Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Colposcopes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1.

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) lesions to standard treatment methods in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We reviewed all cases of VIN over a 4-year period at an inner-city hospital. We reviewed the clinical records of these women to abstract demographic information as well as information about tobacco use, injection drug use, results of HIV testing, T cell count, stage of HIV infection, colposcopic and cytologic findings, treatment of lesions, and follow-up. Eight of the 28 women (29%) with VIN were infected with HIV. The relative risk for recurrence or persistence of VIN after treatment was 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-7.4; P = 0.01) in the HIV+ compared with the HIV- group. The high rate of HIV infection among women with VIN supports recommendation of HIV testing for women with VIN. Women known to have HIV infection should be carefully examined for vulvar lesions. Further study is needed to determine the optimum treatment for VIN in women infected with HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Photodynamic therapy using topically applied dihematoporphyrin ether in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a phase I study of topically applied dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) in the photodynamic treatment (PDT) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using fixed DHE doses and application schedules, and a variable dose of 630 nm red light delivered by an argon-pumped dye laser. METHODS: Between February 1993 and April 1994, 24 nonpregnant women with a histologic diagnosis of CIN were enrolled. All patients had lesions involving at least 25% of the cervix that were colposcopically visible. Using a cervical cap, 2 ml of a 1% solution of DHE (Photofrin) in a 4% Azone and isopropyl alcohol vehicle were applied to the cervix 24 hr prior to PDT. An argon-pumped dye laser providing light at 630 nm was then used to perform PDT. Light was coupled into a 400-microm silica fiber optic terminating in a microlens which focused the laser radiation onto a circular field of uniform light intensity perpendicular to the tissue. The entire ectocervix was treated in a single field including a margin of 3-5 mm of normal cervix. Using a constant power density (150 mW/cm2) to avoid thermal injury, the PDT energy was increased every 4 patients in a phase I fashion (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 J/cm2). RESULTS: Thirteen patients with CIN I, 7 patients with CIN II, and 4 patients with CIN III were treated. The maximal energy density was well tolerated. Toxicity was minimal with no patients experiencing local necrosis, sloughing, or scarring; however, a mild vaginal discharge was noted in several patients. Systemic effects were absent. After 12 months of follow-up at 3-month intervals, 22 patients are evaluable of whom 15 (68%) are disease free. One patient was lost to follow-up and in another the cervical cap was dislodged. Four of the 7 failures or recurrences occurred at energy densities of 80 J/cm2 or less, while 8 of 11 (73%) patients were treated successfully with PDT at an energy density of 100 to 140 J/cm2. CONCLUSIONS: PDT with DHE and an argon-pumped dye laser at 630-nm wavelength delivering an energy density of 140 J/cm2 is safe and effective in treating CIN. Phase II studies using PDT at the prescribed application schedule and dose are indicated.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Neoplasia associated with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance on cervical cytology.

The clinical importance of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) on cervicovaginal smear has not been well defined. Between January 1990 and April 1996, 127 smears were reported as showing AGUS changes by the cytopathology division at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. The medical records of these women were reviewed: 17 women were excluded because of previous hysterectomy or gynecologic cancer, 85 were biopsied, 16 were followed by repeat smears, and 9 were lost to follow-up. Forty-four women had negative biopsies or cervicitis. There were 15 endometrial lesions: 10 hyperplasias (2 with atypia) and 5 adenocarcinomas. Twenty-five women had cervix lesions including 3 endocervical atypias, 12 low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 6 high-grade CIN, one adenocarcinoma in situ, and 3 invasive adenocarcinomas. One patient had ovarian cancer. Two of the 16 women followed by repeat pap smear eventually had a cancer diagnosis: one with cervix cancer and one with colon cancer. We were unable to identify a subgroup of women with AGUS who were at increased risk for serious pathology when we compared multiple demographic variables, symptoms, or the presence of coexistent squamous abnormalities on cervical cytology. The mean age of the 15 women with endometrial lesions was 59.9 years, which was significantly older than those patients with cervix lesions who had a mean age of 38.9 years. The presence of AGUS on cervical cytology is a marker for significant gynecologic neoplasia and should be investigated with colposcopically directed biopsies, endocervical curettage, and, in older women, endometrial biopsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Outcomes after cervical cold knife conization with complete and incomplete excision of abnormal epithelium: a review of 699 cases.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 699 cone biopsies performed at the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne from 1966 to 1992. In 572 cases (82%), abnormal epithelium was assessed as having been completely excised, and in 127 (18%) excision was incomplete. There were no significant differences in age, parity, cytology, histology, or indications for conization between patients in whom excision was incomplete and those in whom complete excision was achieved. Of the patients whose cone biopsy histology showed complete excision of abnormal epithelium, 96.7% were found to have been cured of disease on the basis of normal follow-up or normal histology of hysterectomy specimens. The overall cure rate after incomplete cone biopsy was found to be 77%, but was influenced by the site of incomplete excision. The cure rate for incomplete excision at the ectocervical margin was 86%; incomplete excision at the endocervix was 68% and only 40% if excision was incomplete at both edges. Cone biopsy undertaken for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is likely to be curative when the lesion is completely excised, but recurrent disease may occur and adequate follow-up is an essential part of patient management after conization, regardless of histological findings in the conization specimen. Most cases of incompletely excised cervical intraepithelial neoplasia will also be cured, especially if the incomplete margin is ectocervical, and cytological and colposcopic follow-up may be an acceptable alternative to repeat cone biopsy or hysterectomy in the management of such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence, risk factors, and accuracy of cytologic screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with the human immunodeficiency virus.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), risk factors for abnormal cytology in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and risk factors for histologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in HIV-infected women. METHODS: Methods included a cross-sectional analysis of cervical cytology, colposcopic impression, and histology in 248 HIV-infected women and multivariate analyses of risk factors for abnormal cytology in 253 HIV-infected and 220 uninfected women and risk factors for CIN in 186 HIV-infected women. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of cytology for all CIN grades were 0.60 and 0.80 and, for high-grade CIN, 0.83 and 0.74. The prevalence of abnormal cytology was 32.9% in HIV-infected and 7.6% in HIV-negative women. Independent risk factors for abnormal cytology were immunodeficiency [odds ratio (OR) 8-17, P < 0.001] and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (OR = 5, P < 0.001). The prevalence of CIN on histology was 32% in HIV-infected women, and the only independent risk factor for CIN was oncogenic HPV type (OR = 5, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of abnormal cytology and CIN in HIV-infected women, cytologic screening has significant limitations. Both immunodeficiency and type of HPV infection are important risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Adequacy of screening cervical cytology among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of cytology in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive women compared to controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out evaluating 241 HIV-seropositive women and 991 controls (404 HIV seronegative and 587 of unknown HIV status) at risk for CIN attending a vaginitis clinic. All patients had a Pap smear and a standard colposcopic examination of the lower genital tract. Cervical biopsies were taken as indicated by colposcopy. Cytology and histology slides were read by a cytopathologist blinded to patients' serostatus. False-negative cytologic cases were reviewed by three independent cytopathologists to estimate sampling and screening error rates. Sensitivity, specificity, and false-negative rate of cytologic smears were compared between HIV seropositives and controls. We estimated the sampling and screening error rates among cases with false-negative cytology. RESULTS: Among seropositives, the sensitivity, specificity, and the false-negative smear rate for CIN were 73.4% (47/64), 97.1% (134/138), and 26.6% (17/64), respectively. The corresponding figures in controls were 83.8% (83/99), 99.04% (825/833), and 16.2% (16/99), respectively, and did not differ significantly from those of seropositives. The negative predictive value of cytology was lower among seropositives (134/151) than in controls (825/841, chi2 = 34.8, P < .001). The agreement between cytologic readings and combined colposcopy and histology was stronger among controls (kappa = 0.789, 95% CI 0.723 to 0.856) than among seropositives (kappa = 0. 593, 95% CI 0.475 to 0.712). Three independent cytopathologists were unable to detect atypical cells in 52.9% (9/17) of false-negative smears taken from seropositive women as opposed to 37.5% (6/16) of controls. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity, specificity, and false negative rate of screening cytology for CIN among HIV seropositive women are comparable with those in the general population. Since almost 50% of false-negative results could be attributed to sampling errors, more frequent cytological screening may prove to be beneficial to this high-risk group.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the vulva.

BACKGROUND: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a subset of sweat gland carcinoma first described as a specific entity by D. J. Goldstein, R. J. Barr, and D. J. Santa Cruz (Cancer 1982;50:566-72). We report the first case of MAC occurring on the vulva and review the literature pertaining to this rare tumor. CASE: A 43-year-old multiparous black woman presented initially to Kings County Hospital Medical Center with a chief complaint of a vulvar lesion arising on the left labia majora which she had noted for 4 years prior to presentation. Aside from increasing paresthesia in the area, she denied any constitutional symptoms. Her past medical history was significant only for hyperthyroidism and mild hypertension and surgical history was noncontributory. Gynecologic history was unremarkable, with sporadic care over the last 20 years. Physical examination revealed a 1.5 x 2.0-cm raised, well-circumscribed, firm mobile lesion on the left labia majora. It was noted to be yellow in color with the surrounding tissue being unremarkable in character. The remainder of her gynecologic examination and lymph node survey was unremarkable. Preoperative chest X ray was negative as was the CAT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. All laboratory values were within normal limits. A Pap smear done preoperatively was significant for atypical squamous and glandular cells of undetermined significance. Subsequent colposcopic examination of the cervix was remarkable for cervicitis and was adequate, with the entire transformation zone visualized. Both endocervical curettage and endometrial biopsy were normal. Initially, an excisional biopsy was performed with final pathology demonstrating microcystic adnexal carcinoma with positive surgical margins. She subsequently underwent a left radical hemivulvectomy with bilateral inguinal groin lymph node dissection. At the time of surgery, the left labia majora was noted to be well healed, with a residual surgical scar easily discernible. No areas of discoloration were noted and digital palpation of the area was unremarkable. Microscopic residual tumor was noted; however, all surgical margins and lymph nodes were negative for tumor. Her postoperative course was unremarkable. The patient has continued to do well since the time of her surgery and is being followed conservatively. CONCLUSION: Radical vulvectomy should be performed when MAC occurs in the vulva to secure negative margins of resection. Groin dissection should be reserved for cases in which the inguinal lymph nodes are clinically suspicious or in cases of tumor recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Expanded cytological referral criteria for colposcopy in cervical screening: comparison with human papillomavirus testing.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate whether expanded cytologic referral criteria for colposcopy or the addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on cervical screening could improve the rates of detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: HPV testing by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction/ELISA was performed in 1000 women who were self-referred for routine Pap smear. They underwent colposcopy following an abnormal smear result or a positive HPV test. As abnormal smear results were considered reports of low- or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and even HPV-associated reactive cellular changes (mild koilocytosis, mild dyskeratocytosis, hyperchromatic nuclei, bimultinucleation, and cleared cytoplasm). Loop excision of the transformation zone was performed in women with cytology and colposcopy indicative of CIN, as well as in women with normal cytology but positive HPV test and colposcopic impression of CIN. RESULTS: The Pap test was abnormal in 89% of the cases of CIN 1 (34/38) and 96% of CIN 2/3 (27/28) diagnosed in our population. HPV testing picked up four additional cases of CIN 1 (11%) and one case of CIN 2/3 (4%). Overall the HPV test detected 95% of the cases of CIN 1 (36/38) and 89% of the cases of CIN 2/3 (25/28). CONCLUSION: HPV testing does not appear to add significantly to cytology in terms of positive predictive value or detection rate, if extended cytologic indications for colposcopy are used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The significance of human papillomavirus viral load in prediction of histologic severity and size of squamous intraepithelial lesions of uterine cervix.

OBJECTIVES: Persistence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical scrapes is responsible for the development, maintenance, and progression of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). Previous studies of viral load and histologic severity have ended with controversial results. This study evaluated the relationships of HPV viral load with size and histologic severity of cervical lesions, which has not been reported previously. METHODS: By using Hybrid Capture II, DNA level of high-risk HPVs was determined in cervical scrapes and correlated with lesion size and histologic confirmation for 73 women referred for colposcopy. The lesion size was classified as nonvisible (n = 12), small (< or =2/5 of the 12x colposcopic visual filed, n = 36), and large (>2/5 of the 12x field, n = 25) lesions. The final disease status was categorized as high-grade SIL (HSIL)/squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (designated HSIL+) (n = 32), low-grade SIL (LSIL) (n = 19), and no detectable SIL (n = 22). RESULTS: A distinct upward trend of high-risk HPV DNA levels paralleled increasing size and histologic severity of cervical lesions (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). With respect to relative risk, women who had high viral load of HPV were at significantly greater risk for large lesion size (odds ratio [OR] = 5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-24.9) and HSIL+ (OR = 35.0, 95% CI = 4.2-294.5). Of particular note, the risk of developing large lesion size and HSIL+ significantly increased with increasing viral load of HPV (P values for trend test were 0.008 and 0.0004, respectively). In contrast, there were no significant associations of trend in viral load with risk in small lesion size and LSIL. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the effect of HPV infection on SIL development is highly influenced by high viral load and highlighted a potential application of viral load testing in predicting the size and severity of lesions of the uterine cervix.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with increased polyamine oxidase and diamine oxidase concentrations in cervical mucus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish whether reactive oxygen species, generated during oxidation of amines, catalyzed by polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) in cervical secretions may play a role in the etiology of cervical cancer. METHODS: Cervical mucus was obtained from women attending the gynecological outpatient department: 139 with and 154 without cytological evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were recruited. The mucus was freeze dried in liquid nitrogen, weighed, and later resuspended for assay of PAO and DAO concentrations using a chemiluminescence method. The two groups were compared by group sequential analysis using PEST3 software. RESULTS: Patients with a colposcopic diagnosis of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) had significantly higher enzyme activities than control cases (L(N)PAO 1.37 (0.37) versus 1.18 (0.35): Student t test: P < 0.001; L(N)DAO 1.37 (0.36) versus 1.15 (0.37): Student t test: P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It is probable that this rise in enzyme activity precedes cytological changes and plays some part in the etiology of cervical cancer, as the cells that undergo premalignant change are normally squamous in origin, whereas mucus is a product of columnar epithelium. Higher enzyme activity in patients with SIL than in controls may be a reflection of higher risk of exposure to amine substrates in semen through multiple sexual partners.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMed1993

A PCR approach to discriminate between integrated and episomal HPV DNA in small clinical specimens.

HPV infection has long been implicated in the development of cervical carcinoma. There is strong evidence for association of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2 and 3, and integration of viral DNA of these types into the host genome has been suggested to play an important role in progression to invasive cervical carcinoma. However, the existing techniques for detection of integrated DNA in clinical specimens are time-consuming and require large amounts of template DNA, often unavailable for small premalignant CIN lesions. In this study, a novel, two stage PCR assay was designed to discriminate between integrated and episomal HPV 16 DNA. The first stage was designed to determine whether intact HPV genomes were present. This initial PCR analysis of the entire viral genome in eight segments was successfully applied to authentic human cervical cancers. The second stage consisted of an ANCHOR-PCR-based analysis, developed specifically to discriminate between integrated and episomal HPV DNA, that was successfully tested with cloned HPV containing plasmids used to mimic both episomal and integrated viral DNA. Further optimization and validation will be required for application of the second stage to clinical specimens. The entire assay was developed to be applicable to small colposcopic biopsies or cervical scrape samples, representative of those acquired in routine clinical investigation of CIN 2 or CIN 3, in which determination of the physical state of HPV DNA may provide prognostically valuable information.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Gynecological chlamydial infections.

A review is presented of infections in the female genital tract caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. C. trachomatis primarily infects the cuboidal epithelium of the cervix. Chlamydial cervicitis is four to six time more common in Europe than gonococcal cervicitis. The infection is sexually transmitted and can cause urethritis in the male, endometritis and salpingitis in the female as well as infections in the neonate. The risk of salpingitis in women with chlamydia cervicitis has been estimated to be about 1:10, i.e. the same as for gonorrhoea. Chlamydial cervicitis is asymptomatic in about half of the culture-positive cases. A correlation between colposcopic follicular cervicitis and the isolation of C. trachomatis has been reported. Examination of serum specimens for IgG antibody to the organism is of little use for the diagnosis of cervicitis. Treatment with macrolide antibiotics or tetracyclines eradicates the organism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

We report about 142 patients from whom colposcopically directed cervical punch biopsies were taken which showed condylomatous lesions with or without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Fifty-six (39.4%) of these women used oral contraceptives (OC) for at least two years before examination. We used DNA in situ hybridization on all biopsies for detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA. Among OC users a significant trend towards higher HPV infection rates in high grade CIN (odds ratio 2.9, P less than 0.05) was found, whereas non-users of oral contraceptives had the highest HPV infection rate in condylomatous lesions without CIN (odds ratio 0.5, P less than 0.05). Thus in OC users HPV infection was about 24 times more likely in CIN III as in condyloma, while among non-users the trend was the other way round (7-fold likelihood of HPV positivity in condyloma compared to CIN III). Other known risk factors for cervical carcinoma did not influence HPV infection rates in either group.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Conization for CIN associated with human papillomavirus infection.

We report results of follow-up by PAP smears and colposcopy in 116 women treated since 1981 by conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with human papillomavirus infection (HPV-CIN). The mean follow-up time was 31.9 (SD 19) months. Preoperative diagnosis was HPV-CIN II (with extension into the endocervix) in 11 cases and HPV-CIN III in 103 cases; two diagnostic conizations were performed. The histological examination of the cone biopsies showed complete excision of CIN in 109 cases (94%). Three patients underwent hysterectomy after conization; one had microinvasion in the cone biopsy, one had suspicion of microinvasion and one had non-radical conization. Three patients (2.6%) were lost to follow-up. After excluding these six patients the primary cure rate of HPV lesions (normal cytological and colposcopical finding after conization) was 82.7%. Four patients (4.6%) had residual CIN after conization. During the follow-up 15 patients had recurrence of HPV infection, only one had HPV-CIN I. HPV 16 was the most common HPV type (56/116, 48.2%) in the conization group and also in the recurrent cases (9/15, 60%). The results support the role of HPV 16 in cervical carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaginal cytology following primary hysterectomy for cervical cancer: is it useful?

BACKGROUND: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is usually detected in patients with synchronous or antecedent cervical or vulval intraepithelial or invasive cancer. VAIN has the potential to progress to malignancy. AIMS: To determine the incidence and severity and analyse the management of vaginal dysplasia in patients undergoing primary hysterectomy for cervical cancer. METHODS: A retrospective study (1984-1998) identified 210 primary invasive cervical cancers. One-hundred and twenty-three patients had a primary hysterectomy. RESULTS: In follow-up six patients were found to have dyskaryosis in a second vaginal smear. Biopsies in the six patients with colposcopic lesions showed VAIN II (n=2), VAIN III (n=1),VAIN III / possible early invasion (n = 1) and invasive carcinoma (n=2). One patient with recurrent squamous cancer received salvage radiotherapy and one with recurrent adenocarcinoma received high dose progestogens and topical 5-fluorouracil. CONCLUSION: All patients are disease-free at follow-up.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Diagnosis and therapy of cervical squamous epithelial dysplasias].

Diagnosis of cervical dysplasia is based on colposcopy, cytology and histology. In case of suspect cytology, the management (controls only, extended diagnosis by histology or therapy without additional histological control) is dependent on colposcopic findings. Biopsy or endocervical curettings are necessary in cases of suspect ectocervical findings or endocervical lesions, respectively. As a rule, HE staining is sufficient for histological diagnosis. Yet, additional prognostic information is obtained by HPV-analysis and DNA-cytometry. Grading of dysplasia should be done according to the most recent WHO/ISGYP criteria. The exact diagnosis as to the grading and extension of dysplasia is the prerequisite of an effective individually adjusted therapy. For ablative therapy, gynecologists have to focus their attention on modern organ preserving surgery strategies (loop-excision).

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2004

Video colposcopy improves adherence to follow-up compared to regular colposcopy: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare rates of adherence to follow-up in women undergoing video or regular colposcopy. METHOD: Sixty patients with abnormal Pap smears were randomized to undergo video or regular colposcopy. All participants were given the same instructions and a follow-up appointment. If a patient did not keep her appointment and did not reschedule, this was considered a failure. Multivariate logistic regression was used for assessment of predictors of follow-up. RESULTS: The follow-up rate was significantly higher in the video colposcopy group compared to the regular colposcopy group (80 vs. 50%, p=0.014). After adjusting for results of previous and referral Pap smears, and previous treatment, multivariate analyses indicated that women undergoing video colposcopy were almost five times more likely to return for follow-up than women undergoing regular colposcopy (odds ratio=4.9, 95% confidence interval=[1.24, 19.39]). CONCLUSION: Colposcopy clinics with patient population similar to ours may consider the use of video colposcope.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A randomized study of local or general anesthesia for laser conization of the cervix.

Laser Conization of the cervix was performed in both inpatient and outpatient settings with either local or general anesthesia. All of the patients included had abnormal cervical smears, abnormal colposcopic findings and were allocated to one of two groups, A and B. Patients in group A had general anesthesia while patients in group B had only local anesthesia. A standard operative technique, was used and all patients had estimation of blood loss, recording of operative time, surgical suite time, anesthesia induction time, and assessment of postoperative pain and morbidity. Statistical analysis was performed using the student t-test. We concluded that laser conization of the cervix can be performed more cheaply with local anesthesia than with general anesthesia and with little discomfort, less nausea, and vomitting.

Adolescent↗