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PubMed1990

[Detection of mutans streptococci by latex agglutination test and its application as a caries-activity test].

The number of mutans streptococci in saliva and dental plaque has been reported to correlate with the incidence of dental caries. This report describes a simple and rapid diagnostic method for the detection of mutans streptococci in dental plaque using latex agglutination (LA) test. Latex particles (0.876 microns, diameter) were sensitized with partially purified antibodies against whole cells of Streptococcus mutans MT8148 (c), MT703R (e) and OMZ175 (f) and Streptococcus sobrinus B13 (d) and 6715 (g). Whole cells of mutans streptococci or dental plaque was extracted with a mixture of 8M sodium nitrite (5 microliters) and 2M acetic acid (5 microliters) for five minutes and neutralized with 2M sodium hydroxide (10 microliters), and the extract and the sensitized latex suspension (20 microliters) were mixed and the grade of agglutination reaction was read macroscopically after ten minutes standing at room temperature. The LA tests could detect 1.0 10ng of purified serotype antigen and 10(5)-10(6) CFU of live cells of mutans streptococci and specifically distinguish not only the mutans streptococci from the other streptococci but also S. mutans from S. sobrinus. However, cross-reactions were still observed among the serotypes c, e and f of S. mutans or between the serotypes d and g of S. sobrinus. Plaque samples were collected from 168 children (2 to 12 years of age) and the 0.1 mg (wet weight) were applied to the LA tests. At the same time, the total number of mutans streptococci in plaque and the serotypes of each isolate were determined. The results of LA reaction correlated significantly with the number of mutans streptococci in plaque (chi-square analysis; p less than 0.0001). The LA tests discriminated between S. mutans and S. sobrinus in dental plaque. It was found that the latex particles sensitized with anti-serotype c and/or e S. mutans antibodies were most effective in demonstrating mutans streptococci, and they were used in the following studies. The results of LA reaction correlated significantly with both the number of decayed tooth surfaces and the number of decayed and filled tooth surfaces. These results suggest that the LA test in mutans streptococci can be useful for the detection of mutans streptococci in dental plaque and also as a caries-activity test at dental clinics.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1990

[The preparation of an IgG diagnostic agent based on stained polyacrolein latexes for use in the latex agglutination reaction].

IgG diagnosticum for measuring the concentration of 131I-labeled IgG antibodies to enteric antigen beta 1MA by the latex agglutination inhibition (LAI) test has been prepared on the basis of polyacrolein latexes. A method for the titration of anti-IgG antibodies with the use of the above diagnosticum has been developed, based on the late, agglutination (LA) test. The optimum conditions for the microtitration variant of the LA and LAI tests have been defined. High sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of analysis with the use of latex IgG diagnosticum have been demonstrated. The newly developed methods have been successfully used in laboratory trials of a new diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals for the assay of 131I-labeled antibodies in this preparation and for the detection of side effects of immunization on the recipients.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1989

Use of a latex agglutination test in rapid diagnosis of acute meningitis.

Capsular antigens of Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B, C, Y and W135, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were searched in CSF specimens of 66 patients with acute meningitis, using a latex agglutination test. Simultaneously CSF samples were processed for Gram stain and culture. Blood cultures were also performed in all patients. The test was positive in 43 (82.7%) samples: N. meningitidis-19, S. pneumoniae-18 and H. influenzae-6. In 32 samples the result of the test was concordant with CSF or blood culture. In 11 cases the test was positive but CSF or blood cultures were negative. Gram stain was diagnostic in 13 (25%) samples in which the latex agglutination test was also positive, and were negative in the remaining cases. There were six false negative tests. In 17 cases the test, culture and Gram stain were simultaneously negative: 14 cases corresponded to viral meningitis, and the three other were unidentified purulent meningitis. Concluding, the test was useful in early aetiologic diagnosis of acute meningitis, but the occurrence of false negative results requires a complete bacteriological study.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of culture and latex agglutination in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

This preliminary study compared culture and latex agglutination in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Only 23.08 per cent of meningitis patients were bacterial meningitis by culture. The causative organisms detected by culture and latex agglutination respectively were as follows: Streptococcus pneumoniae 7.69, 5.77 per cent: Haemophilus influenzae 1.92, 1.92 per cent: Neisseria meningitidis 1.92, 5.77 per cent: Salmonella species 5.77 per cent, -: Viridans streptococci 1.92 per cent, - and Nonfermentative gram-negative rod 3.85 per cent -. There was no latex reagent for the latter three organisms.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1989

Comparative study between latex agglutination and indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

The latex agglutination test (Toxolatex) was compared with the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in investigating one hundred and fifty human sera. Both techniques showed 90.7% agreement. The mean titre of each test was significantly higher in cases with fever or lymphadenopathy than cases without these manifestations. It was concluded that the latex test provides a rapid and simple test in toxoplasmosis that can be used to exclude negative cases as nearly no false negative results were obtained. However, positive cases by latex agglutination should be confirmed and quantitated by another standardized technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with a latex agglutination test and cell culture cytotoxicity assay for Clostridium difficile.

Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) by its antigen or toxin has improved treatment for patients who have antibiotic-associated diarrhea and opportunistic colonization of the colon with C. difficile. Unfortunately, results from the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay are not available for 48 h. We prospectively compared a latex agglutination test with the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay in 83 patients (15 with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 23 with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and 45 without diarrhea). In the antibiotic-associated diarrhea group, 43% of patients with pseudomembranes and 25% without pseudomembranes tested positive with both tests. In the non-antibiotic groups 92% with diarrhea and 90% without diarrhea were negative with both tests. The number of discordant results illustrates the value of using two tests to identify C. difficile, since additional patients can be identified by using two tests. We found false positives were rare, and C. difficile toxin or antigen could not be detected in more than half the patients with pseudomembranes. The latex agglutination test for C. difficile is reliable, specific, and faster than the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay. The data suggest that other organisms may also be responsible for pseudomembranous colitis, and that negative tests do not obviate the need for visual evaluation of colonic mucosa in suspected cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1978

Biochemical characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Glucocorticoid receptors, B and T lymphocyte surface markers, concanavalin A-induced agglutination and thymidine incorporation.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has a variable clinical course and there is a great need of new prognostic laboratory parameters in this disease. 24 CLL patients were subjected to routine haematological and clinical investigation. The leukaemic cells were analyzed for surface immunoglobulins, complement and sheep red blood cell receptors, Concanavalin A-induced agglutination, cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor and for proliferative activity by measurement of tritiated thymidine incorporation. The surface markers studied indicated that all cases were of B-cell origin. Only 5 of 23 patients studied had normal serum immunoglobulin levels. These cases showed a nonprogressive disease. 8 patients had increased infection tendency, all of whom had subnormal IgG levels; 4 of them also had subnormal IgA and IgM and 2 had subnormal IgA levels. 5 out of 6 patients with progressive disease and 3 of 11 with nonprogressive disease had an increased proliferative index, indicating a correlation between this parameter and disease progression. ConA agglutinability was not correlated to disease activity. Cells from 17 of 22 patients showed measurable amounts of glucocorticoid receptor. The 5 patients lacking this receptor had inactive disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Specificity of carbohydrate inhibition on leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocyte agglutinating activity by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin.

1. Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) erythrocytes are agglutinated by the plant lectins concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. 2. Concanavalin A hemagglutination can be specifically inhibited by the sugars mannose, glucose, arabohexulose, alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, sucrose, trehalose and melezitose. 3. Sugars inhibiting concanavalin A hemagglutination are structurally composed of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl or beta-D-fructofuranosyl residues with the same hydroxyl groups at carbons 3, 4 and 6. 4. Phytohemagglutinin hemagglutination can only be inhibited by the sugar N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. 5. Sugar inhibition of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin leopard frog erythrocyte agglutination is the same as that observed in many mammalian species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid latex agglutination assay using recombinant envelope polypeptide for the detection of antibody to the HIV.

Unscreened blood transfusions continue to be one of the major modes of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries, such as in Central Africa, where 5% to 18% of blood donors are HIV seropositive. We evaluated a rapid latex agglutination assay using a novel recombinant envelope polypeptide of HIV for the detection of HIV antibodies among 2820 blood donors and clinical patients from diverse geographic regions, including on-site testing in Central Africa of 1600 blood donors. Overall, 29.2% of the serum samples were positive by Western blot assay. On a single determination, the latex agglutination slide test was found to be highly sensitive and specific compared with Western blot results in these populations with a relatively high prevalence of infection. Use of this assay will allow the immediate implementation of serologic screening for HIV in developing areas of the world, where standard screening procedures are impractical or not available, and in many other clinical settings, such as sexually transmitted diseases clinics and hospitals, where testing and counseling could be promptly implemented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

A latex agglutination assay for D dimer: evaluation and application to the diagnosis of thrombotic disease.

Although latex agglutination assays have been used for some years to diagnose thrombotic disorders, only recently has it been possible to measure specifically the products of fibrin breakdown in the presence of fibrinogen degradation products, by using monoclonal antibodies. We have evaluated a preparation of latex particles coupled to the monoclonal antibody DD-3B6/22, which is specific for cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XDP) and allows accurate discrimination between normal and pathological conditions. Of samples from 515 apparently healthy volunteers, 97.7% failed to agglutinate the latex; the normal reference interval for XDP determined by enzyme immunoassay was less than 78-320 micrograms/L. The use of different anticoagulants with or without the addition of a protease inhibitor had no significant effects on the results of the latex assay. The latex preparation provides a useful, rapid diagnostic tool for assaying small numbers of samples or as an emergency test.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

[Detection of pathogens in bacterial meningitis. Comparison of Gram staining, culture, latex agglutination test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis].

To look for the etiologic agent in cerebrospinal fluids of 44 children with meningitis, Gram stain, traditional culture, latex agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis were simultaneously performed. The sensitivity of all four methods was roughly equal. The outstanding importance of the Gram technique has to be emphasized, however. Differences with regard to antigen detection could be observed in patients previously treated with antibiotics, where etiologic agents could still be detected by latex agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis, but not by traditional cultures. A further advantage of the two methods is that they provide results rapidly. The use of all four methods simultaneously allows for optimal results in the detection of causative organisms in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

A new immuno quantitative method by latex agglutination--application for the determination of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and its clinical significance.

We developed a new method for the determination of CRP by latex immunoassay which measures the increase in optical density as a result of latex agglutination due to antigen-antibody reaction. This latex agglutination photometric immunoassay can be used for quantitative analysis of various biological substances. We have established the best conditions for CRP determination for the instrument employed here (LA system) which allows rapid and accurate to low concentration measurement. The measurement range of the system is from 0.01-3 mg/l (non-diluted method), which when compared to the lower detection limit of RIA, 3 micrograms/l, it has the same order of magnitude. It is more sensitive than radial immunodiffusion which has the lower detection limit of 2 mg/l and has the similar value to that of radio-electroimmunodiffusion, 10 micrograms/l. Furthermore, the usual method used in the clinical laboratories, the capillary microprecipitation method, has the lower detection limit of approximately 10 mg/l. The method presented here is adequately sensitive to measure the low concentration of CRP among healthy individuals which has not been possible except by using RIA. The normal value derived from 106 healthy individuals by this method is found to be 0.2 +/- 0.2 mg/l (mean +/- 2SD).

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1986

Preliminary observations on the use of latex agglutination test for the detection of mastitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae in cows.

A commercial latex agglutination test for the detection of Group B streptococcal antigens was used to detect infection due to Streptococcus agalactiae in whey of bovine milk samples. Fifteen out of 17 known infections were detected, but it was necessary to incubate the wheys at 37 degrees C for 18 hours in nine of the samples. It was found that the latex agglutination test could detect Group streptococcal carbohydrate antigens in whey samples from artificially infected quarters from one to four days after failure to detect the organism on culture or after antibiotic therapy of the affected quarter.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Anaplasmosis of small ruminants in Nigeria: incidence and parasite identification through blood smear and latex agglutination test (LAT).

A survey was carried out on the incidence of anaplasmosis in small ruminants at Bodija abattoir, Ibadan. 100 sheep and 200 goats were examined using and comparing two methods-the Giemsa stained blood smear and serodiagnosis by Latex Agglutination Technique. The sheep and goats examined were among those brought from various parts of northern states and some neighbouring countries like Chad, Benin, Niger and Burkina Faso. 27% of the sheep and 17.5% of goats were positive for Anaplasma bodies with blood smear method while 54% of sheep and 61% of goats were sero positive with latex agglutination test (LAT). There seems to be a high incidence of anaplasmosis among sheep and goats probably due to the abundance of its arthropod vectors. The serodiagnostic method showed a high degree of specificity and sensitivity and is useful in field diagnosis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1987

Hodgkin's cell lectin: an ectosialyltransferase and lymphocyte agglutinant related to the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor.

The galactophilic lectin expressed on the surface of cultured Hodgkin's cells, recently described by this laboratory, has binding characteristics similar to those of the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (HBP), and has been recognized as a Mr 55,000 (p55) membrane glycoprotein by a polyclonal antiserum to rat HBP. This study confirms the close structural relationship between the two lectins showing immunological cross-reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes on rat or human HBP. In support of the suggested dual nature of p55 as lectin and ectosialyltransferase, enzyme activity is inhibited by the monoclonal anti-HBP antibody, anti-HA 116. Cultured Hodgkin's cells, as purified HBP, agglutinate T-lymphocytes expressing hyposialylated membrane glycosyl determinants. This cell-cell interaction mediated by p55 results in the incorporation of sialic acid into lymphocyte surface asialo-glycans. The function of the Hodgkin's lectin as lymphocyte agglutinant in vitro suggests its role as an immunomodulator contributing to the immunodeficiencies associated with Hodgkin's disease.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1986

Effect of vitamin A analogs on concanavalin A-induced agglutination of erythrocytes.

The vitamin A analogs retinoic acid and retinol caused a significant increase in concanavalin A-induced agglutination of human erythrocytes, while its esters, retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate, were found to be ineffective. The effect of membrane labilizers and stabilizers on the enhancement of agglutination as well as the properties of the model system employed showed that the action of vitamin A is due to a direct action on cell membrane and is not mediated by the release of lysosomal proteases into the medium, a hypothesis proposed by earlier workers.

Concanavalin A↗
PubMed1986

Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells during growth of the tumor in mice.

ConA-induced agglutination of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells during development of the tumor in mice has been studied in vitro. EAC cells were incubated with different concentrations of ConA at 37 degrees C for various intervals of time and the cell aggregates of different sizes were scored under microscope. The older EAC cells (20-day-old) showed a decrease in cytoagglutination with respect to large aggregates formation compared to the younger (10-day-old) ones. The small aggregates formed by the 5-day-old EAC cells are dissociated by competition with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside but the large aggregates are not affected by the sugar treatment. The observed differences in the agglutination patterns are discussed in view of the influence of the lipid content of EAC cells and the ascites fluid on ConA-induced cytoagglutination.

Animals↗