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PubMed1983

[Experiences with half-closed castration in stallions].

The half-closed method of castration involves ligation of the spermatic cord enclosed in the vaginal tunic, the testicle itself lying outside the opened vaginal tunic. Of 497 horses and ponies admitted to the Department of Large Animal Surgery and castrated using this technique, 68.6 per cent recovered without complications. Although the most serious postoperative complications such as intestinal eventration and haemorrhage of the spermatic cord may be reduced to a minimum by this approach, normal healing cannot be guaranteed under the circumstances in which this method was used.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides in the rat muscle after castration].

The paper describes the effects of castration on formate-14C incorporation into the acid-soluble purines and into the nucleic acids of skeletal muscles (ELD and G) and perineal muscle (LAM). 20% homogenates were prepared in 1 M HC10(4), centrifuged and the nucleic acid were extracted from the precipitate with 0.7 N PCA (15 min at 90 degrees C). The acid-soluble purines were precipitated with 1 M AgNO3 from the supernatant of the centrifuged homogenate, then extracted with 1 M HC1 and separated by ion exchange chromatography with a scalar gradient of HC1. In the LAM a significant decrease in the specific activity of the purine bases (A, -56%, P less than 0.01; G, -47%, P less than 0.05) and of the nucleic acid (-47%, P less than 0.01) was observed after castration, while no difference was observed in skeletal muscles.

Adenine↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of sulpiride and castration on mammary carcinogenesis caused by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene in the Wistar rat].

DMBA exerts strong oncogenic activity on the mammary tissue of female Wistar rats, inducing neoplasms in 74% of the animals exposed to it. Most of the tumors obtained in this way are of an epithelial nature, and show histological characteristics of malignancy. The castration of animals which have been administered DMBA drastically reduces the appearance of tumors, but does not totally eliminate them. The joint administration of Sulpiride and DMBA neither modifies the incidence of mammarian tumors nor their nature and histology with respect to the tumors obtained from the administration of DMBA alone. Sulpiride does not modify the DMBA tumoral induction in castrated rats. The Sulpiride itself cannot induce mammarian tumors in Wistar rats, according to the Huggins experimental model (production of mammarian tumors in Wistar rats by the administration of DMBA). The stimulating diencephalic action of the secretion of prolactin with Sulpiride is not tumorogenical in the experimental model investigated.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1981

Biochemical modulation of the submandibular salivary gland of castrated male mice treated with anabolic steroids.

The possibility that 19-nortestosterone decanoate, an anabolic steroid which has no androgenic effect in mice, may promote the recovery of certain biochemical parameters of the submandibular gland of castrated mice had been studied. It was demonstrated that protein, RNA and sialic acid concentrations, as well as, protease, acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were found to be similar to control values in the castrated mice treated with 19-nortestosterone decanoate (anabolic steroid) or testosterone propionale. The effects on seminal vesicle and levator ani muscle were also considered. The interaction between 19-nortestosterone decanoale and androgen-binding receptors in the submandibular gland is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A quantitative morphological study of skeletal muscle in castrated goats.

The effects of castration on the morphological differences of the skeletal muscle were studied in male goats. The percent interfascicular area, fascicle size, percent fibre area, percent interfibre area, fibre cross-sectional area, fibre diameter and number of fibres per unit area were estimated for m. biceps femoris. Following castration (open method) there was a significant decrease in the number of muscle fibres per mm2, but the fascicular area, fibre area and fibre diameter were greater than those of entires (P less than 0.05). However, no such differences were observed in vasectomized goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Enhancing effect of diethylstilbestrol on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in neonatally castrated male rats.

The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the development of urinary bladder cancer induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in neonatally castrated rats and on metaplastic changes of the coagulating glands and ejaculatory ducts were studied. Pretreatment with DES during infancy increased the incidence of preneoplastic lesions, papillomas, and cancers of the urinary bladder in BBN-treated males. Pretreatment with DES was more effective in castrated males than in uncastrated males. BBN did not induce tumors of the coagulating glands or ejaculatory ducts, in which metaplastic changes were observed in DES-treated rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Electron microscopy of prostatic carcinoma cells following castration (author's transl)].

Prostatic tissues from 20 patients with confirmed prostatic carcinoma were studied electron-microscopically. Biopsies were taken 4 weeks after castration. Most carcinoma cells revealed signs of androgen deprivation. In embryonal like light cells the changes were not significant. In androgen-dependent cells we distinguished three different reactions: 1. Emergency of lysosomes and focal degradation of cytoplasma. These changes seemed to us to be the first step in the cell involution. 2. Total vacuolisation of the cells was seen in the advanced stages of cell involution. All organelles of the cell showed signs of degeneration. Sometimes the changes were irreversible. 3. 4 weeks after castration necrosis of cells were seldom seen.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1981

[Estradiol receptors in the hypothalamus of androgenized female and castrated male rats].

The content of receptors to estradiol was determined in cytosol of preoptical-anterior hypothalamic area and arcuate nucleus and medial eminence region of the neonatally androgenized females, neonatally castrate male and, for the control, in sexually mature intact rat males and females. The neonatal androgenization of females resulted in the decrease of the content of receptors in preoptical-anterior hypothalamic area and did no affect their content in arcuate nucleus and medial eminence region. The neonatal castration of males resulted in the increase of the content of receptors in preoptical-anterior hypothalamic area and its decrease in arcuate nucleus and medial eminence region.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A histoquantitative study on the effects of castration on the rat ventral prostate lobe.

The effects of castration on the rat ventral prostate was studied utilizing an improved histoquantitative technique. Both volumetric fractions of the tissue compartments and their fractional weights, or, 'total amounts', were calculated during an observation period of 30 days. In addition, the surface area, length and mean diameter of the glandular tubules were recorded. The changes in the mean free distance between the tubules were recorded. The changes in the mean free distance between the tubules ('thickness' of the interacinar tissue) and the mean distance between the glandular centres were also determined. It was observed that the prostatic epithelium was quickly reduced in thickness after castration, to one half at day 2. Decline of the fractional amount of the lumen was slower; it also reached below the 10% level at day 30. The amount of interacinar tissue first increased at 12 hours by one third, but from then on decreased to one third of the normal amount. The 'thickness' of the stroma almost doubled, which was probably due to the sum of the simultaneous marked decline in the diameter of the tubules to one third of the original and the less striking reduction to two thirds of the mean distance between the glandular centres. The morphometrical method ensured the acquisition of a quantitative insight into the tissue processes involved in prostatic atrophy. Calculation of the fractional weights was regarded as especially invaluable, inasmuch as a growing body of evidence has been accumulated in favour of the crucial role of stromal-epithelial interactions in the differentiation, and growth, of the prostate.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Regressive change in the rat prostate after castration. A study using histology, morphometrics and autoradiography with special reference to apoptosis (author's transl)].

The individual processes involved in involution of the prostate gland following androgen withdrawal are incompletely understood. The rat prostate was used to investigate cell loss (numeric atrophy), decrease in cell size (simple or cellular atrophy) and altered cell proliferation. The prostate gland was studied at various times after castration using histological, nuclear morphometric and 3-H-thymidine autoradiographic methods, as well as by measuring weight. Cell loss was determined by the proportion of apoptosis-bodies. Following castration a decreased formation of secretions and reduction in interstitial tissue fluid were observed, as well as reduced cell proliferation, which did not affect the weight, as the normal cell proliferation in all lobes of the prostate is extremely small. The nuclear size fell to 30%. The apoptosis index, i.e. cell loss, was considerable and reached a maximum in the coagulating glands on day 2, and in the other prostate lobes between day 4 and 8. After this time cell loss corresponded to that of control animals. Cell loss measured by apoptosis has proved to be reliable parameter of hormone-dependent regression of the prostate. The responsiveness of prostate carcinomas to hormone treatment can be tested possibly using alteration in the apoptosis index already some days after withdrawal of androgens.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[The use of megestrol acetate to stop urine spraying in castrated male cats (author's transl)].

The use of megestrol acetate to stop urine spraying in castrated male cats Four castrated male cats were treated with megestrol acetate because they were showing signs of urine spraying. The dosage used was 5 mg a day for seven days followed by 5 mg every three days for 21 days. The treatment did not exceed one month. Treatment was successful in three of the four animals with this therapeutic regime. A relapse was noticed one year after the initial treatment in two of these cats. Treatment was resumed in one case, while in the other case spontaneous regression of urine spraying occurred. No relapse have been reported after six months. Other methods of treatment used to suppress this undesirable behavior are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Vitamin E and methylene blue in the prevention of abnormal pigmentation in the seminal vesicles of the castrated golden hamster.

The present work reports studies carried out in order to prove if prevention of the abnormal, yellow-brown pigment that is present in the seminal vesicles of the castrated hamster was possible by means of vitamin E (from 20 to 500 mg. per cent), methylene blue (126 mg. per cent), selenium dioxide (from 20 to 200 mcg per cent) and Licidril (dimethyl-aminoethyl-p-chlorophenox and acetate 1 per cent) given in the basic diet. Prepuberal hamsters (strain Ch CM) were used; they were fed during 120 experimental days Purina Laboratory Chow as a basic diet and were castrated at the beginning of the experiment. Results allow us to conclude that 100 to 500 mg per cent of vitamin E levels and methylene blue at the administrated level prevent the macroscopic evidence of this pigment whereas selenium dioxide and Licidril do not prevent the formation of this pigment at levels administrated. Further, in this work we discuss different aspects and implications of study results that establish the existence of important interrelations between physiology and pathology of the male hamster reproductive system and metabolism of vitamin E and methylene blue that is another not biological antioxidant.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the mammary glands, adrenal glands and thyroid gland in young female rats after castration and administration of sex hormones and hydrocortisone].

Experiments were conducted on young female rats with the aid of morphological, morphometric and histochemical methods; a study was made of the adrenal glands, mammary and the thyroid glands under conditions of castration and administration of synestrol, progesterone, both sex hormones, hydrocortisone. Sex hormones proved to produce a fulminant growth of the glandular tree against the background of reduction of the functional activity of the thyroid gland and relatively high indices of the hormonal activity of the fasciculo-reticular zone of the adrenal glands. A harmonious development of the glandular tree of the mammary glands was noted only under the effect of a simultaneous administration of synesterol and progesteron. A shift in the hormonal balance in the direction of synestrol caused the appearance of pathological deviations in the mammary glands by the type of cystic mastopathy. Under conditions of castration hydrocortisone produced a moderate stimulating influence on the mammary glands only in case of a prolonged action.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

Effect of castration and long-term oral oestrogen therapy with oestriol succinate on serum lipids.

The effects of continuous oestriol succinate therapy (2 mg/day) of three years' duration on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were investigated on 50 women with a mean age of 48 years. In addition, the effects of castration only were investigated in 10 women with a similar mean age. One month after castration the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels were significantly raised (p less than 0.05). During oestriol succinate therapy the cholesterol level tended to decrease. In the control group without hormone therapy, the cholesterol level showed a tendency to rise during the three years. The serum triglyceride and phospholipid levels remained almost unchanged during the oestriol succinate therapy and differed not from corresponding values of the control group.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Influence of diethylstilbestrol, Leuprolelin (a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog), Finasteride (a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor), and castration on the lobar subdivisions of the rat prostate.

The effects of various means of interfering with androgen action on rat coagulating gland, ventral prostate, lateral type 1 prostate, lateral type 2 prostate, and dorsal prostate were examined morphologically and quantitatively by assessing DNA content, wet weight, protein content, and zinc concentrations. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 weeks of interfering with androgen action by treatment with Leuprolelin (a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog), Finasteride (a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor), or diethylstilbestrol (DES), or by physical castration. For all prostatic lobes, inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase elicited the smallest reduction in prostatic wet weight, DNA and protein contents, and zinc concentration. The most profound reductions in all parameters were elicited by castration. Treatments with DES and Leuprolelin gave intermediate effects with DES being the more effective in reducing all parameters in all prostatic lobes. Morphological changes elicited by all forms of androgen blockade were reduction of epithelial height, relative increase of connective tissue, reduction in ductal diameter, length, and number. The order of effectiveness of the various treatments on morphological features was as described above. While all forms of androgen blockade elicited similar effects throughout the prostate, differences in response to all forms of interference with androgen action were observed in different lobes of the prostate with regard to wet weight, DNA and protein contents, and zinc concentration as well as morphological effects. Regressive changes at the morphological level were particularly striking in the coagulating gland and ventral prostate, and indistinct in the lateral type 2 prostate. Prostatic zinc concentration in both normal and androgen-deprived rats was the highest in the lateral type 2 prostate and was reduced by interfering with androgen action to the greatest extent in the dorsolateral prostate (lateral type 1 and type 2, and dorsal prostate). The distribution of zinc correlated with the expression of metallothionein, which was detected by immunocytochemistry only in the lateral type 2 prostate of both normal and androgen deprived rats. Intraprostatic heterogeneity of zinc and metallothionein expression emphasizes interlobar differences in biological function within the rat prostate. The mechanism of development of regional heterogeneity within the prostate may shed light on the pathogenesis of prostatic proliferative diseases (prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer) that initially owe their development to focal changes within large cell populations.

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1998

Effects of testosterone administration and castration on the forelimb musculature of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens.

In Rana pipiens, forelimb muscles that are used by males to clasp females during amplexus are sexually dimorphic in mass, protein content, and fiber composition. This experiment examined the effects of castration and exogenous testosterone on wet mass, dry mass, and protein content of the 22 major forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs to determine whether established patterns of sexual dimorphism of the muscles are reflected in differential androgen sensitivity. Muscles ranged from highly and moderately responsive to testosterone treatment (e.g., flexors of the elbow and of the carpus; adductors of the shoulder and of the first digit) to nonresponsive to testosterone (antagonists to these muscles). The mean dry mass of the testosterone-responsive muscles ranged broadly from 28-164% over control values. Castration had little or no effect on the response to testosterone, nor did it affect muscle mass in frogs not treated with hormone, as compared to sham-operated animals. Experimental treatment did not alter water content or protein concentration of muscles. The degree of testosterone sensitivity exhibited among the muscles of males closely correlated with their degree of sexual dimorphism. We postulate that androgens influence the functional attributes of male forelimb muscles through both organizational and activational effects.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Clinical experience with intravenous estramustine phosphate, paclitaxel, and carboplatin in patients with castrate, metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The combination of paclitaxel, oral estramustine phosphate (EMP), and carboplatin (TEC) has shown antitumor activity in patients with castrate, metastatic prostate carcinoma. To improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxicity of TEC, the authors substituted intravenous (i.v.) EMP for oral EMP based on single-agent studies demonstrating an improved safety profile with i.v. EMP. METHODS: Patients with progressive, castrate, metastatic prostate carcinoma were treated with up to 6 4-week cycles of i.v. EMP (500-1500 mg/m(2) per week), paclitaxel (100 mg/m(2) per week), and carboplatin (target area under the curve = 6 mg/mL every 4 weeks). RESULTS: Thirty patients were treated in 6 dose cohorts. Deep venous thrombosis occurred in 5 of 30 patients (17%). Other common Grade 3/4 (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) toxicities included hepatic toxicity (23%) and leukopenia (24%). Posttherapy prostate specific antigen declines > 50% were seen in 18 of 30 patients (60%), and declines > 80% were seen in 15 of 30 patients (50%). Eleven of 17 patients (65%) with measurable soft tissue disease achieved a partial response. Four of 27 patients (15%) with osseous metastases demonstrated improvement on bone scan. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous EMP was administered safely with paclitaxel and carboplatin and produced clinical outcomes similar to the outcomes achieved with the TEC regimen. Substitution of i.v. EMP for the oral formulation was found to result in a lower incidence of severe nausea but increased hepatic toxicity.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Effects of sandostatin and castration on pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats and hamsters.

The effects of treatment with the somatostatin analogue Sandostatin, separately and in combination with surgical castration, on the development of azaserine-induced lesions in rat pancreas and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)-induced lesions in hamster pancreas were investigated. The animals were divided in 4 groups and treated as follows: (a) controls, injected s.c. with saline solution (0.9% NaCl); (b) orchiectomy directly after the last treatment with carcinogen; (c) Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) subcutaneously; (d) orchiectomy followed by treatment with Sandostatin. No significant suppressive effects on plasma EGF or IGF-I concentrations were noted after Sandostatin treatment, but plasma gastrin levels decreased slightly in the rats, not in the hamsters. In rats, Sandostatin treatment enhanced rather than inhibited growth of acidophilic atypical acinar cell nodules. In hamster pancreas, by contrast, Sandostatin inhibited the development of putative pre-neoplastic ductular lesions. There was no interaction between treatment with Sandostatin and surgical castration. It was concluded that Sandostatin, when administered prophylactically, has an inhibitory effect on the growth of putative pre-neoplastic ductular, but not acinar, lesions.

Animals↗