Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “polyploidization”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The enigmatic megakaryocyte gradually reveals its secrets.

The recent cloning of thrombopoietin has brought many insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of megakaryocyte and platelet development. Thrombopoietin was cloned based on its binding to the product of the proto-oncogene c-mpl and was found to affect all aspects of thrombopoiesis. Many of the molecular pathways that mediate thrombopoietin action have been discerned. Upon hormone binding, the megakaryocyte thrombopoietin receptor homodimerizes, activating members of the JAK family of kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the receptor, generating docking sites for second messengers that affect multiple signalling pathways. Ultimately, cellular proliferative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms are initiated, increasing megakaryocyte numbers, as are processes that uncouple DNA synthesis from nuclear and cytoplasmic division, generating polyploid cells. As the net result of thrombopoietin action is an expansion of cells that give rise to mature platelets, the availability of the recombinant hormone has provided new opportunities to manipulate blood cell development for therapeutic benefit.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. X. Banding patterns in cancerous effusions.

Cells from five cancer effusions (two ovarian carcinomas, two lung cancers, and one carcinoma of the breast) were analyzed by G-, C-, and Q-banding techniques. The following observations were made: 1) The origin of some marker chromosomes could be traced accurately by these banding techniques. 2) Several chromosomes, which appeared normal with conventional staining techniques, were found to be re-arranged ones and, hence, abnormal. 3) Chromosomes No. 1, No. 3 and No. 11 were the most frequently involved in aberrations, whereas No. 12, No. 13, No. 17-20, and No. 22 Were least frequently involved. Only in one case each was the X chromosome or the Y chromosome involved in aberrations. The Y chromosome was found to be missing in all cancer cells of one lung cancer. 4) Each effusion had characteristic markers, invariably present in each cell, whether the cells were near diploid, or polyploid. 5) No common markers were observed in the two ovarian carcinomas studied, whereas the two lung cancers had a few common markers.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XIV. Origin of a large number of markers in a cancer.

A cancerous effusion from a patient with cancer of the breast, with a high modal number of chromosomes (81-83) and with 11-13 abnormal chromosomes (markers) of eight different origins, has been examined in detail karyotypically with C-, G-, and Q-banding techniques. Except for a rare chromosome, all the normal chromosomes were identified and, more importantly, the origin of all markers was ascertained. This study indicates the feasibility of identifying all the chromosomes in cancer cells, even in those with highly polyploid and complicated chromosome constitutions.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXII. Karyotypic changes in malignant melanoma.

Detailed karyotypic analysis with G- and C-banding has been performed on cells of four malignant melanomas. The modal number in two cases was in the hypodiploid range, the chromosome numbers varying from 39 to 43. These two tumors had 5 to 13 marker chromosomes. The other two tumors were in the polyploid range, with modal numbers of 63 to 157 chromosomes. The cells had a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 40 marker chromosomes. Chromosome no. 1 was more frequently involved in aberrations than any other chromosome. The most common breakpoints on this chromosome were 1q21, 1q25 and 1q32. Frequent breakpoints were also noticed in the centromeric region in various chromosomes. In chromosome no. 1, however, the centromeric area does not seem to be involved. The more common breakpoints on the various chromosomes were 1q21, 1q25, 1q32, 5p13, 9q13, 11q23, 12q13. No common markers were noticed among these four cases of melanoma, but are noticed in unrelated tumors.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Gross and histological types of early gastric carcinomas in relation to the acid-secreting area.

The relation of gastric acid-secreting function to the gross and histological types and locations of carcinomas was examined in 53 patients with early gastric carcinomas. Studies were made by the endoscopic Congo red test developed in this clinic. Results indicated a close correlation between the gross and histological types of early gastric carcinoma and the extent of the acid-secreting area. In general, when the acid-secreting area was large, the carcinomas were ulcerated and histologically undifferentiated and they were chiefly located in nonacid-secreting areas adjacent to acid-secreting areas, or sometimes they were surrounded by acid-secreting areas. On the contrary, when there was little or no acid-secreting area the carcinomas were polyploid and histologically differentiated, and they were located in nonacid-secreting areas far from acid-secreting areas.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: correlation of nuclear DNA content and the presence of a human papilloma virus (HPV) structural antigen.

Immunoperoxidase localization of a human papilloma virus structural antigen (HPV) was attempted in 68 intraepithelial lesions of the vulva, 39 of which were analyzed for nuclear DNA content by microspectrophotometry. Overall, 5.9% (4/68) stained positive for HPV. Ninety percent (35/39) of the cases tested were aneuploid, and, of these, 2.8% (1/35) stained positive for HPV. In contrast, 50% (2/4) of the polyploid lesions were positive. Hence DNA microspectrophotometry and immunoperoxidase localization of HPV are useful coparameters for distinguishing wart virus infection (condylomata) from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV is detected infrequently within aneuploid lesions, in keeping with the concept that epithelial maturation is required for virion assembly. Whether the HPV genome exists in a nonreplicative state within the aneuploid cell population is unknown.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1982

DNA content of condyloma acuminatum.

Female genital condylomata acuminata were examined for DNA content. Diploid and polyploid DNA distributions, including tetraploidy and octaploidy, were found. These findings are in clear counter-distinction to squamous intraepithelial lesions, which have been found to be aneuploid. DNA quantitation, therefore, can be used in difficult cases to distinguish between condylomatous and neoplastic epithelium.

Condylomata Acuminata↗
PubMed1983

DNA contents in Wilms' tumors. A cytofluorometric study.

Cytofluorometric measurement of nuclear DNA was performed on individual tumor cells isolated from paraffin sections of Wilms' tumors. The DNA distribution of one untreated primary tumor showed the first major peak near the diploid range and the second peak in the tetraploid range. There were many cells having amounts of DNA interspersed between the diploid and tetraploid range. Polyploid cells were not observed. Most of the Wilms' tumor cells had a higher diploid DNA value than the small lymphocytes of the control cells. The primary tumor and its metastases showed similar DNA distribution patterns. After treatment, the distribution pattern showed a reduction in number of cells between the diploid and tetraploid range and in the tetraploid range, with the greater number of cells being found in the diploid range. Though the phases of the cell cycle are not always clearly detectable by cytofluorometry, the cells of the untreated Wilms' tumor were distributed into the phases of the cell cycle as follows: 65.9% in G0 and G1 phases; 31.2% in S-phase; and 2.9% in G2 and M phases.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1984

Koilocytotic lesions of the cervix. The relationship of mitotic abnormalities to the presence of papillomavirus antigens and nuclear DNA content.

It has been reported that abnormal mitotic figures (AMFs) occur principally in aneuploid lesions and that aneuploidy is a diagnostic feature of non-endocrine-dependent epithelial cancer precursors and cancers. Recently, AMFs have been reported in cervical lesions interpreted as flat condylomata, and it has been suggested by several authors that AMFs may not be diagnostic or aneuploidy or neoplasia, particularly in human papillomavirus-(HPV)-induced lesions. Although it is conceivable that AMFs may be a regular feature of HPV infection, their association with cytologic atypia and their presence in higher grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) suggests that AMFs may herald the presence of a different lesion than the pure flat condyloma. In the current study, koilocytotic cervical lesions thought to be HPV-induced were examined microscopically for the presence of AMFs, and the findings were correlated with the presence of HPV as determined by immunoperoxidase and nuclear DNA distribution patterns as measured by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. In unselected lesions originally diagnosed as flat cervical condylomata, AMFs were surprisingly common (22.6%), and did not correlate with the extent of koilocytosis. Immunoperoxidase (IMPO) stains were performed in 35 cases with AMFs, and were negative for HPV in 74.3% and positive in 22.8%. However, among the cases evaluated by IMPO, there was an inverse relationship between the presence of mitotic abnormalities and the expression of HPV antigen. Nine of 11 (81.8%) lesions containing AMFs were aneuploid, and 2 of 11 (18.2%) were polyploid. Abnormal mitotic figures have a range of morphology and frequency in koilocytotic cervical lesions. Although the biology of these lesions is not well-defined, the presence of AMFs may identify a subgroup of HPV-induced cervical atypias which represent a transition between flat cervical conylomata and CIN.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

DNA content in renal cell carcinoma with reference to tumor heterogeneity.

DNA content was successfully determined by flow cytometry in 196 tissue samples from 25 renal cell carcinomas. Twelve tumors (48%) were homogeneously diploid/near-diploid, whereas 11 tumors were aneuploid and 2 tumors were polyploid. Cell clones with different DNA content were found in 11 tumors demonstrating a considerable heterogeneity in the non-diploid tumors; 9 of these 11 heterogeneous tumors contained both aneuploid and diploid cell clones. Tumor samples morphologically classified as grade 1 and 2 were 98% diploid and grade 4 samples were 78% aneuploid. No correlation between DNA distribution and morphologic grade was found for grade 3 tumor samples. Tumor proliferation rate, as determined by the fraction of cells in S-phase, was significantly higher in aneuploid samples compared to normal kidney tissue samples and diploid tumor samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Nuclear DNA content and behavior of oxyphil thyroid tumors.

Microspectrophotometric measurement of nuclear DNA content was made on archival smears of fine-needle aspirates from 23 oxyphil thyroid neoplasms. Fourteen tumors were considered benign as judged from the histologic picture as well as follow-up for 7 to 18 years after the operation. Nine tumors were malignant; five of these showed capsular penetration and/or blood vessel invasion as the only signs of malignancy, whereas the remaining four in addition had histologically verified metastases and were the cause of death. The DNA patterns found--diploid, polyploid or aneuploid--appeared to have a limited diagnostic value, since malignancy could not be excluded on this basis. A practically useful finding was, however, that aneuploidy appeared to be associated with a high probability of invasive growth. As regards prognostic information, it was found that euploid patterns occurred in tumors from patients with long survival after surgical treatment, while tumors with aneuploid patterns showed a variable clinical course.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1988

Spontaneously regressing adrenocortical carcinoma in a newborn. A case report with DNA ploidy analysis.

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm in children. Only a handful of congenital adrenal cortical carcinoma cases have been described. A newborn who had metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma (skin metastases and cerebral lesions) is described. This patient underwent surgical resection of the right adrenal primary, but no further treatment was given. Hemihypertrophy developed in this patient by 2 months of age, and at 4 months of age spontaneous regression of all skin nodules and central nervous system (CNS) lesions was observed. Follow-up at 1 year shows the patient to be alive, well, and disease-free. Evaluation of the tumor included DNA ploidy analysis that showed the tumor to be polyploid, a pattern recently associated with nonmetastasizing adrenal cortical neoplasm. The observation of apparent metastatic disease that regressed spontaneously highlights the prognostic value of DNA ploidy analysis and raises the possibility of an adrenal tumor with properties similar to those of Stage IV-S neuroblastoma.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

An analysis of the DNA ploidy patterns of gastric cancer.

This article deals with DNA measurements by fluorometry of nuclei in 33 freshly obtained specimens and in 109 fixed specimens of gastric cancer in Japanese patients. Histograms of the DNA measurements can be classified into four types (Ia, Ib, II, III). The nuclear DNA patterns had definite, if not significant, correlations with clinical and histologic parameters. For example, 88.2% of the cases classified as Type III were advanced stage disease, whereas early stage cases were predominant in Type Ia. Type II and III were frequently found in hepatic, peritoneal, and lymph node metastasis. The rate of occurrence of polyploid cells was significantly higher in the group with hepatic or lymph node metastasis than in the other group without metastasis. The results of this study show that fluorometric measurement of nuclear DNA is considered one method of determining the biological activity of gastric cancer cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Intratumoral cytogenetic heterogeneity in a benign neoplasm.

Cytogenetic findings are reported in a 64-year-old man who had a history of rapid growth of a mass in the left groin area. The histopathologic diagnosis of the tumor was consistent with that of a lipoma with atypia. Cytogenetic analysis was done on an incisional biopsy specimen. The initial biopsy specimen revealed, in addition to normal cells, three different clones: 46,XY,t(12;21)(q13;q21), 46,XY, t(2;12)(q11.2'1.2), t(19;20)(q13.1'3), and 47.XY,+ r. The subsequently excised specimen showed a normal male karyotype (46,XY) and a predominant clone with the karyotype, 47,XY,t(2;12)(q11.2'1.2),t(3;11)(p24'5), + r. One cell with 47,XY, + r was present. In addition, polyploid cells with large markers, rings, and a high frequency of telomeric associations were also observed.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1991

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and DNA cytofluorometric study of a case.

A case of right frontal pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma that occurred in a 7-year-old boy is reported clinicopathologically. The patient underwent surgery on September 29, 1988. Histologic diagnosis of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma was made because, in addition to the unique pleomorphic histologic features, positive glial fibrillary acidic protein in immunohistochemical staining and characteristic ultrastructural features, i.e., cytoplasmic intermediate fibrils and lipid vacuoles, basal lamina, and abundant reticulin networks were demonstrated. The DNA cytofluorometric analysis of the nuclei of the tumor cells disclosed the main mode to be diploid with polyploid classes (4, 8, 16, and 32C) without any aneuploidy. Despite the presence of many pleomorphic nuclei, DNA histogram of the tumor disclosed very few DNA synthetic cells indicating a biologically inactive nature of the tumor. The patient is still alive and totally asymptomatic 20 months postoperatively.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1993

Progression of signet ring cell carcinomas in the human stomach.

BACKGROUND: Stomach cancers show various growth patterns. It remains to be clarified how this variability is related to the genetic changes that occur during tumor progression. METHODS: To estimate the genetic changes from tumor ploidy, maps were made (using DNA cytofluorometry of metaphase cells in histologic sections) of 39 advanced signet ring cell carcinomas of the human stomach and correlated with tumor stage and the size of the primary mucosal lesion. RESULTS: Aneuploid area and multipattern aneuploidy were particularly common in advanced cancers with primary mucosal lesions smaller than 2 cm in diameter, of which a large portion were predominantly aneuploid and already diffusely infiltrating. As the tumor stage advanced, the incidence of aneuploidy in the mucosal lesion increased, whereas predominantly aneuploid tumors were less common as primary mucosal lesions became larger. Purely diploid areas with an incidence of polyploidy as low as in early cancers were common in advanced cancers. In addition, there were diploid-appearing cancer cells that infiltrated diffusely and were accompanied by polyploid as often as aneuploid cells. Some of these were aneuploid at the chromosomal level. CONCLUSIONS: In signet ring cell carcinoma, aneuploid cells show higher invasive activity toward the extramucosal part and may occur incidentally in originally diploid tumors, depending on the degree of genetic instability. An analysis of polyploidy is useful for differentiating cytometrically diploid (but actually, aneuploid) cells from diploid cells with minor genetic abnormalities.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1993

Dual-color flow cytometric analysis of megakaryocytic DNA ploidy in the investigation of blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia with rearrangement of 3q26.

A patient is described with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis, in whom numerous circulating platelet fragments and megakaryocytic nuclei were present, with 50% blasts and 50% micromegakaryocytes in the marrow. The blasts expressed myeloid-associated antigens CD34, CD33, and CD13, whereas the micromegakaryocytes were positive for CD41, CD42b, and CD61. These findings suggested a myeloblastic transformation with a possible megakaryoblastic component. Cytogenetic analysis showed rearrangement of 3q26 in the form of t(2;3) (p13;q26), in addition to t(9;22) (q34;q11). Dual-color flow cytometric analysis of DNA content of CD42b-positive cells showed that the micromegakaryocytes were predominantly 2N, indicating a maturation block before nuclear endoreplication and polyploidization. These findings confirmed a combined myeloblastic and megakaryoblastic transformation. It is concluded that dual-color flow cytometric DNA analysis is a useful method for the investigation of abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in hematologic malignancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cytofluorometric analysis of spermatocytic seminoma.

Whether spermatocytic seminoma (SS) develops during meiosis or not is still controversial. To determine that, the DNA content of large, small, and intermediate cells of SS was measured by cytofluorometry to obtain DNA histograms for each cell type. The large cells were aneuploid and showed cell cycles with G0/G1 DNA values from 3C to 18C. The ploidy of the large cells doubled stepwise (i.e., 4.5C-9C-18C, 3C-6C-12C, and so forth). The small cells showed distinct cell cycles with a DNA content of 2C or near 2C, and the intermediate cells showed both diploid and aneuploid DNA values. It is speculated that none of the cell types is involved in meiosis, based on the fact that each size of cell appears to have its own cell division cycle. It is concluded that in SS, the diploid cell cycle formation by small cells and the creation of large cells by continuous sequential polyploidization result in the morphologic expression of three types of cells (large, small, intermediate).

Adult↗