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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

ERPs predictive of subsequent recall and recognition performance.

By exploiting measures of information processing complementary to those obtained from behavioral studies, electrophysiological studies of human memory may provide insights into the cognitive processes associated with encoding. In the present experiment, subjects viewed words under incidental learning conditions in which each word required a two-choice decision based on semantic criteria (interesting/uninteresting or edible/inedible). Memory for those words was subsequently assessed by a free recall test and then a recognition test. Event-related brain potentials elicited in response to the original presentation of each word were found to differ as a function of later memory performance. Over the 400-800 ms latency range, responses to remembered words were positive relative to responses to forgotten words, especially for recall. These electrophysiological differences are interpreted as reflections of processes that correlated with encoding.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Different functionality of the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex during a sexually motivated task in rats.

This study was designed to analyze whether the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the medial (mPFC) and orbital prefrontal cortex (oPFC) was modified during the performance of male rats in a T maze under two different conditions, sexually motivated (with previous intromission and females in the goal boxes of the lateral arms) or sexually non-motivated (without previous intromission and with empty goal boxes). Relative power (RP) of three EEG band frequencies, and inter-hemispheric correlation (r) were calculated and a comparison was made between rats under motivated and non-motivated conditions. In the mPFC of sexually motivated males, an increase of the RP in the 6-7 Hz band as well as a decrease in the 8-11 Hz band was observed in relation to an awake-quiet state and during the walk in the maze stem. Similarly, an increase in the r of the 6-7 Hz band was observed during the walk in the maze stem and when remaining near to a receptive female, when compared to non-motivated males. In the oPFC, only the RP of the 6-7 Hz band was increased during the walk in the maze stem of the motivated males. These data suggest that, among sexually motivated males, the mPFC is involved both in anticipatory and motor execution during the performance of the T maze task, whereas the oPFC is only involved in the motor execution of the T maze. These results are in line with other studies suggesting that the mPFC and oPFC are functionally distinct, regions which may work together during certain behaviors and physiological conditions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Interference from irrelevant features on visual discrimination by macaques (Macaca fuscata): a behavioral analogue of the human Stroop effect.

To study the operation of selective attention in a conflict situation with automatic processes, we trained 4 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) extensively on a manual go/no-go task. The monkey had to discriminate either the color, shape, motion direction, or location of a visual stimulus. In each trial, the behavioral meaning of the relevant feature (go or no-go) could either be congruent or incongruent with irrelevant features of the same stimulus. Reaction times were slowed, and error rates increased when irrelevant stimulus features were incongruent with the required response. The effects were obtained when the monkey attended to the color, shape, or motion direction, but not when it attended to the location of the stimulus. The effects were cumulative so that the interference from 1 incongruent feature was smaller than that from 2 incongruent features. We propose that the present paradigm provides a behavioral analogue of the human Stroop effect.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Preference between onset predictable and unpredictable administrations of 20% carbon-dioxide-enriched air: implications for better understanding the etiology and treatment of panic disorder.

Predictability of aversive events impacts the development and maintenance of anxiety, particularly panic disorder. Although animal studies typically have found a preference for signaled (predictable) over unsignaled (unpredictable) aversive events, results of research with human participants have been less clear. Using a panic-relevant paradigm, the authors examined predictability preference with humans as a function of anxiety sensitivity and gender during repeated administrations of 20% carbon-dioxide-enriched air. Participants preferred predictable administrations, with high-anxiety individuals showing greater preference than low-anxiety individuals and women showing greater preference than men. In addition to providing information to better understand human predictability preference for panic-related events, results also may aid in determining the applicability of predictability to the cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Effect of controlled rearing on the development of stimulus-seeking behavior in rats.

In three experiments, the performance of differentially reared rats was compared at 15 through 90 days of age in an experimental situation in which the amount of self-exposure to various lighted displays was being measured. The kind of visual array preferred by these animals was significantly influenced by both their ages and visual stimulation histories. Preference for light arrays involving features significantly increased in the case of light-reared and bias-reared rats beginning at 60 days of age. At the same time, a preference for diffuse light stimulation emerged in the case of their dark-reared (DR) controls. Although the significant increase in light-seeking exhibited by all groups of animals at 60 days of age was found to be unrelated to previous testing in the situation, the visual experience associated with repeated tests did "protect" DR rats from the decline in light-seeking observed after prolonged visual deprivation. Potential species differences and the nature and specificity of these changes in visual behavior are further discussed with respect to the role of early experience in visual development.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral tool use by captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus).

Eight captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) were given wooden blocks embedded with raisins and bamboo as raw material for tool making in a study of manual laterality. In about three quarters of the raisin extraction bouts, the orangutans held the tool in the lips or teeth rather than in their hands. Three adult males and 2 adult females showed extreme (> or =92%) preference for oral tool use, a subadult male and an adult female used oral tools about half the time, and 1 adult female preferred manual tool use. Most oral tool users made short tools (approx. 4-10 cm long) that were held in the lips and (probably) supported by the tongue. Preference for oral tool use does not correlate with body weight, age or sex, but it may be related to hand size or individual preference. This is the first report of customary oral tool use as the norm in captive orangutans; it resembles the behavioral patterns reported by van Schaik et al. and Fox et al. in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Latencies of event related potentials as a tool for studying motor processing organization.

The aim of this experiment was to better define the relative organization of motor processing using both behavioral measures and ERPs. Using the additive factors method, three motor variables; (1) stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, (2) movement extent, and (3) time uncertainty, were all manipulated in a visuo-bimanual, four-choice, pointing task. As expected, all three variables significantly lengthened RT without interaction. All three motor variables also affected ERP latencies. Both P300 and N200 latencies were lengthened by greater movement extent. Moreover, N200 and P300 latencies were differentially affected by S-R compatibility and time uncertainty. Finally, both RT-minus-N200 and RT-minus-P300 were significantly lengthened by S-R incompatibility and greater time uncertainty whereas movement extent had no effect. In sum, ERP results did not support the assumptions of the classical serial model but rather of a contingent-parallel model. Furthermore, the ERP data can be used to infer the relative order of the different stages in this model.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Determinants of consumer behavior related to organic foods.

There have been many studies of what influences consumers in their decisions to purchase or consume organic foods, mainly concerned with fresh organic foods. These show a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior with people being positive about organic foods but often not purchasing them. This discrepancy seems to be explained by the fact that consumers do not consider "organically produced" to be an important purchase criterion, that organic foods are not perceived to surpass conventional foods regarding taste and shelf life (two qualities rated to be of great importance), and because of the perceived premium prices of organic foods. In two Swedish studies, health benefits were demonstrated to be more strongly related to attitudes and behavior toward organic foods than were perceived environmental benefits. A new European Union (EU) project will investigate the influences on both fresh and processed organic foods and investigate the role of moral, ethical, and affective influences on choice across eight EU countries.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Physician response to fee changes with multiple payers.

This paper develops a general model of physician behavior with demand inducement encompassing the two benchmark cases of profit maximization and target-income behavior. It is shown that when income effects are absent, physicians maximize profits, and when income effects are very strong, physicians seek a target income. The model is used to derive own and cross-price expressions for the response of physicians to fee changes in the realistic context of more than one payer under the alternative behavior assumptions of profit maximization and target income behavior. The implications for public and private fee policy, and empirical research on physician response to fees, are discussed.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Chronic corticosterone treatment impairs spontaneous alternation behavior in rats.

The present study used behavioral and morphological measures to assess hippocampal integrity in adult male rats after 8 weeks of daily corticosterone (10 mg/kg) injections. Behavioral testing during the final week of treatment revealed that spontaneous alternation behavior, a behavioral marker of hippocampal damage, was reduced in experimental animals without influencing exploration. Physiological assessment indicated that steroid exposure produced functional changes characteristic of prolonged exposure to stress or elevated plasma corticosterone, i.e., lower body weight and thymic involution. However, hippocampal cell loss was not observed in experimental rats. The data suggest that prolonged elevation of plasma corticosterone may significantly disrupt a hippocampal-sensitive behavior without producing gross morphological changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Factors affecting trust in on-line prescription drug information and impact of trust on behavior following exposure to DTC advertising.

Despite growing concerns about the quality and accuracy of Internet-based prescription drug information, there has been very little empirical research on consumers' perceptions of the trustworthiness of on-line drug information. In this article, we report on a study modeled after that of Menon, Deshpande, Perri, and Zinkhan (2002) in Health Marketing Quarterly that reexamines how key demographic, predispositional, and media factors are associated with consumer trust in on-line prescription drug information and the impact of trust in on-line drug information on ad-promoted behavior following exposure to direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising. Four major findings are reported: (1) on-line drug information is not highly trusted; (2) trust in on-line drug information is not differentially affected by consumer demographic or predispositional characteristics; (3) trust in the traditional media of DTC advertising is predictive of trust in on-line drug information; and (4) trust in on-line drug information is associated directly with specific types of ad-promoted behavior following exposure to DTC advertising. Implications and recommendations are offered based on the results.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Online purchases in an Infocomm sophisticated society.

This paper presents a preliminary investigation of attitude and intention in relation to online shopping in Singapore. Singaporeans display high levels of Infocomm proficiency, the result of many intense government initiatives to transform the country into an Intelligent Community. Does this Internet embracing environment enhance attitude and intention to online shopping? This study considers the links between personal consequences, subjective norms, behavioral control, and personal innovativeness with attitude and intention among Singaporeans. It uses a model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and makes some initial comparisons of its findings with those of existing studies. The effects of behavioral control and intention on actual purchase behavior are not investigated. Findings permit the tentative proposition that level of Infocomm knowledge impacts on attitude and intention.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2001

Physicians' adoption of information technology: a consumer behavior approach.

Studies report physician resistance to information technology in a time when the practice of medicine could benefit from technological support. Anecdotally, it is suspected that lack of training, discomfort with technological innovations, a perceived shift in the doctor/patient relationship, or medical/legal issues may account for this circumstance. Empirical studies attribute this lag to age, personality factors, behavioral issues, and occupational influences. This paper integrates the information technology and consumer behavior literatures to discuss physicians' acceptance, adoption, and application of IT.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Clothing selection behavior of the aged women for thermal comfort.

Wearing behavior and thermoregulatory responses of five young women (YG; 20 +/- 1 yr) and five aged women (AG; 65 +/- 3 yr) to indoor cold in summer were investigated in this study. The subjects were exposed to 21.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 55 +/- 5% RH while seated during a 90-minute experiment. The subjects were allowed to select and wear for thermal comfort clothing whenever they needed additional clothing during the experiment. Rectal temperature (Tre) and temperatures of 7 sites (head, chest, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, foot) of the skin of the subjects were measured every 10 minutes. Mean skin temperature (Tsk) of the subject was obtained every 10 minutes. First selection time of additional clothing was monitored and weight of selected total clothing was calculated. The results for this study were as follows: Tre and Tsk gradually decreased in YG and AG, however Tre decreased less than Tsk which decreased greater in AG than YG (p < 0.01). AG's first selection of additional clothing and thermal sensation response were slower than YG's. Furthermore, total clothing weight was less in AG than YG. It was concluded that clothing selection behavior would modify the intrinsic thermoregulatory responses of the aged women to the cold stress in the summer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

What do facial expressions convey: feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests?

Emotion theorists assume certain facial displays to convey information about the expresser's emotional state. In contrast, behavioral ecologists assume them to indicate behavioral intentions or action requests. To test these contrasting positions, over 2,000 online participants were presented with facial expressions and asked what they revealed-feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests. The majority of the observers chose feeling states as the message of facial expressions of disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise, supporting the emotions view. Only the anger display tended to elicit more choices of behavioral intention or action request, partially supporting the behavioral ecology view. The results support the view that facial expressions communicate emotions, with emotions being multicomponential phenomena that comprise feelings, intentions, and wishes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of apomorphine on novelty-induced place preference behavior in rats.

Adult male rats were exposed to one of two different stimulus compartments by being placed into the compartment for 30 min on each of eight consecutive days. Following this exposure, each rat was administered 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg apomorphine. Thirty min after injection, each animal was given free-choice access to the familiar (exposed) compartment and to the novel (nonexposed) compartment. As expected, saline-injected control animals displayed a preference for the novel compartment. This novelty preference was disrupted in animals given either 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine, but not in animals given either 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg apomorphine. The disruption in novelty preference by the low doses of apomorphine did not reflect a disruption of locomotor activity, as there was no direct relationship between the preference for novelty and the rate of horizontal or vertical activity among the different treatment groups. Instead, the low doses of apomorphine may have inhibited dopamine function by blocking presynaptic autoreceptors selectively, and thus the reinforcing effect of the novel stimulation may have been attenuated.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Paternal effects on the development of social behavior in Mus musculus.

In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.

Aggression↗