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At least 1,423 records · Page 79Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Fluid balance in team sports. Guidelines for optimal practices.

Team sports require players to perform multiple work bouts at near maximal effort, punctuated with intervals of low intensity exercise or rest for the duration of a game. Such activity patterns are associated with a significant loss of body water which has a negative impact on physical and mental performance, as well as temperature regulation. There are a number of ways in which sweat losses incurred during team sports differ from those measured during prolonged, continuous exercise. Firstly, the work rate in team sports is intermittent, largely unpredictable and random in nature. Second, analyses of various team sports reveal that such games are characterised by a high degree of inter and intra-individual variability in work rates between players from the same sport. Finally, team players are less able to anticipate sweat losses than athletes competing in events which involve prolonged, continuous, moderate intensity exercise. Yet, compared with most endurance events, many team sports offer frequent opportunities to ingest adequate volumes of fluid and thus prevent exercise-induced hypohydration. The present review details the findings of modern studies which have determined body water losses and fluid intake practices of athletes from a variety of team sports. Special considerations which influence sweat loss and fluid intake that are unique to team sports are discussed, and guidelines for sound hydration strategies during training and competition are provided.

Basketball↗
PubMed1984

Disposition of ethanol and its effect on rectal temperature in morphine-dependent, morphine-abstinent and morphine-naive rats.

Rats were treated chronically with twice daily injections of morphine hydrochloride in gradually increasing doses from 20 to 200 mg/kg for 22 consecutive days. Rats in a control group were injected with 0.9% NaCl. At 1 hour after the last injection of morphine (dependent state) and at 3 and 16 days after abrupt withdrawal (abstinent state) the animals were injected intraperitoneally with 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Blood ethanol concentrations (tail blood) and rectal temperatures were determined at 30-60 min. intervals for up to 7 hours. The absorption of ethanol was slower in rats treated with morphine and the time taken to reach the end of the blood concentration curve was increased. This implies a slower turnover of ethanol in morphine-dependent and abstinent rats. At 16 days after withdrawal, the blood ethanol profiles were the same as in control rats not exposed to morphine. Injection of morphine (200 mg/kg) intolerant animals caused a pronounced hyperthermia which lasted for about 4 hours. Ethanol treatment rapidly counteracted the rise in body temperature. Morphine abstinent rats showed a hypothermic response to ethanol. The altered disposition of ethanol in acute withdrawal may result from physiological disturbances such as impaired fluid balance, dehydration, altered peripheral blood flow and poor nutritional status. There was no evidence for a faster rate of ethanol metabolism in the hypermetabolic state associated with morphine tolerance and dependence.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Acidosis and nutrition.

In recent years there has been increasing evidence for the deleterious effect of acidosis on a number of fundamental systems of the body including nutrition [1, 2]. Approximately 70 mmol of hydrogen ions are produced daily by the body, and to maintain acid-base balance there must be an equivalent net acid secretion by the kidney. It is remarkable that extracellular fluid (ECF) pH is maintained within a very narrow range of 7.35-7.45 (35-45 nM), reflecting the fundamental importance of pH on many aspects of basic cellular function particularly proteins. It is important to differentiate between the terms acidosis and acidemia. The former is a pathophysiologic process tending to acidify body fluids, whereas the latter occurs when the ECF hydrogen ion concentration is above the normal range. It is possible to be acidotic (with a reduced serum bicarbonate) but not acidemic because of appropriate buffering of hydrogen ions. The major extracellular buffer is the carbonic acid/hydrogen carbonate system with plasma proteins and hemoglobin contributing significantly less. The major intracellular buffer is protein followed by bone [3]. The type of acidosis seen in patients with chronic renal failure changes with decreasing GFR; initially a non-anion gap acidosis is observed secondary to the loss of bicarbonate from the proximal tubule and impaired excretion in the distal tubule. With increasing severity of renal impairment, failure to excrete organic and inorganic acids results in an increased anion gap [4, 5].

Acidosis↗
PubMed2004

Early fluid retention and severe acute mountain sickness.

Field studies of acute mountain sickness (AMS) usually include variations in exercise, diet, and environmental conditions over days and development of clinically apparent edemas. The purpose of this study was to clarify fluid status in persons developing AMS vs. those remaining without symptoms during simulated altitude with controlled fluid intake, diet, temperature, and without exercise. Ninety-nine exposures of 51 men and women to reduced barometric pressure (426 mmHg = 16,000 ft. = 4,880 m) were carried out for 8-12 h. AMS was evaluated by Lake Louise (LL) and AMS-C scores near the end of exposure. Serial measurements included fluid balance, electrolyte excretions, and plasma concentrations, regulating hormones, and free water clearance. Comparison between 16 subjects with the lowest AMS scores near the end of exposure ("non-AMS": mean LL = 1.0, range = 0-2.5) and 16 others with the highest AMS scores ("AMS": mean LL = 7.4, range = 5-11) demonstrated significant fluid retention in AMS beginning within the first 3 h, resulting from reduced urine flow. Plasma Na+ decreased significantly after 6 h, indicating dilution throughout the total body water. Excretion of Na+ and K+ trended downward with time in both groups, being lower in AMS after 6 h, and the urine Na+-to-K+ ratio was significantly higher for AMS after 6 h. Renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide were not different between groups, with the latter tending to rise and aldosterone falling with time of exposure. Antidiuretic hormone fell in non-AMS and rose in AMS within 90 min of exposure and continued to rise in AMS, closely associated with severity of symptoms and fluid retention.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional support of the critically ill patient.

Injury or stress generates a vigorous metabolic response designed to establish the metabolic priorities required for the repair of injured tissues. In this condition, hormones commonly found to be elevated in the plasma include glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone. This hormonal profile results in rapid lysis of body protein, an increased rate of fat oxidation, and water and salt conservation. Rates of gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis are accelerated and may result in significant losses in lean body mass, a process that, if allowed to progress, will adversely affect patient survival. Exogenous nutrients provided to the critically ill patient may be poorly tolerated and may result in complications. Dextrose and intravenous fat emulsions provide the major sources of parenteral, nonprotein energy. These energy sources may not be metabolized efficiently in these patients, even though energy expenditure in this condition is increased significantly. Measurement of urinary nitrogen losses yields evidence useful in assessing the patient's degree of stress. In this manner, the patient's energy and protein requirements may be estimated. Formulations of amino acids, including the branched-chain amino acids, in higher concentrations have been reported to have anticatabolic effects and may improve the maintenance of lean body mass in stressed individuals. The stressed patient is prone to metabolic complications and, therefore, requires more careful monitoring of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, as well as renal, pulmonary, and liver function. Nutritional status is difficult to assess, since negative nitrogen balance may persist and the visceral proteins such as transferrin become altered in stress and, therefore, may not respond to nutritional intervention alone. The goal of nutritional therapy is the preservation of lean body mass by the safe and efficacious provision of metabolic substrate, thus improving patient survival.

Critical Care↗
PubMed2005

Intraoperative positive fluid balance improves tissue diffusion of ceftizoxime.

AIM OF STUDY: To demonstrate that administration of fluids and the consequent improvement of fluid balance during a surgical procedure can modify the tissue diffusion of ceftizoxime. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients (30-79 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery of the colon were administered ceftizoxime 30 mg/kg i.v. at induction of anesthesia. A sample of arterial blood was taken before administration of the drug (t0) and then again at the time of vascular occlusion of the colon segment to be removed (t1). A sample of the segment of removed colon was taken. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the fluid balance between t0 and t1: group A (n = 17) with a fluid balance <1,000 ml and group B (n = 11) with a fluid balance >1,000 ml. The parameters evaluated in each group were: weight, height and age of the patients, serum and tissue antibiotic concentration, percent ratio of serum and tissue concentration, time elapsed between t0 and t1, volume of administered fluids between t0 and t1, diuresis and hourly diuresis between t0 and t1 and body fluid distribution, obtained using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. The mean results obtained in the two groups were then compared using Student's t test. RESULTS: The balance of fluids calculated up to t1 was 675 +/- 308 ml for group A and 1,411 +/- 405 ml for group B (p < 0.01). The means of the recorded values that showed statistically significant differences were: mean percent concentration ratio (43.6 +/- 8.4 vs. 84 +/- 16%; p < 0.05), concentration in the colonic segment (16.3 +/- 7.9 vs. 37.2 +/- 25.9 mg/ml; p < 0.05), urinary volume gathered up to t1 (538 +/- 557 vs. 169 +/- 104 ml; p < 0.05), hourly urinary volume up to t1 (311.1 +/- 296 vs. 97.6 +/- 77.9 ml/h; p < 0.05), percent variation of resistance (95.1 +/- 5.1 vs. 89.7 +/- 8.6; p < 0.05). The other means did not show any significant statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS: A higher tissue water level seems to facilitate the penetration of the antibiotic into the tissue according to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftizoxime: high amount of free drug (not bound to plasma proteins) and high hydrosolubility.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Daily body mass variability and stability in active men undergoing exercise-heat stress.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the variability and stability of 1st morning body mass (BM) fluctuations during daily exercise in the heat while following traditional fluid intake guidance. Data from 65 men were examined retrospectively. BM fluctuations were monitored over 4 to 15 consecutive days. Group daily variation in BM was 0.51+/-0.20 kg. Group coefficient of variation was 0.66+/-0.24%, normally distributed, and not related to either absolute BM (r = 0.04) or number of measurements (r = 0.34). Three days resulted in a similar variability estimate compared to 6 or 9 d, although precision was improved with 9 d. In conclusion, 3 consecutive BM measurements provide an accurate assessment of daily BM variability, which is less than 1% for active men when replacing 100% of sweat losses during exercise. The data also suggest that daily BM is a sufficiently stable physiological parameter for potential daily fluid balance monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Use of isocolan in bowel preparation of patients with congestive heart failure].

The aim of this study was to verify the safety and effectiveness of a polyethylene-glycol electrolytes lavage solution (PEG-ELS) in patients with delicate fluid and electrolyte balance. Thirteen patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy, were asked to drink three liters of Isocolan (Bracco s.p.a.) at a rate of 500 ml/30 minutes, 8 hours before endoscopic examination. Plasma electrolytes (Na, K, C1), BUN, creatinine, glycemia, hematocrit, urine specific weight, arterial pressure, pulse rate, ECG and body weight were obtained before and after PEG-ELS supply. Colonic cleansing was judged by the same endoscopist as excellent, good or poor. Data, expressed as mean (SE), were analyzed by a two-tailed ranked test. PEG-ELS supply did not alter fluid and electrolyte balance, since no significant differences were found for all laboratory parameters studied. Out of the clinical features, diastolic arterial pressure significantly (p = 0.05) raised from 72.3 (3.0) to 78.8 (2.8) mmHg and body weight significantly (p = 0.007) increased from 70.7 (3.4) to 71.2 (3.4) kg. Colon cleansing resulted excellent in 8 patients and good in 5. This study shows that Isocolan proved to be safe in patients with CHF and that a slow drinking velocity do not impair adequate colon cleansing.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Mechanical properties and Young's modulus of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating on Ti substrate in simulated body fluid.

This study evaluated the Young's modulus, residual stress and strain, bonding strength, and microstructure of the plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating (HAC) on Ti6Al4V substrate with and without immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). The purpose was to explore the possible correlation of HAC durability and mechanical properties of the coating. The results show that the residual stress and strain, Young's modulus, and bonding strength of the HAC after immersion in HBSS are substantially decreased. The decayed Young's modulus and mechanical properties of HACs are accounted for by the degraded interlamellar or cohesive bonding in the coating due to the increased porosity after immersion that weakens the bonding strength of coating and substrate system. The biologic implications of the research are discussed in detail. This study contributes to the arguments that the method to alleviate the dissolution of HAC will increase the bonding strength of the coating system after immersion, which together with the controlled residual stress and strain in the coating might promote the long-term stability of the HA-coated implant.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2005

Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances.

To evaluate the role of fluid and Na+ balance in the development of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), changes in serum Na+ concentrations ([Na+]) and in body weight were analyzed in 2,135 athletes in endurance events. Eighty-nine percent of athletes completed these events either euhydrated (39%) or with weight loss (50%) and with normal (80%) or elevated (13%) serum [Na+]. Of 231 (11%) athletes who gained weight during exercise, 70% were normonatremic or hypernatremic, 19% had a serum [Na+] between 129-135 mmol/liter, and 11% a serum [Na+] of <129 mmol/liter. Serum [Na+] after racing was a linear function with a negative slope of the body weight change during exercise. The final serum [Na+] in a subset of 18 subjects was predicted from the amount of Na+ that remained osmotically inactive at the completion of the trial. Weight gain consequent to excessive fluid consumption was the principal cause of a reduced serum [Na+] after exercise, yet most (70%) subjects who gained weight maintained or increased serum [Na+], requiring the addition of significant amounts of Na+ (>500 mmol) into an expanded volume of total body water. This Na+ likely originated from osmotically inactive, exchangeable stores. Thus, EAH occurs in athletes who (i) drink to excess during exercise, (ii) retain excess fluid because of inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion, and (iii) osmotically inactivate circulating Na+ or fail to mobilize osmotically inactive sodium from internal stores. EAH can be prevented by insuring that athletes do not drink to excess during exercise, which has been known since 1985.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2001

Bioelectric impedance analysis of acute body water changes in congestive heart failure.

The body water changes indicated by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and body weight were studied in 12 patients admitted to hospital for acute treatment of congestive heart failure (NYHA-class II-III). BIA was performed at the time of admittance and on the third day by using a multifrequency technique, which allows simultaneous estimation of the total body water (TBW) and the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) volumes. The body weight at admittance was 85+/-20 kg. Body weight correlated with the body water compartments (r - 0.9, p<0.001). From day 1 to day 3, the body weight decreased by 2.9+/-1.7 kg. BIA estimated the corresponding reductions of the physiological body fluid spaces to 3.2+/-2.4 L (TBW), 2.7+/-1.6 L (ECF) and 0.5+/-3.2 L (ICF). These results indicate that diuretic treatment for acute congestive heart failure mainly lowers the ECF volume. However, changes in body weight correlated poorly with changes in TBW, r=-0.11. We conclude that, although BIA corresponded well to the weight changes at the group level, a poor correlation in individual patients suggests that BIA is not a suitable tool to monitor the fluid balance in patients with acute congestive heart failure undergoing diuretic treatment.

Aged↗