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PubMed1996

Conflicting character distribution within different data sets on cardueline finches: artifact or history?

Cardueline finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae, Carduelinae) provide an example of unresolved species relationships despite decades of extensive study of the group. Existing morphological studies suffer from numerous cases of assumed parallel evolution due to a conflicting character distribution in different lineages. In this study, results of assumed parallel evolution due to a conflicting character distribution in different lineages. In this study, results of cytochrome b sequence analysis are compared with species relationships suggested by morphological and behavioral evidence. In the molecular analyses, species clusters mutually excluding each other were observed, lowering the statistical support of the internodes, i.e., the branches could not be resolved convincingly. Despite these difficulties, some phylogenetic signal was present in the molecular data as well as in the other approaches. In particular, any species or genus relationship suggested by cytochrome b sequence analysis was reflected by some other evidence. Based on this general congruence of the different data sets and on a considerable cytochrome b tree stability observed independent of species combination, choice of outgroup and tree-generating method, the short internodes are interpreted to reflect a historical reality. A model of cardueline evolution is proposed which assumes a population of cardueline ancestors with considerable polymorphism concerning the mitochondrial DNA and morphological characters alike. Retention of ancestral character states in different lineages and a subsequent rapid radiation are suggested to explain the conflicting character distributions observed in different fields of investigation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Morphological and cytogenetic changes in therapy-related leukemia developed in a t(8;21)-acute myeloid leukemia (M2) patient: sequential cytogenetic and molecular analyses.

A patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-M2 with t(8;21)(q22;q22) achieved complete remission with remission-induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation and intensification chemotherapies. T(8;21)(q22;q22) disappeared, but chimeric AML1/MTG8 was continuously detected in bone marrow cells. Following the development of therapy-related leukemia after 1 year, evolution of therapy-related AML-M4 with t(11;17)(q23;q25) and the rearrangement of the MLL gene were observed, while AML/MTG8 disappeared. After reinduction and following intermittent chemotherapies, a subsequent alternative transformation to AML-M2 occurred after detection of t(3;21)(q21;q22), with a break in the AML1 gene shown by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. This leukemia transformed to AML-M4 after t(9;22)(q34;q11), with a minor BCR/ABL rearrangement, and then finally to AML-M2. This therapy-related leukemia was resistant to chemotherapy. These findings indicate that alterations in cytogenetic and molecular events caused by chemotherapeutic agents contribute to the sequential evolution of new leukemic clones with different morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Motor recovery after stroke. Morphological and functional brain alterations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships of morphological and CBF patterns with both the severity and the evolution of the motor deficit in the late phase of stroke and, in particular, to identify morphological and/or functional brain alterations associated with a persistent severe motor deficit or a poor, delayed motor recovery. We analysed CT/MRI and single photon emission tomography (SPET) findings from 37 patients studied in the chronic phase of stroke (mean duration +/- SD = 3.6 +/- 1.6 months), whom we were able to follow clinically for a period of 3 months. The eventual degree of motor recovery correlated significantly (negatively) with the time since stroke at entry, but not with the severity of neurological impairment at entry. The volume, side and location (cortical or subcortical) of the infarct did not correlate with either the severity or the evolution of the motor deficit. Patients with a CT/MRI lesion of the parietal lobe (n = 8) showed a more severe motor deficit than those with other cortical locations. The severity of the motor deficit correlated significantly (negatively) with CBF values in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal areas of the damaged hemisphere, and in the contralateral undamaged primary motor cortex. The degree of motor improvement correlated significantly (positively) with CBF values in the contralateral undamaged thalamus, lentiform and caudate nuclei, and premotor cortex. In the late phase of stroke, the severity of the motor deficit may be positively associated with the functional impairment of associative parietal and frontal areas of the damaged hemisphere. The functional impairment of the basal ganglia-frontal network in the undamaged hemisphere seems to be related to a poor, delayed motor recovery.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Evolutionary processes in the genus Coreocarpus: insights from molecular phylogenetics.

A molecular phylogenetic study of the plant genus Coreocarpus was conducted using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rpl16 intron) DNA sequences, with phylogenies of the nuclear and plastid sequences highly congruent in defining a monophyletic group of six species (core Coreocarpus), although three other species often placed within the genus were excluded. Relationships within the genus are largely but not totally concordant with prior biosystematic studies. Despite strong molecular support, no morphological characters uniting the six species of core Coreocarpus have been identified; retention of plesiomorphic characters and the genetic lability of characters are two probable factors contributing to lack of consistent defining characters. The age of the core Coreocarpus is estimated at 1 million years because the basal species is endemic to a volcanic island that emerged in the past million years. Mapping the results of earlier breeding studies on the molecular phylogeny showed that use of cross-compatibility as a criterion for species delimitation would result in the recognition of paraphyletic species. Prior field, morphological, and biosystematic studies provided no indication of past hybridization in the evolution of Coreocarpus, and species in the genus appeared to be well defined morphologically. However, three instances of incongruence were observed. Two of these were between the nuclear and plastid partitions, and the third was between the morphological species assignment of one accession and the molecular data. If hybridization accounts for incongruence between the nuclear and plastid data, it occurred between species that now appear to be cross-incompatible and allopatric. The incongruence between morphological species assignment and the molecular data could be the result of parallel fixation of characters that have a simple genetic basis. This study suggests that the evolutionary history of Coreocarpus is much more complex than indicated from prior biosystematic investigations and that biosystematic and molecular phylogenetic studies may complement each other for elucidating the evolution and phylogeny of a group.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed1975

Evolution of spirographic patterns in pulmonary bilaterally denervated dogs.

One stage total bilateral pulmonary denervation produced in a group of 23 dogs an increase breathing frequency, an increase in the amplitude of respiration and a characteristic morphology of the spirographic pattern. Later in the evolution, these alterations returned to normal with the exeption of the amplitude of respiration which remained increased. This normalization was not accompanied by the reappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflux. Administration of an aerosol of acetylcholine after normalization of the spirographic pattern produced a temporary reappearance of the immediate postdenervation spirographic pattern. We postulate that in denervated lung a nervous plexus localized in the bronchi not related to the vagus might assume an important role in the regulation of respiration. One cannot exclude, however, the possibility that the reappearance of postdenervation pattern is due to stimulation of airways vagal receptors located in areas proximal to the level of the nervous section.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1979

Ultrastructural studies on developing parotid gland of the rat at early postnatal periods.

An electron microscopic study of the exocrine and myoepithelial cells of the parotid gland of the rat between days 2 and 40 of the postpartum was undertaken. Besides confirming morphological data of the literature on the evolution of the acinar cells, the following observations are reported. 1. At early postnatal development in some acini "mucous-like" cells containing secretory granules with light and dense parts may be observed. Cells with these types of granules were not found after day 20. 2. Morphological differentiation and maturation of the myoepithelial cells were followed. A parallelism was observed between the maturation of these myoepithelial cells and of the acinar cells. Myofilaments first appear around the nucleus at day 5 and between days 20 and 30 a considerable amount of these filaments is found in the already typical myoepithelial cells. 3. Active morphogenesis seems to be occurring in all cellular compartments namely at very early postnatal periods, e.g., between days 2 to 15. 4. The distribution and amount of thin and intermediate sized microfilaments in cells of these compartments varied visibly by various orders of magnitude.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cephalopod Hox genes and the origin of morphological novelties.

Cephalopods are a diverse group of highly derived molluscs, including nautiluses, squids, octopuses and cuttlefish. Evolution of the cephalopod body plan from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor entailed the origin of several key morphological innovations contributing to their impressive evolutionary success. Recruitment of regulatory genes, or even pre-existing regulatory networks, may be a common genetic mechanism for generating new structures. Hox genes encode a family of transcriptional regulatory proteins with a highly conserved role in axial patterning in bilaterians; however, examples highlighting the importance of Hox gene recruitment for new developmental functions are also known. Here we examined developmental expression patterns for eight out of nine Hox genes in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes, by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Our data show that Hox orthologues have been recruited multiple times and in many ways in the origin of new cephalopod structures. The manner in which these genes have been co-opted during cephalopod evolution provides insight to the nature of the molecular mechanisms driving morphological change in the Lophotrochozoa, a clade exhibiting the greatest diversity of body plans in the Metazoa.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology.

The obligate mutualism between pollinating fig wasps in the family Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and Ficus species (Moraceae) is often regarded as an example of co-evolution but little is known about the history of the interaction, and understanding the origin of functionally dioecious fig pollination has been especially difficult. The phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus were inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene sequences (mtDNA) and morphology. Separate and combined analyses indicated that the pollinators of functionally dioecious figs are not monophyletic. However, pollinator relationships were generally congruent with host phylogeny and support a revised classification of Ficus. Ancestral changes in pollinator ovipositor length also correlated with changes in fig breeding systems. In particular, the relative elongation of the ovipositor was associated with the repeated loss of functionally dioecious pollination. The concerted evolution of interacting morphologies may bias estimates of phylogeny based on female head characters, but homoplasy is not so strong in other morphological traits. The lesser phylogenetic utility of morphology than of mtDNA is not due to rampant convergence in morphology but rather to the greater number of potentially informative characters in DNA sequence data; patterns of nucleotide substitution also limit the utility of mtDNA findings. Nonetheless, inferring the ancestral associations of fig pollinators from the best-supported phylogeny provided strong evidence of host conservatism in this highly specialized mutualism.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Trees for bees.

Controversy over the origins and evolution of social behaviour in the major groups of social bees (the corbiculate bees) has fuelled arguments over different approaches for building evolutionary trees. However, the application of different analytical methodologies does not explain why molecular and morphological data suggest strikingly different hypotheses for the evolution of eusociality in bees. Determining the phylogenetic root is expected to help resolve the question of the social evolution of corbiculate bees. However, this requires that the long branch attraction problem is overcome. This phenomenon affects both molecular and morphological data for corbiculate bees.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Ecological adaptation and species recognition drives vocal evolution in neotropical suboscine birds.

Given that evolutionary divergence in mating signals leads to reproductive isolation in numerous animal taxa, understanding what drives signal divergence is fundamental to our understanding of speciation. Mating signals are thought to diverge via several processes, including (1) as a by-product of morphological adaptation, (2) through direct adaptation to the signaling environment, or (3) to facilitate species recognition. According to the first two hypotheses, birdsongs diversify in different foraging niches and habitats as a product of selection for optimal morphology and efficient sound transmission, respectively. According to the third hypothesis, they diversify as a result of selection against maladaptive hybridization. In this study I test all three hypotheses by examining the influence of morphology, acoustic environment, and the presence of closely related congeners on song structure in 163 species of antbird (Thamnophilidae). Unlike oscine passerines, these Neotropical suboscines make ideal subjects because they develop their songs without learning. In other words, patterns of vocal divergence are not complicated by cultural evolution. In support of the morphological adaptation hypothesis, body mass correlates with the acoustic frequency of songs, and bill size with temporal patterning. These relationships were robust, even when controlling for phylogenetic inertia using independent contrasts, suggesting that there has been correlated evolution between morphological and acoustic traits. The results also support the acoustic adaptation hypothesis: birds which habitually sing in the understory and canopy produce higher-pitched songs than those that sing in the midstory, suggesting that song structure is related to the sound transmission properties of different habitat strata. Finally, the songs of sympatric pairs of closely related species are more divergent than those of allopatric pairs, as predicted by the species recognition hypothesis. To my knowledge, these data provide the first direct evidence that species recognition and ecological adaptation operate in tandem, and that the interplay between these factors drives the evolution of mating signals in suboscine birds.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2006

Ribosomal and RPB2 DNA sequence analyses suggest that Sporidesmium and morphologically similar genera are polyphyletic.

Sporidesmium and morphologically similar dematiaceous, hyphomycetous genera are characterised by holoblastic phragmoconidia produced on proliferating or non-proliferating conidiophores. They include a number of asexual (anamorphic) genera taxonomically segregated from Sporidesmium sensu lato and are similar in having schizolytic conidial secession. The taxonomy of these ubiquitous asexual fungi and their affinities with known Ascomycetes are, however, still obscure. This study incorporates a phylogenetic investigation, based on the LSU nu-rDNA and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequence, to assess the possible familial placement of Ellisembia, Linkosia, Repetophragma, Sporidesmiella, Sporidesmium and Stanjehughesia, and justify whether anamorphic characters are proper phylogenetic indicators. Phylogenies provide conclusive evidence to suggest that Sporidesmium is not monophyletic and species are phylogenetically distributed in two major ascomycete classes, Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Morphologies currently used in their classification have undergone convergent evolution and are not phylogenetically reliable. The possible teleomorphic affinities of these anamorphic genera are discussed in light of morphology and molecular data. As these anamorphs, in most cases, are the sole known morph of the holomorph, it is proposed that in the absence of or failure to detect their teleomorphic phase, the anamorph names should be used for the holomorph.

Ascomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary structure and phylogenetic relationships of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes of free-living and parasitic diplomonad flagellates.

Complete nucleotide sequences have been established for two genes (gap1 and gap2) coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) homologs in the diplomonad Giardia lamblia. In addition, almost complete sequences of the GAPDH open reading frames were obtained from PCR products for two free-living diplomonad species, Trepomonas agillis and Hexamita inflata, and a parasite of Atlantic salmon, an as yet unnamed species with morphological affinities to Spironucleus. Giardia lamblia gap1 and the genes from the three other diplomonad species show high similarity to each other and to other glycolytic GAPDH genes. All amino-acyl residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme are also conserved in these sequences. Giardia lamblia gap2 gene is more divergent and its putative translation reveals the presence of a cysteine and serine-rich insertion resembling a metal binding finger. This motif has not yet been noted in other GAPDH molecules. All sequences contain an S-loop signature with characteristics close to those of eukaryotes. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on the derived amino acid sequences with neighbor-joining, parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods the four typical GAPDH sequences of diplomonads cluster into a single clade. Within this clade, G. lambia gap1 shares a common ancestor with the rest of the genes. The latter are more closely related to each other, indicating an early separation of the lineage leading to the genus Giardia from the lineage encompassing the morphologically less differentiated genera, Trepomonas, Hexamita and that of the unnamed species. This result is discordant with the orthogonal evolution of diplomonads suggested on the basis of comparative morphology. In neighbor-joining reconstructions G. lamblia gap2 occupies a variable position, due to its great divergence. In parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis however, it shares a most recent common ancestor with the typical G. lamblia gap1 gene, suggesting that it diverged after the separation of the Giardia lineage. The position of the diplomonad clade in broader phylogenetic reconstructions is firmly within the typical cytosolic glycolytic representatives of GAPDH of eukaryotes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evolution of myrmecophytism in western Malesian Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae).

Plants inhabited by ants (myrmecophytes) have evolved in a diversity of tropical plant lineages. Macaranga includes approximately 300 paleotropical tree species; in western Malesia there are 26 myrmecophytic species that vary in morphological specializations for ant association. The origin and diversification of myrmecophytism in Macaranga was investigated using phylogenetic analyses of morphological and nuclear ITS DNA characters and studies of character evolution. Despite low ITS variation, the combined analysis resulted in a well-supported hypothesis of relationships. Mapping myrmecophytism on all most parsimonious trees resulting from the combined analysis indicated that the trait evolved independently between two and four times and was lost between one and three times (five changes). This hypothesis was robust when tested against trees constrained to have three or fewer evolutionary transformations, although increased taxon sampling for the ITS analysis is required to confirm this. Mapping morphological traits on the phylogeny indicated that myrmecophytism was not homologous among lineages; each independent origin involved a suite of different specializations for ant-plant association. There was no evidence that myrmecophytic traits underwent sequential change through evolution; self-hollowing domatia evolved independently from ant-excavated domatia, and different food-body production types evolved in different lineages. The multiple origins of myrmecophytism in Macaranga were restricted to one small, exclusively western Malesian lineage of an otherwise large and nonmyrmecophytic genus. Although the evolution of aggregated food-body production and the formation of domatia coincided with the evolution of myrmecophytism in all cases, several morphological, ecological, and biogeographic factors appear to have facilitated and constrained this radiation of ant-plants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology.

The Cambrian appearance of fossils representing diverse phyla has long inspired hypotheses about possible genetic or environmental catalysts of early animal evolution. Only recently, however, have data begun to emerge that can resolve the sequence of genetic and morphological innovations, environmental events, and ecological interactions that collectively shaped Cambrian evolution. Assembly of the modern genetic tool kit for development and the initial divergence of major animal clades occurred during the Proterozoic Eon. Crown group morphologies diversified in the Cambrian through changes in the genetic regulatory networks that organize animal ontogeny. Cambrian radiation may have been triggered by environmental perturbation near the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary and subsequently amplified by ecological interactions within reorganized ecosystems.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Different morphological types of myocardial cell death in man.

The evolutive histological stages, the frequency, and the eventual association of the different types of myocardial cell death have been studied in the following human material: acute infarction, sudden "coronary" death, accidental death, pheochromocytoma, transplanted hearts, "stone" heart syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Three distinct main histological types of myocardial cell death are recognizable: Coagulation necrosis, the fundamental lesion in infarcts in which the myocardial cell loses its capability to contract and dies in an atonic state with overdistension due to the intraventricular pressure. No early myofibrillar damage is seen. Coagulative myocytolysis, found in all the present cases, always seen in the outer zone of an early infarct and in the surrounding normal myocardium at any stage of the repair process in most of the acute infarcts and in most cases of sudden death. The myocardial cell dies in a hypercontracted state, with early myofibrillar rhexis, and anomalous irregular cross-band formations. This tetanic death is similar to that seen in pheochromocytoma and in experimental catecholamine-induced necrosis. Colliquative myocytolysis, in which edematous vacuolization with dissolution of myofibrils is the main early finding, without hypercontraction, anomalous bands, and myofibrillar rhexis. This pattern, likely related to the low-output syndrome, was often seen in the preserved subendocardial and perivascular muscle fibers of acute infarct cases, in some transplanted hearts, and in all the alcoholic hearts. The different clear-cut morphological patterns of these three types of myocardial necrosis suggest a different pathogenesis and that different pathogenetic mechanisms may act in the same disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

The contribution of epistasis to species differences in annual sunflowers.

The contribution of epistasis to 15 morphological traits differentiating two annual sunflowers (Helianthus annuus and H. debilis ssp. cucumerifolius) and to hybrid pollen sterility was estimated in a first generation backcross (BC1) mapping population. Analysis of digenic interactions among quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with significant main effects revealed significant interaction effects for six of the 15 morphological traits and for pollen sterility. Likewise, a genome-wide scan of all possible two-locus combinations detected additional significant interactions for three of the traits with significant epistasis in the original analysis: stem pigmentation, phyllary pubescence, and pollen viability. However, these were the only traits of the 16 examined in which detected interactions explained more than 5% of phenotypic variance. The implications of these findings for adaptive evolution and for the introgression of advantageous morphological QTLs across a natural hybrid zone between these taxa are discussed.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1999

Cellular distribution of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in the neocortex of mammals: phylogenetic and developmental patterns.

The three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin are found in morphologically distinct classes of inhibitory interneurons as well as in some pyramidal neurons in the mammalian neocortex. Although there is a wide variability in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the neocortical subpopulations of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons in mammals, most of the available data show that there is a fundamental similarity among the mammalian species investigated so far, in terms of the distribution of parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin across the depth of the neocortex. Thus, calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons are predominant in layers II and III, but are present across all cortical layers, whereas parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons are more prevalent in the middle and lower cortical layers. These different neuronal populations have well defined regional and laminar distribution, neurochemical characteristics and synaptic connections, and each of these cell types displays a particular developmental sequence. Most of the available data on the development, distribution and morphological characteristics of these calcium-binding proteins are from studies in common laboratory animals such as the rat, mouse, cat, macaque monkey, as well as from postmortem analyses in humans, but there are virtually no data on other species aside of a few incidental reports. In the context of the evolution of mammalian neocortex, the distribution and morphological characteristics of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neurons may help defining taxon-specific patterns that may be used as reliable phylogenetic traits. It would be interesting to extend such neurochemical analyses of neuronal subpopulations to other species to assess the degree to which neurochemical specialization of particular neuronal subtypes, as well as their regional and laminar distribution in the cerebral cortex, may represent sets of derived features in any given mammalian order. This could be particularly interesting in view of the consistent differences in neurochemical typology observed in considerably divergent orders such as cetaceans and certain families of insectivores and metatherians, as well as in monotremes. The present article provides an overview of calcium-binding protein distribution across a large number of representative mammalian species and a review of their developmental patterns in the species where data are available. This analysis demonstrates that while it is likely that the developmental patterns are quite consistent across species, at least based on the limited number of species for which ontogenetic data exist, the distribution and morphology of calcium-binding protein-containingneurons varies substantially among mammalian orders and that certain species show highly divergent patterns compared to closely related taxa. Interestingly, primates, carnivores, rodents and tree shrews appear closely related on the basis of the observed patterns, marsupials show some affinities with that group, whereas prototherians have unique patterns. Our findings also support the relationships of cetaceans and ungulates, and demonstrates possible affinities between carnivores and ungulates, as well as the existence of common, probably primitive, traits in cetaceans and insectivores.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Evolution of secondary pseudoexfoliative glaucoma after cataract surgery in patients with cataract-glaucoma combination].

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of the cataract surgery on the evolution of the secondary open angle glaucoma (SOAG) in patients with pseudoexfoliative syndrome (PEX) that present the association cataract--SOAG. METHODS: A prospective study on 2 years on a group of 12 eyes with PEX syndrome presenting the association cataract-secondary open angle glaucoma, that have been operated by phacoemulsification + PC IOL, without intra-operator complications. We have monitored the effects of the cataract surgery on the evolution of the glaucomatous disease, evaluated by: monitoring of the IOP dynamics, the analysis of the visual field defects and the aspect of the FO, the evolution of the visual acuity and the morphology of the specific changes of PEX. The analysed group has been compared with a control group (5 eyes) presenting the association cataract--POAG, operated by phacoemulsification by the same surgeon. We have used the SPSS programme for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In the follow-up period we have observed almost similar evolutions of the IOP dynamic, but we obtained in PEX group statistically significant lowering of the IOP than in the control group. In PEX group the papillo-perimetric results have presented significantly different characteristics than in the control group, without having an influence on the visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Although the cataract extraction has produced in both groups, on a medium follow-up, an IOP decrease from the pre-operator values, the glaucomatous disease in PEX patients, probably because of other specific risk factors, continues to progress.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗