical records are essential to make sure that diagnoses are accurately coded and information is correctly structured.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Developing CASPAR: a computer-assisted system for patient assessment and referral.

A study was completed on the use of a computer-based system that provided counselors with resources for client referrals to free or low-cost services within the community based on problems identified with an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment. That study, completed in Philadelphia, found that in comparison with clients whose counselors received a standard ASI assessment training, clients whose counselors also received brief training on the simple, easy-to-use computer-based resource guide (RG) had treatment plans that were substantially better-matched to their presenting problems and received significantly more and better-matched services. Because of these favorable results, the current article presents further data on counselor use of the RG and, to facilitate the implementation of these procedures by others, we provide access to the original RG database, describe the steps necessary to develop, and maintain an RG, and provide training suggestions.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1988

A computer-aided programme for low-functioning persons: a reply to Odor and Aitken.

The present paper is a reply to the comments of Odor (1988) and Aitken (1988) on the present authors' study concerning a computer-aided programme for low-functioning persons (Lancioni & Oliva, 1988). The research problem and the objectives of the study will be restated first. Subsequently, a series of issues on which Odor and Aitken have commented will be addressed. These issues include the activities presented to the subjects, the characteristics of the computer system, the differences between computer and card systems, intrinsic motivation and external reinforcement, the kind of subjects who can benefit from the computer system, and ethical aspects.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Protein-folding landscapes in multichain systems.

Computational studies of proteins have significantly improved our understanding of protein folding. These studies are normally carried out by using chains in isolation. However, in many systems of practical interest, proteins fold in the presence of other molecules. To obtain insight into folding in such situations, we compare the thermodynamics of folding for a Miyazawa-Jernigan model 64-mer in isolation to results obtained in the presence of additional chains. The melting temperature falls as the chain concentration increases. In multichain systems, free-energy landscapes for folding show an increased preference for misfolded states. Misfolding is accompanied by an increase in interprotein interactions; however, near the folding temperature, the transition from folded chains to misfolded and associated chains is entropically driven. A majority of the most probable interprotein contacts are also native contacts, suggesting that native topology plays a role in early stages of aggregation.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

A computer vision system for diagnosing scoliosis using moiré images.

For young people, scoliosis deformities are an evolving process which must be detected and treated as early as possible. The moiré technique is simple, inexpensive, not aggressive and especially convenient for detecting spinal deformations. Doctors make their diagnosis by analysing the symmetry of fringes obtained by such techniques. In this paper, we present a computer vision system for help diagnosing spinal deformations using noisy moiré images of the human back. The approach adopted in this paper consists of extracting fringe contours from moiré images, then localizing some anatomical features (the spinal column, lumbar hollow and shoulder blades) which are crucial for 3D surface generation carried out using Mota's relaxation operator. Finally, rules furnished by doctors are used to derive the kind of spinal deformation and to yield the diagnosis. The proposed system has been tested on a set of noisy moiré images, and the experimental result have shown its robustness and reliability for the recognition of most scoliosis deformities.

Back↗
PubMed1986

A new computer-analyzing system for clinical use with a strobo-videoscope.

We introduce a new method for using the computer-analyzing system that deals with a display on a television screen of moving picture frames of the vibrations of vocal folds taken by a stroboscopic videoscope in various voice disorders. The principle of the analyzing system is based on discrimination between the first and second videoscopic images by means of the different intensities of colors. We describe the usefulness of this system in measuring the excursion of the right and left vocal folds, where the glottal transverse diameter and the glottal area are computed and displayed as a function of time.

Computers↗
PubMed2003

Analysis and evaluations of logical instructions called in parallel digital optical operations based on optical array logic.

The authors have analysed and evaluated a two-dimensional instruction set of parallel operation based on optical array logic (OAL), which is a digital optical computing paradigm, to clarify efficient composition of an optical computing system based on OAL. To evaluate parallel operation based on OAL, the author have introduced new indices and evaluated a logical instruction set of various parallel operations with the indices, so that a guideline for composing a simple and efficient OAL computing system is clarified. Also, the authors have proposed the reduced operation kernel set correlation technique to perform parallel operations more efficiently by a simple OAL computing system. It has been clarified that the technique can reduce the required hardware necessary for an OAL computing system for efficient general-purpose processing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Implantable drug delivery systems in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging--a comparison between titanium and stainless steel.

The effect of implantable drug delivery systems on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was investigated in a phantom and in two patients. The implantable systems of identical construction consisted either of medical grade titanium alloy or stainless steel. Images of a phantom showed artefacts of the stainless steel port in both CT and MRI. These artefacts were substantially reduced in images of the titanium port. Similar results were found in situ in two patients.

Catheters, Indwelling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computer biocontrol systems: trends in development].

The paper considers the basic trends in the development of the new computer technology, such as biocontrol based on the analysis of its development in the past 10 years. New variants of biocontrol, new advances in engineering and use are noted. Emphasis is laid on the new branch of biocontrol computer remedial games.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of imaging properties of a computed radiography system and screen-film systems.

To compare the diagnostic quality of images obtained with a computed radiography (CR) system based on storage phosphor technology with that obtained with conventional screen-film systems, a dual-image recording technique was devised. With this technique, a CR imaging plate is placed behind a screen-film system in a conventional cassette. This makes it possible to obtain two images simultaneously, one from each system, in a clinical examination with the same patient positioning, the same degree of patient motion, the same geometric unsharpness, and no additional exposure. The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) of the CR system with and without the dual-image recording technique were greater at low frequencies, but lower at high frequencies, that the MTFs of the screen-film systems used. The noise Wiener spectra of the CR images at the plane of the imaging plate were greater than those of the screen-film systems, but were comparable to those of the screen-film systems at the plane of the printed film due to the reduction in image size. Clinical chest images obtained with the dual-image recording technique appeared comparable, probably because of the image size reduction and the use of mild unsharp mask processing.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Distributed microbial state effects on competition in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems.

Computer simulation of activated sludge population dynamics is a useful tool in process design, operation, and troubleshooting, but currently available programs rely on the assumption of "lumped," or average, system characteristics in each reactor, such as microbial storage product contents. In reality, the states of individual bacteria are likely to vary due to variable residence times in reactors with completely mixed hydraulics. Earlier work by the present author introduced the MATLAB-based distributed state simulation program, Dissimulator 1.0, and demonstrated that distributed states may be particularly important in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems, which rely on the cycling of bacteria through anaerobic and aerobic reactors to select for a population accumulating multiple microbial storage products. This paper explores the relationships between distributed state profiles, variable anaerobic and aerobic SRTs, and the process rates predicted by lumped and distributed approaches. Consistent with previous results, the lumped approach consistently predicted better EBPR performance than did the distributed approach. The primary reason for this was the presence of large fractions of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) with depleted microbial storage product contents, which led to overestimation of process rates by the lumped approach. Distributed and lumped predictions were therefore most similar when microbial storage product depletion was minimal. The effects of variable anaerobic and aerobic SRTs on distributed profile characteristics and process rates are presented. This work demonstrated that lumped assumptions may overestimate EBPR performance, and the degree of this error is a function of the distributed state profile characteristics such as the degree to which fractions of the biomass contain depleted microbial storage product contents.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1993

Computational logic: a method for formal analysis of the ICU knowledge base.

The object of clinical computing is to support the making of clinical decisions. This takes place in an integrated context of care that involves processes of three different kinds: (1) the physiologic processes in the patient, (2) the processes of physiologic data as stored in, and moved within, a distributed computing system, and (3) the therapeutic and decision-making processes of the clinical staff. The clinical computing system is complex, and as we press it further to work as a partner in the complete care context, it tends to become unmanageably so. In this article, we try to suggest how one might begin using a formal mathematical theory, called 'computational logic,' to give theoretical analyses that might help one to understand the computing system and thereby to try to increase its ability to meet demands on it, and might help one to understand the care context as a whole. We examine the three levels, one at a time, looking for structural analogies between them, and trying to identify the ways that they are linked together. Computational logic provides us with a common set of notions for doing so.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1979

Theoretical resolution of computed tomography systems.

A simple analytic model is presented which is used to calculate the impulse response of a computed tomography system for parametric variations of the geometry. The model is useful for fan beam as well as parallel beam geometries. Results show that wide-aperture detector systems have intrinsic resolution limitations that are not mitigated by oversampling. Furthermore, the optimum focal spot size of the X-ray source is found to be dependent on the detector geometry.

Mathematics↗
PubMed1994

Development and evaluation of a computer expert system for the management of fetal distress.

The general lack of specialist obstetricians in a developing country such as Malaysia prompted us to develop a computer expert system for the management of fetal distress in rural hospitals. It was based on accepted production rules and implemented on a microcomputer. The clinical prototype was evaluated by 8 specialist obstetricians and 21 non-specialist doctors involved in obstetric care. The initial impression was that this type of expert system may help in diagnosis, decision-making and teaching.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1989

Serial section reconstruction using a computer graphics system: applications to intracellular structures in yeast cells and to the periodontal structure of dogs' teeth.

A computer graphics system for reconstruction from serial section micrographs was applied to intracellular details of a yeast target cell (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell) induced by the alpha factor mating pheromone and was also applied to a periodontal structure of a dog tooth moved orthodontically. In the former, intracellular organelles and a distribution of vesicles could be clearly observed through the cell membrane using the transparent display method in which the smoothing of the reconstructed outer cell membrane surface by computer processing was applied to the transparent display. In the latter case, by cutting through a reconstructed dog tooth and its periodontal tissues, labiolingual and mesiodistal cut surfaces of the tooth and of adjacent alveolar bone could be observed with fine details (232 sections were used).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The impact of computer usage on the perceptions of hospital secretaries.

This study explored the perceptions of hospital unit secretaries regarding computer usage. Specifically, six attitudinal variables: performance, resistance, interpersonal relations, satisfaction, challenge, and work overload were examined. The study had two major findings: (1) hospital unit secretaries have positive perceptions of job performance, satisfaction, and challenge as a result of using the PHAMIS computer system and (2) hospital unit secretaries do not feel resistant to the system, overloaded with work, or inclined to increase their interpersonal interaction with coworkers. These two findings might appear contradictory on the surface, but in fact are consistent with overall positive perceptions about the PHAMIS system. The study also considered the impact of two independent variables--age and number of years at work--on the responses of subjects. The analysis indicated that together these two variables explained some variations in the values of at least two of the dependent variables--resistance and challenge. The authors therefore concluded that the installation of the hospital computer system has established a favorable working environment for those whose work is affected by it. The dramatic expansion of computer systems in nonprofit institutions as well as in profit-oriented institutions has made people more familiar with computer technology. This trend can account for the overall positive perception of the unit secretaries toward the new computer system. Moreover, training programs and the support of top management for the system may also have enhanced the positive attitude of the users.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Obstetrical data management systems.

Obstetrical data management systems (OBDMSs) are computer systems designed to interface with fetal and maternal monitors. This allows monitoring and charting records to be created and maintained electronically and to be viewed from centralized workstations. In theory, these systems could eliminate paper record keeping from the obstetrics department altogether, although currently at least some paper documentation, such as fetal monitoring strips, is being kept. We evaluated five OBDMSs, one of which is no longer on the market and which we did not rate. Of the remaining systems, three were rated Acceptable; the fourth was rated Acceptable-Not Recommended because it lacks several important features and functions. This Evaluation also includes a Technology Overview, in which we discuss how OBDMSs function. The Overview incorporates a supplementary article, "Obstetrical Care Monitoring and Documentation," describing the monitoring and documentation typically performed during a pregnancy. And in the Selection and Use Guide, we discuss issues involved in choosing, purchasing, and implementing an OBDMS.

Computer Systems↗