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PubMed2007

Relevance of donepezil in enhancing learning and memory in special populations: a review of the literature.

This review discusses the laboratory and clinical research supporting the rationale for the efficacy of donepezil (Aricept USA) in enhancing cognition in autism, Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, traumatic brain injury, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. While preliminary animal models have shown effective, human studies exclusive of Alzheimer disease are sparse. Although attention and memory are unlikely a sole operation of the cholinergic system, evidence indicates a promising direction for further examination of this hypothesis in autism. Studies that examine changes in operationally defined behaviors and reliable and valid measure of changes in attention and memory are needed.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1997

Spatial learning and memory at defined points of the estrous cycle: effects on performance of a hippocampal-dependent task.

Learning based on hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation in female rats was assessed at identified points in the estrous cycle corresponding to low (estrus) and high (proestrus) circulating estrogen. With background training in water-maze procedures, rats learned the location of an escape platform in the maze in a single session of 8 training trials. A strong spatial bias for the escape platform was also evident in a probe trial used to assess retention of learning 30 min after the training session. This entire protocol was completed in less than an hour. The performance of the estrus and proestrus rats was indistinguishable on all behavioral measures, irrespective of the stage of estrous cycle during the task. These results indicate that rapid learning and retention for spatial information over a relatively short interval may be preserved despite morphological alterations in hippocampal dendritic spine density in the normally cycling female rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effect of two weeks' treatment with thioridazine, chlorpromazine, sulpiride and bromazepam, alone or in combination with alcohol, on learning and memory in man.

Forty paid healthy male students participated in two subacute experiments of 6 weeks each. In the first trial 20 of them received bromazepam, thioridazine, and placebo double blind cross over for 2 weeks each, and in the second trial the active agents administered to the other 20 participants were chlorpromazine and sulpiride. The tests used were paired associate learning with nonsense syllables and digit memory span. Before testing the subjects took either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic bitter drink. As in the previous study from this laboratory, alcohol was found to impair learning capacity. Of the drugs used only bromazepam impaired learning significantly, and the combined effect of alcohol and bromazepam on learning capacity was very deleterious. The adrenolytic effect of drugs did not correlate with their effect on learning. Caution is necessary when prescribing bromazepam for active outpatients at least in doses used in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A model of the mechanism of cooperativity and associativity of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus: a fundamental mechanism of associative memory and learning.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) has three properties: (1) input specificity, (2) cooperativity and (3) associativity. In a previous paper, we proposed an integrated model of the mechanisms of the induction and maintenance of LTP with input specificity. In this paper, a model of the mechanism of cooperative and associative LTP is described. According to computer simulations of the model, its mechanism is based on the spread of synaptic potentials.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Vertical memory-based disconjugate learning for downward saccades at a viewing distance of 70 cm: relation to horizontal vergence and to vertical phoria.

The goal of this study was to examine vertical disconjugate learning based on memorization of vertical disparity at a viewing distance of 70 cm; such a distance is common in many visual ergonomic conditions, including car driving. For a period of 15 min, eight subjects made downward saccades to a memorized target. The target was rendered disparate with the use of a magnifier placed in front of one eye. Learning occurred in only four of the subjects: saccades became disconjugate and the disconjugacy was retained when the target was not disparate. These observations extend a prior study dealing with a longer distance (1 m) and indicate that such learning is subject dependent for both viewing distances. Importantly, the present study shows, for the first time, that vertical disconjugate learning is related to two other phenomena: (a) the horizontal vergence present during vertical saccades and (b) the degree of vertical phoria normal subjects exhibit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Imaging of neurogenetic and neurometabolic disorders of childhood.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of normal and abnormal brain structure, function, and biochemistry. In particular, functional MRI has come into its own as a tool to study normal and abnormal brain functions such as learning, memory, and motor learning, as well as delineation of neurogenetic cognitive phenotypes. White matter microstructure can be studied using diffusion tensor imaging, which may allow abnormal white matter to be visualized prior to abnormalities on anatomic MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a noninvasive method to study brain biochemistry, may allow for the delineation of regional metabolic changes as a result of disease progression and/or therapeutic intervention. With MRI techniques, one can investigate the relationship between structure, function, genes, and behavior. This report discusses the research applications of MRI to the study of neurogenetic disorders of childhood.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Dissociation of recognition memory and associative learning by a restricted lesion of the chick forebrain.

Bilateral lesions of a restricted part of the chick forebrain (IMHV) have been shown to impair the acquisition and retention of imprinting preferences. The present study sought to determine the effects of such lesions on an operant conditioning task in which the reward was the presentation of one of two conspicuous objects, a stuffed jungle fowl or an illuminated red box. Twelve hours after hatching 28 domestic chicks received bilateral lesions of IMHV. Thirty-two chicks served as sham-operated controls. On the following day all birds underwent two sessions of operant training. After the second session the chicks were given a preference test. In this test the reinforcing object (box or fowl) and a novel object (fowl or box, whichever had not been seen before) were simultaneously presented. One test was given 2 hr and a second 24 hr after the termination of the operant task. The lesioned birds were not impaired on the operant task or on measures of general activity. In contrast, these birds failed to show a preference for the reinforcing object whereas the sham-operated controls strongly preferred this object. These results suggest that object recognition and associative learning can be dissociated in young chicks. This dissociation is reminiscent of certain human amnesias. The lesion did not impair an expected increase in preference for the stuffed fowl which developed in all birds between the 2-hr and 24-hr preference tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Spatial learning and memory, maze running strategies and cholinergic mechanisms in two inbred strains of mice.

The acquisition process of the radial maze task was studied in two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6 and DBA/2. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of performance was performed and the pretest level of activity was measured. The results showed a significant correlation between activity and performance since the highly active C57BL/6 mice exhibited better performance of the radial maze task than the less active DBA/2 mice. Moreover, for correct trials, strain-dependent maze-running strategies were observed: while both strains displayed about the same percentage of clockwise and spatial strategies, it was observed that among the spatial strategies C57BL/6 used a larger number of different correct solutions. Subsequently, the effect of scopolamine administration on working memory processes was assessed in sequential and discrete trials. A different reactivity of each strain to anti-cholinergic treatment was found in discrete trials since only DBA/2 mice were impaired. The effect of scopolamine is discussed in relation to the different models of information processing involved in learning and memorizing the experimental rule.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Face learning and memory: the twins test.

The clinical utility of current face recognition tests has been questioned. To evaluate if a new paradigm may measure this type of memory more accurately, the authors created a novel test to examine face learning (previously uninvestigated) and short- and long-term retention. For this initial investigation of test sensitivity to hemisphere of dysfunction, patients with surgical resection from a temporal lobe and healthy subjects were tested. Recognition was evaluated on 3 trials: after a single exposure, after 4 exposures (for learning), and after a 24-hr delay interval. Patients with a right resection performed significantly worse than healthy controls and patients with left resection. There was no difference between patients with a left resection and controls. Classification of individual patients to side of resection based on test results showed higher sensitivity (82%) than published for other tests and maintained good specificity (79%).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lack of interference in long-term memory for socially learned food preferences in rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Outside the laboratory, rats (Rattus norvegicus) are likely both to interact with several conspecifics that have eaten various foods and to eat a variety of foods themselves before they encounter any particular food for which they have a socially enhanced preference. Here the authors examine the stability of rats' socially learned food preferences following 6 days of potentially disruptive ingestive experiences. The authors found that 6 days of (a) eating unfamiliar foods, (b) interacting with demonstrators that had eaten unfamiliar foods, or (c) both eating unfamiliar foods and interacting with demonstrators that had eaten those foods had no measurable effect on rats' socially learned food preferences. The stability of socially enhanced food preferences over time and despite potentially disruptive experiences is consistent with the view that social learning about foods is an important determinant of the food choices of free-living Norway rats.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of recruiting strategies for increasing older adults' initial entry and compliance in a memory training program.

Older adults in highrise buildings were recruited for memory training using positive ("build your memory power"), neutral ("learn memory skills"), or negative ("avoid memory failures") content approaches which were: printed on a poster mounted in a prominent place (CSA), presented orally at a building meeting (PC), and, finally, printed on flyers distributed to the residents (DC). There were more volunteers after PC with neutral or positive content, but the CSA respondents were more likely to complete the training. Negative content was most likely to attract persons concerned about age-related memory decline. The discussion focused on the appropriate recruitment methods for particular intervention programs.

Aged↗