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PubMed1997

Moderate drinking and health. Implications of recent evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To address three questions (Is moderate drinking good for health? Should people drink to prevent heart disease? What is moderate drinking?) and to examine and compare two recent Canadian guidelines on low-risk drinking in the context of counseling patients. DATA SOURCES: English-language data sources were searched, particularly peer-reviewed health and social science literature and recent expert reports. STUDY SELECTION: Studies and reports were selected for their scientific merit and direct relevance to the three questions addressed and to the formulation of guidelines on low-risk drinking. SYNTHESIS: While moderate drinking might protect some older people against coronary heart disease, it is associated with increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke, certain cancers, accidents and injuries, and a range of social problems. For most health outcomes, risk increases as consumption of alcohol increases. CONCLUSIONS: While the data have limitations, they provide a basis for formulating guidelines on low-risk drinking. The two Canadian guidelines, one developed from the perspective of health recovery, the other from the perspective of health promotion, complement each other in the context of counseling patients.

Accidents↗
PubMed1996

Circadian and ultradian rhythms of drinking behavior of albino rats maintained in constant darkness.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the circadian and the ultradian rhythms of drinking behavior in Wistar rats maintained under conditions of constant darkness. Six mature male rats (weighing 270-350 g) were exposed to light-dark 12:12-h cycles (LD 12:12, light on at 12:00 h) for 35 days and then switched to constant darkness (DD) conditions for at least 2 weeks. Drinking behavior was monitored continuously with a standard drinkometer circuit and the data was stored in 5-min bins. A modification of Enright's periodogram technique was used to evaluate the free-running drinking behavior circadian rhythm. Ultradian rhythms in drinking behavior were estimated by the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. Two of the animals (rats 4 and 6) showed no statistically significant circadian or ultradian rhythms and the other four showed free-running drinking circadian rhythm behavior shorter than 24 h (ranging from 23.333 to 23.967 h). Ultradian rhythms of drinking behavior of 12- and 8-h periods were detected in 4 (rats 1, 2, 3 and 5) and 2 (rats 1 and 5) animals, respectively. The relation of the compound structure of the circadian and ultradian rhythms is discussed demonstrating that drinking behavior is a good marker for studies of physiology of temporal organization.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1997

Manipulation of alcohol drinking by liver transplantation.

The procedure of liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease raises the question whether it would be possible to regulate the recipient's future drinking by the choice of donor liver. To address this question, we conducted transplantations with rat lines selected for high (AA) and low (ANA) alcohol preference. AA recipients having alcohol experience before the operation remained heavy drinkers regardless of whether the graft came from an AA or ANA donor. However, in these AA recipients who started drinking only after the operation, differences emerged, with AA grafts creating heavy drinking and ANA donor livers resulting in very low drinking. An overall increase in the acetaldehyde levels was introduced by the ANA livers, thus reflecting the original line differences. Similarly, in subsequent experiments, it was observed that when the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor calcium carbimide was introduced in different amounts to the diet, alcohol drinking was reduced more in animals not used to drinking. The magnitude of this effect, especially in situations with established heavy drinking, is of relevance in future contemplations about liver transplantations between humans with different aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drinking as a cultural pattern of the Chaco aborigins].

Drinking customs of aborigin groups (mataco-mataguaysos, guaycurúes, and chiriguano-chanés from Chaco) are studied, within the general framework of Phenomenology and phenomenological method. Drinking is considered as a "cultural behaviour"; the research aims at the essence, and therefore the meaning, through the eidos, of this cultural behaviour, and the "being" or Dasein, of the culture to which it pertains. The Lebenswelt of aborigins from Chaco includes three different ways of significance for the symbology of drinking: a) sacral drinking; implying mythical transmutation; b) apocalyptical drinking, implying religious "revelation", and c) annihilating drinking, implying self-destruction. A detailed description is made of the three patterns of drinking in several groups within the tribes studied, and of their symbolic contents and ritualistic operation. At the same time, theoretical approaches of several authors are discussed in relation to the subject, together with analysis of different fields from which the phenomena are studied, including Social Anthropology, Transcultural Psychiatry and Cultural Anthropology, and stressing the difference with current epidemiological approaches that use only epiphenomenological aspects, useful merely for practical assistance purposes, but not for a deep understanding of phenomena.

Argentina↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between the flushing response and drinking behavior among Japanese high school students.

In a study of the relationship between the flushing response and drinking behavior, the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale was used to survey 932 male and female Japanese high school students identified by the ethanol patch test as flushers (338; 36.3%) and nonflushers (594; 63.7%). The goal was to clarify whether the flushing response inhibits adolescent drinking. Students with the flushing response reported drinking significantly less than nonflushers with respect to both frequency and amount. Although the flushing response was associated with less drinking, the flushers and nonflushers had similar drinking partners and reasons for drinking, and their total Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale scores did not differ significantly. The survey showed that many flushers were seeking the pleasures of alcohol despite the discomforts it caused, suggesting that Japanese adolescents need more education on the risks of adolescent drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: A randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Early-onset alcoholism differs from late-onset alcoholism by its association with greater serotonergic abnormality and antisocial behaviors. Thus, individuals with early-onset alcoholism may be responsive to treatment with a selective serotonergic agent. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that drinking outcomes associated with early vs late-onset alcoholism are differentially improved by the selective 5-HT(3) (serotonin) antagonist ondansetron. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTINGS: University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston (April 1995-June 1998) and University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio (July 1998-December 1999). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 321 patients with diagnosed alcoholism (mean age, 40.6 years; 70.5% male; 78.6% white) were enrolled, 271 of whom proceeded to randomization. INTERVENTIONS: After 1 lead-in week of single-blind placebo, patients were randomly assigned to receive 11 weeks of treatment with ondansetron, 1 microg/kg (n = 67), 4 microg/kg (n = 77), or 16 microg/kg (n = 71) twice per day; or identical placebo (n = 56). All patients also participated in weekly standardized group cognitive behavioral therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported alcohol consumption (drinks per day, drinks per drinking day, percentage of days abstinent, and total days abstinent per study week); and plasma carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) level, an objective and sensitive marker of transient alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Patients with early-onset alcoholism who received ondansetron (1, 4, and 16 microg/kg twice per day) compared with those who were administered placebo, had fewer drinks per day (1.89, 1.56, and 1.87 vs 3.30; P =.03, P =.01, and P =.02, respectively) and drinks per drinking day (4.75, 4.28, and 5.18 vs 6.90; P =.03, P =.004, and P =.03, respectively). Ondansetron, 4 microg/kg twice per day, was superior to placebo in increasing percentage of days abstinent (70.10 vs 50.20; P =.02) and total days abstinent per study week (6.74 vs 5.92; P =.03). Among patients with early-onset alcoholism, there was a significant difference in the mean log CDT ratio between those who received ondansetron (1 and 4 microg/kg twice per day) compared with those who received the placebo (-0.17 and -0.19 vs 0.12; P =.03 and P =.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ondansetron (particularly the 4 microg/kg twice per day dosage) is an effective treatment for patients with early-onset alcoholism, presumably by ameliorating an underlying serotonergic abnormality. JAMA. 2000;284:963-971

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of human placental S9 and induced rat liver S9 on the mutagenicity of drinking waters processed from humus-rich surface waters.

The mutagenicity of chlorinated drinking waters processed from humus-rich surface waters has been shown to be very high. The effect of placental S9 on the mutagenicity of drinking waters has not been studied previously. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of human placental and rat liver microsomal fractions on the mutagenicity of drinking waters processed from humus-rich surface waters. The samples of 34 drinking and two raw waters from 26 localities in Finland were tested for mutagenicity in Ames Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100 with and without metabolic activations. Between the drinking water samples, clear differences were recorded in the presence of placental and rat liver S9, suggesting different mutagens in the drinking waters. Rat liver S9 decreased the mutagenicities of drinking water concentrates, but placental S9 increased, decreased, or had no effect. It is not known if placental mutagenicity enhancing system might cause any health hazard to a developing fetus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Developmental toxicity evaluation of sodium fluoride administered to rats and rabbits in drinking water.

Sodium fluoride (NaF; Cas No. 7681-49-4) is used in fluoridating municipal water supplies, resulting in chronic exposure of millions of people worldwide. Because of a lack of pertinent developmental toxicity studies in the literature, sodium fluoride was administered ad libitum in deionized/filtered drinking water (to mimic human exposure) to Sprague-Dawley-derived rats (26/group) on Gestation Days (GD) 6 through 15 at levels of 0, 50, 150, or 300 ppm and New Zealand White rabbits (26/group) on GD 6 through 19 at levels of 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm. Higher concentrations via drinking water were not practicable due to the poor palatability of sodium fluoride. Drinking water (vehicle) contained less than 0.6 ppm sodium fluoride (limit of detection) and sodium fluoride content of the feed was 12.4 ppm fluoride (rats) and 15.6 ppm fluoride (rabbits). Maternal food, water, body weights, and clinical signs were recorded at regular intervals throughout these studies. Animals were killed on GD 20 (rats) or 30 (rabbits) and examined for implant status, fetal weight, sex, and morphological development. In the high-dose group of both studies there was an initial decreased maternal body weight gain which recovered over time and a decreased water consumption--attributed to decreased palatability. No clear clinical signs of toxicity were observed. Maternal exposure to sodium fluoride during organogenesis did not significantly affect the frequency of postimplantation loss, mean fetal body weight/litter, or external, visceral or skeletal malformations in either the rat or the rabbit. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 150 ppm sodium fluoride in drinking water (approximately 18 mg/kg/day) for rats, and 200 ppm (approximately 18/mg/kg/day rabbits. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was > or = 300 ppm sodium fluoride (approximately 27 mg/kg/day) for rats and > or = 400 ppm (approximately 29 mg/kg/day) for rabbits administered during organogenesis in drinking water. The total exposure to fluoride (mg F/kg body weight/day from food and drinking water combined) in the mid- and high-dose groups for both species was > 100-fold higher than the range at 0.014-0.08 mg F/kg/day estimated for a 70-kg person from food and fluoridated (1 ppm) drinking water.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

How environments and persons combine to influence problem drinking. Current research issues.

In this chapter, a brief review of existing empirical research on environmental correlates of problem drinking is presented. The review shows that environmental factors do relate to the prevalence of drinking problems and also to the way drinking problems are expressed. In the major section of the chapter, however, it is shown that our present knowledge of how environmental and personal factors combine to influence problem drinking is quite limited, perhaps because almost all of the existing empirical research has attempted to account for problem drinking by means of individual variables alone, environmental variables alone, or in terms of linear combinations of individual and environmental variables. It is shown that alternative approaches offer more promise for understanding how individual and environmental factors combine to influence problem drinking; these approaches are aimed at accounting for problem drinking in terms of the mutual interdependence between persons and their environments. Within two hypothetical sets of data, a number of conceptual and methodological issues, problems, and features of these kinds of interactional or transactional approaches are then illustrated. It is shown that although such approaches offer a promise of greater understanding, they also present a set of interrelated problems which run the gamut from measurement, statistical analysis, experimental design, and sampling issues to paradigm issues lying close to the realm of the philosophy of science.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Men, blue collar work and drinking: alcohol use in an industrial subculture.

We present the findings of research designed to identify the social and environmental precursors of heavy drinking in a population of white assembly-line workers. Using a primarily qualitative approach, we examine alcohol use in relation to the sociocultural characteristics of individuals' community and workplace environments and their early-life socialization experiences. The sample consists of 30 men--15 heavy drinkers and 15 moderate drinkers--who were drawn from the workforce of a large durable goods manufacturing plant that closed in 1982. Workers' accounts of their own and coworkers' drinking suggest that a heavy drinking subculture existed in the workplace. Within this culture, drinking was a normal part of work life, and served to improve social relationships, reduce boredom and dissatisfaction, and to express solidarity in defiance of management rules and working conditions. Membership in this subculture, we believe, was most important for those men who had no interests or social involvements outside the workplace. We compare the characteristics of workers who chose to join this subculture (the heavy drinkers), with those who did not (moderate drinkers). Factors that predicted involvement in the heavy drinking subculture were: a sociocultural background where heavy male drinking was normative, lack of extra-work social resources, and leisure activities restricted to coworkers and work-related contexts. Conversely, moderate drinkers tended to come from moderate drinking backgrounds, and had considerable community and social group involvements that included family and peer networks to the virtual exclusion of coworkers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being.

Caffeine- and taurine-containing drinks have been on the European market for about a decade, and research on the individual constituents of these drinks indicates an improvement in cognitive performance resulting from consumption of such drinks. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study using 10 graduate students, we obtained the P300 components of event-related potential (ERP) waveforms following an auditory oddball paradigm, measured motor reaction time, and applied the d2 test for the assessment of attention. Status of mood was assessed by the "Basler-Befindlichkeitsbogen" questionnaire, a standard test for evaluation of feelings of well-being. Measurements were made at night, prior to and starting one hour after consumption of energy drink ingredients or placebo. At the end of the experiment (midnight), P300 latency and motor reaction time were significantly longer compared with baseline measurements in the placebo group, but were unchanged in the energy drink group. In the test system for evaluating feelings of well-being, total scores, vitality scores and social extrovertedness scores were significantly decreased in the placebo group but not in the energy drink group. The findings clearly indicate that the mixture of three key ingredients of Red Bull Energy Drink used in the study (caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone) have positive effects upon human mental performance and mood. These effects may be mediated by the action of caffeine on purinergic (adenosinergic) receptors and taurine modulation of receptors. As half of the study cohort were non-caffeine users, the described effects cannot be explained in terms of the restoration of plasma caffeine levels to normal following caffeine withdrawal.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol and sexual HIV risk behavior among problem drinking men who have sex with men: An event level analysis of timeline followback data.

While heavy drinking among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been shown to be associated with an increase in sexual risk taking, a temporal relationship between drinking and an increase in subsequent HIV risk behaviors among adult samples has been less obvious. This study used an event level analysis to examine this relationship among HIV negative problem drinking MSM. Within subjects analyses show a higher probability of unprotected anal intercourse after drinking. Post-hoc analyses of within subjects data indicate that drinking increases risk taking when engaging in receptive anal intercourse but not for insertive anal intercourse. Findings from this study support evidence that drinking is a factor that increases risk taking among HIV negative problem drinking MSM, particularly for receptive anal intercourse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Health impact evaluation of boron in drinking water: a geographical risk assessment in Northern France.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate health impact of boron in drinking water. METHODS: A regional scale geographical study in Northern France was conducted. Assessment of boron blood levels in a group of 180 healthy individuals and correlation with boron content in drinking water were followed by an assessment of health indicators such as birth rates, mortality rates, and sex ratios in zones of different boron content in drinking water. RESULTS: After necessary adjustments, men living in municipalities with more than 0.30 mg/L of boron in drinking water had elevated but not significant boron blood levels compared with those living in municipalities with boron water levels of less than 0.30 mg/L (159.1 versus 123.0 ng/g; p > 0.05). The standardized birth ratio adjusted for the reference geographic zone and calendar time period was 1.07 and 1.28 in the low and high (>0.3 mg/L) boron content municipalities, respectively. The birth rate in municipalities with high boron content in drinking water was higher than that of the reference geographic zone and of the French general population (p < 10(-4)). The standardized mortality ratio adjusted for the reference geographic zone and calendar time period was 0.94 and 0.92 in the low and high boron content municipalities, respectively. The mortality rate in municipalities with high boron content in drinking water was less than that of the reference geographic zone and of the French general population (p < 10(-3)). No statistical difference was noted in the male-female sex ratios between the different municipality zones (p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study do not support the idea of a deleterious effect of boron on human health, at the boron water level contents found in this specific region. In fact, there is a tendency toward a beneficial effect with low-dose environmental exposure (less than 1 mg/L of boron) in drinking water.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2005

Ethnic differences in relationships between risk factors and adolescent binge drinking: a national study.

This study examines ethnic differences in relationships between a large number of risk factors and adolescent binge drinking with data collected from 14 to 17 year olds who participated in the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether 39 risk factors in community, family, school, and peer-individual domains were differentially associated with past-30-day binge drinking among youth in ethnic minority groups (black, Hispanic and Asian) relative to whites. Forty-three percent (17) of the risk factors examined were differentially associated with binge drinking in at least one of the ethnic groups relative to whites. Most of these risk factors were more strongly associated with binge drinking among white adolescents than Hispanic and black youth, but not Asians. The direction of the relationships between these risk factors and binge drinking, however, was usually the same for whites and ethnic minority groups. A multivariate prediction model indicated that risk factors in the community, family, school, and peer-individual domains accounted for 27% of the variance in binge drinking for white adolescents, 22% for Hispanics, 10% for blacks, and 39% for Asians. These findings suggest that research is needed to identify additional risk factors that are associated with binge drinking among adolescents, particularly blacks, Hispanics and possibly other ethnic minority groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Standard setting processes and regulations for environmental contaminants in drinking water: state versus federal needs and viewpoints.

The primary objective of a standard setting process is to arrive at a drinking water concentration at which exposure to a contaminant would result in no known or potential adverse health effect on human health. The drinking water standards also serve as guidelines to prevent pollution of water sources and may be applicable in some cases as regulatory remediation levels. The risk assessment methods along with various decision making parameters are used to establish drinking water standards. For carcinogens classified in Groups A and B by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) the standards are set by using nonthreshold cancer risk models. The linearized multistage model is commonly used for computation of potency factors for carcinogenic contaminants. The acceptable excess risk level may vary from 10(-6) to 10(-4). For noncarcinogens, a threshold model approach based on application of an uncertainty factor is used to arrive at a reference dose (RfD). The RfD approach may also be used for carcinogens classified in Group C by the USEPA. The RfD approach with an additional uncertainty factory of 10 for carcinogenicity has been applied in the formulation of risk assessment for Group C carcinogens. The assumptions commonly used in arriving at drinking water standards are human life expectancy, 70 years; average human body weight, 70 kg; human daily drinking water consumption, 2 liters; and contribution of exposure to the contaminant from drinking water (expressed as a part of the total environmental exposure), 20%. Currently, there are over 80 USEPA existing or proposed primary standards for organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water. Some of the state versus federal needs and viewpoints are discussed.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An examination of the underlying influence of temperament and problem behaviors on drinking behaviors in a sample of adult offspring of alcoholics.

The present study investigated the potential mediating influence of childhood and early adolescent temperament and problem behaviors on the relation between parental alcoholism and adult drinking behaviors in a sample of 153 offspring of alcoholics and their controls. The influence of the alcoholic parent's and the offspring's gender on this relation was also assessed. Both gender of the parent and gender of the offspring were found to have important differential effects. More specifically, individuals with an alcoholic father consumed more alcohol, were more concerned about their drinking, and were more concerned about the possibility of developing a drinking problem than those without an alcoholic father. In contrast, no significant relations emerged between maternal alcoholism and drinking behaviors. Gender differences among the offspring were also observed, with males drinking more frequently to "get high" and scoring higher on the MAST than females. Finally, gregariousness was found to significantly mediate the relation between paternal alcoholism and frequency of drinking to "get high" and frequency of drinking to "get drunk" for males. Possible explanations regarding the differential results pertaining to gender and the lack of significant findings concerning mediation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between fluorine in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China.

In this project, the relationship between fluorine content in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China was evaluated. The concentration of fluorine in tap water and in urine of local subjects of 28 cities and 4 high fluorine villages in China shows a strong positive correlation (r(2)=0.96, S.E.=0.9881). Our studies indicate that drinking water is the most important source of fluorine intake for Chinese people, and in more than 90% of urban cities, fluorine concentrations in drinking water are below levels recommended by the WHO (approximately 0.5-1.0 mg/l). A 1995 investigation by The National Committee on Oral Health of China (NCOH) shows the relationship between average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) of urban residents and fluorine concentration in drinking water to be negatively correlated but not forming a good linear relationship. Our results, together with the previous study, suggest that: (1) dental caries of the study population can be reduced by drinking water fluoridation and that (2) other factors such as economic level, weather, lifestyle, food habits, living condition, etc., of a city can also affect the incidence of dental caries that cannot be predicted by fluoridation alone. Research on the relation between index of fluorosis (IF) and the fluorine concentration in drinking water for the four high fluorine villages showed that the recommended concentration of fluorine in drinking water can protect from dental fluorosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The effect of an energy drink containing glucose and caffeine on human corticospinal excitability.

Glucose- and caffeine-containing energy drinks are said to influence the cognitive and cellular function within the brain. In this study, we have used the size of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) produced in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex as an index of corticospinal excitability after ingestion of Lucozade and control drinks of glucose-containing or caffeine-containing carbonated water or carbonated water alone. With local ethical approval and informed consent, 10 healthy volunteers took part; surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings were taken from the thenar muscles of the dominant hand. In each assessment, 15 TMS stimuli were delivered over the motor cortex at an intensity of 1.1 T. Six subjects ingested a 380-ml bottle of carbonated Lucozade drink containing 68 g of glucose and 46 mg caffeine. Four subjects took part in three control trials drinking: (A) carbonated water with caffeine, (B) carbonated water with glucose and (C) carbonated water alone. Assessments were made before and at 30-min intervals after each drink. Mean fasting blood glucose concentrations and mean areas of MEPs rose after the Lucozade, remaining elevated for 90 min. Similar rises in MEP areas were seen in trials after drinking carbonated water with caffeine or with glucose, but not after drinking carbonated water alone. No change was seen in the M-wave evoked by electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. We conclude that Lucozade can affect the size of MEPs to activation of the motor cortex with fixed-intensity TMS. The underlying mechanism is likely to relate to the combined effects of caffeine and glucose on the brain.

Adult↗