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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of multiclass pesticide residues in apple juice by gas chromatography-mass selective detection after extraction by matrix solid-phase dispersion.

A multiresidue method is described for the analysis of 106 multiclass pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, and triazine classes) in apple juice in a single injection. The determination procedure was based on matrix solid-phase dispersion of juice on diatomaceous earth in a glass column and subsequent extraction with a mixture of hexane-dichloromethane (1 + 1) at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The analytes were determined by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and confirmed by their retention times and ion ratios. The coefficients of variation for analysis of samples fortified over the range of 0.01-0.2 mg/kg were 1.62 to 18.4%, and the recoveries for all analytes were between 70 and 110%.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Screening of a RAPD marker tightly linked to Co gene in apple and the SCAR marker conversion.

A DNA marker linked to the columnar gene (Co) in apple (Malus domestica) was explored based on the population of 105 progenies of 'Spur Fuji' x 'Telamon' by bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. A total of 300 random primers were screened and a RAPD marker (S1142(682)) closely linked to Co gene (2.86 cM) was identified and then sequenced. Four specific PCR primers (two forward primers and two reverse primers) were designed,and the products of SCAR-PCR indicated that all the four pairs of primers could amplify polymorphic bands between columnar and non-columnar traits, so any of them could serve as the specific SCAR primers. One pair of these specific primers was chosen to amplify each individual in the population, and the result showed that the co-segregation pattern of this SCAR marker and Co gene was the same as that of the RAPD marker. Furthermore, it was found that the nucleotide sequence of the RAPD marker fragment contained an open reading frame (ORF) that could encode 68 deduced amino acid residues at the position of +45 - +251.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Nucleotide sequences of a Korean isolate of apple stem grooving virus associated with black necrotic leaf spot disease on pear (Pyrus pyrifolia).

Pear black necrotic leaf spot (PBNLS) is a disease of pears caused by capillovirus-like particles, which can be observed under the electron microscope. The disease was analyzed by Western blot analysis with antisera raised against apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) coat protein. cDNAs covering the entire genome were synthesized by RT-PCR and RACE using RNA isolated from Chenopodium quinoa infected with sap extracted from pear leaves carrying black necrotic spot disease. The complete genome sequence of the putative pear virus, 6497 nucleotides in length excluding the poly (A) tail, was determined and analyzed. It contains two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1, spans from nucleotide position 37 to 6354, producing a putative protein of 241 kDa. ORF2, which is in a different reading frame within ORF1, begins at nucleotide 4788 and terminates at 5750, and produces a putative protein of 36 kDa. The 241 kDa protein contains sequences related to the NTP-binding motifs of helicases and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The 36-kDa protein contains the consensus sequence GDSG found in the active sites of several cellular and viral serine proteases. Morphological and serological analysis, and sequence comparison between the putative pear virus, ASGV, citrus tatter leaf virus and cherry virus A of the capillovirus suggest that PBNLS may be caused by a Korean isolate of ASGV.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress.

Increased oxidative stress, which can arise from dietary, environmental and/or genetic sources, contributes to the decline in cognitive performance during normal aging and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Supplementation with fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidant potential can compensate for dietary and/or genetic deficiencies that promote increased oxidative stress. We have recently demonstrated that apple juice concentrate (AJC) prevents the increase in oxidative damage to brain tissue and decline in cognitive performance observed when transgenic mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) are maintained on a vitamin-deficient diet and challenged with excess iron (included in the diet as a pro-oxidant). However, the mechanism by which AJC provided neuroprotection was not conclusively determined. Herein, we demonstrate that supplementation with AJC also prevents the compensatory increases in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that otherwise accompany maintenance of ApoE-/- mice on this vitamin-free diet in the presence of iron. Inclusion of the equivalent composition and concentration of sugars of AJC did not prevent these increases. These findings provide further evidence that the antioxidant potential of AJC can compensate for dietary and genetic deficiencies that otherwise promote neurodegeneration.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

[Patulin content in Polish apple juices].

Patulin content has been evaluated in 754 samples of apple juices bought on Polish retail markets in the years 1993-2003. The samples were analyzed by means of the HPLC technique with UV detector. Patulin was found above the quantification limit (5 microg/l) in more than 22% of the samples. Most of the positive results did not exceed the permitted level of 30 microg/l. However, the level was exceeded in 8 samples i.e. in 1.1% of the analyzed samples.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

In vitro clonal multiplication of an apple rootstock by culture of shoot apices and axillary buds.

In vitro clonal multiplication of apple rootstock MM 111 using axillary buds and shoot apices were carried out. Vegetative axillary buds of the size of 0.2-2.0 cm and shoot apices measuring 4 mm in length were initiated to shoot proliferation on MS medium supplemented with BA (0.5 - 1.0 mgl(-1)), GA3(0.5 mgl(-1)), with or without IBA(0.05 - 0.1 mgl(-1)). Small size explants showed less phenol exudation and less contamination. Following establishment phase, the small shoots emerged from explants were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators. BA (1.0 mgl(-1)) and GA3 (0.5 mgl(-1)) combination showed highest multiplication rate (1:5), andcl also produced longer shoots. Two step rooting was done by transferring microcuttings to auxin free solid medium after root initiation in dark on 1/2 strength MS liquid medium containing IBA (0.5 mgl(-1) ). Rooted plantlets were transferred to peat containing paper cups and resulting plants of MM 111 acclimated successfully for transfer to field.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2004

[Isolation and identification Alicyclobacillus from concentrated apple juice processing].

The forty-five strains of bacteria have been isolated from concentrated apple juice. All of them can grow at K agar (pH 4.0), but can't grow at LB palate (pH 7.0). By using heat resistance test, 38 strains of these bacteria could be classified into 3 groups according to their spore-forming time. 33 strains of them had the same spore-forming time as DSM 3922, which could produce spores within 48 h when cultivated at 45 degrees C; 3 strains of them could grow very fast and produced spores within 17 h; and 3 strains of them produced spores 48h later. Based on the results of 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis, 7 strains of unknown, probably new species and 5 reference strains were selected for 19 phenotypic characteristics test and the result were analyses by UPGMA. The results of phenotypic characteristics test had good agreement with 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP analyses, that the 7 strains were different from all the 5 reference strains, they are new species of Alicyclobacillus.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of some insecticides against the small red belted clearwing borer, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkh.) (Lepidoptera: Sessiidae), in apple orchards in Jordan.

Experiments were carried out in Ash-Shoubak on 10-year old apple trees, Malus domestica cv. Mondial Gala grafted on M26 that were infested with the small red belted clear wing moth. The efficacy of five insecticides was tested against this insect by either spraying or injecting the infested trees. The tested insecticides were; Comodor (imidaclorpid), Chlormezyl (chlorpyrifos & dimethoate), Avaunt (indoxacarb), Thvap (cyromazine) and Actellic (pyrimiphos-methyl). All of these insecticides were applied in 2003 and 2004 except that of Actellic that was applied only in 2004. Data on larval mortality have been observed after 2, 7 and 14 days of insecticides applications. Results showed that spraying or injecting Chlormezyl or Actellic resulted in a significant overall efficacy against the larvae of S. myopaeformis. It was also observed that injecting Comodor improved its overall efficacy against the insect.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fungicide residues in pears and apples after post harvest treatments by drencher.

Aim of this trial was to verify the residues of two fungicides, already authorised for the use in field (the admitted maximum limit of residues have been fixed), after post harvest treatments on pears and apples for defence against main post harvest rots. The use of formulation in post harvest must consider also the technique of product application. In fact there are different systems to carry out the treatments for the protection of the commodities during cold storage. In this trial two formulations of pyrimethanil and imazalil were applied by drencher on pome fruit.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2005

A new post-harvest fungicide to control fruit rot on apple and pear.

PHILABUSTER is a new post-harvest fungicide developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.. It provides an advanced mould control by post-harvest treatments of citrus and pome fruit. The product is formulated as a stable suspension concentrate intended for dilution in water before use. PHILABUSTER 400 SC contains 200 g/L imazalil and 200 g/L pyrimethanil. Both active ingredients have a different single site mode of action. Imazalil inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (DMI), whereas pyrimethanil interferes with fungal enzyme secretion and methionine biosynthesis. Due to the combination of these low risk fungicides a good anti-resistance management can be obtained. In case of existing reduced sensitivity of a population to DMI or MBC fungicides, no cross-resistance with pyrimethanil was observed. PHILABUSTER showed good activity by post-harvest treatment against key pathogens on apple and pear Penicillium expansum (blue mold), Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) and Gloeosporium spp. (lenticel rot) in small and large scale experiments with artificial or natural infections. By dip treatment of large volumes of fruit (up to 50 tons) the depletion of both active ingredients in the treatment water was low, both when plastic or wooden bins were used. Lower dose rates resulted in an inferior and inconsistent residue level of both active ingredients on fruit. Possible advantages of post-harvest treatments versus field treatments for the control of storage diseases are discussed.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2006

[Sugar content prediction of apple using near-infrared spectroscopy treated by wavelet transform].

Based on wavelet transform (WT) by using the difference in wavelet modulus maxima evolution behaviors between singular signals and random noises in multi-scale space, the near infrared spectroscopic signals of 90 fruit samples were denoised by wavelet transform. The sugar content in intact apple was calculated by stepwise regression method. The result of calibration model after noise filtering was satisfactory. The relative standard error of prediction is reduced to 6.0% from 6.1% of original spectra. It is concluded that wavelet transform is an useful method to eliminate noise of NIR signals, as it makes the final calibration model more representative and stable and robust.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2006

Medication errors: not just a few "bad apples"

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution of medication errors among physicians.Design: Data on a cohort of internal medicine physicians were gathered prospectively over a seven-month period.Setting: The study was conducted in four adult primary care practices.Participants: Twenty-four physicians from Boston, MA participated in this study. A total of 661 patients agreed to participate in the study. The researchers surveyed patients to identify possible adverse drug events (ADEs). This information was supplemented by a chart review for each participating patient.Measurements: The principal measurement collected in this study was total medication errors per physician. The number of prescriptions written during the study period was also collected.Results: Twenty-two of the 24 physicians made at least one error. Although there was one outlier, the error rate among this cohort of physician was evenly distributed.Conclusion: The wide distribution of errors among this group of physicians undermines the argument that the majority of medication errors are due to a "few bad apples,"

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in antennal sensory apparatus in the apple surface eating tortricid Archips podana scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of different phenotypes].

The quantitative composition of sensillae on the flagellum segment in different imago phenotypes of the apple surface eating tortricid, Archips podana, developing on lilac and fruit plants was studied. There were differences in number of chaetoid, coeloconic, auriculate and basiconic sensillae between males of AB and B phenotypes from lilac. In offspring females from male-parents of AB and B phenotypes, feeding on lilac, there were changes in number of short trichoid and one type of auriculate sensillae. The data are discussed with respect to the relation between male phenotype and sensillae number and influence of male-parent genotype on the change of offspring female antennal sensory apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Apple peel small bowel: surgical correction and post-operative treatment].

The authors describe 6 cases of Apple Peel Small Bowel observed in the last ten year experience in Institute G. Gaslini of Genoa, Italy. They make a precision on early diagnosis and on surgical treatment, which is original, and also on post-operatory medical treatment. The importance of making an optimal nutritional support with total and partial parenteral nutrition for long time is of great significance to have a better outcome and psycho-physical development in such patients.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[The Apple II e microcomputer as a databank for registering special donors].

The authors introduced in the Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague records of special donors, voluntary donors of bone marrow and voluntary donors for the separator using the microcomputer Apple II and the system ArchTex. These provisions make it possible to select a suitable donor much more quickly than by the hitherto used system of cards which, however, still are essential for the work of the special donor station.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗